有机肥替代氮肥及节水对设施番茄和辣椒菜田氮淋溶的影响

降低设施菜田的氮素淋溶对于缓解菜区农业面源污染具有重要意义。通过有机肥替代氮肥及节水研究了设施番茄和辣椒农田氮素淋溶变化特征。试验设置:化肥(HF)处理、有机肥替代化学氮肥40%(TDN)处理、有机肥替代化学氮肥40%+节水30%(TDN+JS)处理。研究结果表明:两个监测年度不同蔬菜季所有处理淋溶液硝态氮平均浓度为70.4～202.4 mg/L。一个番茄辣椒轮作周期HF、TDN和TDN+JS硝态氮平均淋溶量分别为130.9、116.2和97.2 kg/hm~2。TDN处理硝态氮淋溶量比HF处理平均降低11.4%。TDN+JS处理硝态氮淋溶量比HF处理显著降低25.9%。硝态氮淋溶是氮淋溶的主体,占总氮淋溶的69.1%～73.1%,可溶性总氮占总氮淋溶的77.2%～79.3%。两季番茄产量为33.0～50.8 t/hm~2,辣椒产量为17.6～19.8 t/hm~2,不同处理之间差异不显著。说明有机肥替代氮肥及适当节水灌溉是降低设施菜田氮素淋溶的有效途径。     

不同水肥措施下华北露地菜地氮淋溶特征

华北地区典型一年两季露地蔬菜种植系统,蔬菜生长季水热同季、种植管理中水氮供应充足且往往过量,造成大量氮素淋溶到深层土壤,不仅造成水肥资源利用率低,对地下水质也造成威胁。本文以华北潮褐土黄瓜-白菜一年两季典型露地蔬菜为研究对象,利用田间试验研究不同氮肥用量及优化措施(包括抑制剂、生物炭、秸秆还田)以及控制灌溉量对蔬菜产量、土壤氮淋溶及氮平衡的影响。研究结果表明:1)华北典型露地菜地氮肥主要损失去向为深层土壤中积累及氮淋溶。2)农民常规施肥处理[黄瓜季和白菜季各施550 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]淋洗出80cm土壤剖面的总氮占当季氮肥施用量的10.0%,减氮20%和50%分别使总氮淋溶量降低23.8%和45.6%;减氮20%对蔬菜产量没有显著影响,减氮50%对水肥需求量较高的黄瓜产量有显著影响(减产19.6%)。3)减氮20%配合脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂、施用生物炭和添加秸秆还田分别使全年总氮淋溶量比常规水肥处理降低40.7%、43.0%和34.3%,而对蔬菜产量没有显著影响。4)减少灌溉量15%和30%分别使总氮淋溶比常规水肥处理降低43.1%和50.5%,水氮协同调控对降低氮淋溶效果显著;对需水量较高的黄瓜季,灌溉量降低30%黄瓜产量显著降低13.9%。5)高量水肥投入条件下连续种植蔬菜3年6季后,0～80cm土壤剖面硝态氮积累量占0～200 cm土壤剖面积累量的38.2%～50.7%,土壤剖面积累了大量硝态氮而且向深层土壤中移动。因此,合理控制水肥管理,特别是减氮结合脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂配合水分管理,是经济可行的有效阻控土壤氮淋溶的措施。     

化肥减施及节水对潮土冬小麦夏玉米轮作农田氮和磷流失的影响

农田氮和磷的流失威胁水环境质量及人体健康,化肥减施和节水是减少氮和磷流失的有效手段。在河南省北部农区,采用2014年建设的田间渗漏池和径流池,综合研究了2018年不同施肥及节水对小麦玉米轮作农田氮、磷流失及作物产量的影响。设置常规施肥(CON)、优化减肥(JF)和优化减肥加节水(JFJS)3个处理,不同处理总氮淋失量为42.0～81.9 kg·hm-2,硝态氮淋失量为21.5～72.4 kg·hm-2,总磷淋失量为0.05～0.06 kg·hm-2。硝态氮淋溶量占总氮淋溶的比率为51.1%～88.4%。总氮淋失系数为7.9%～10.4%;总磷淋失系数为0.02%～0.04%。JF比CON处理降低硝态氮淋失63.8%,JFJS比JF处理可进一步降低17.9%硝态氮淋失,不同处理磷的淋溶损失没有显著性差异。玉米季是氮素淋失的关键时期,占整个小麦玉米轮作周期的91.8%～94.6%。一个小麦玉米轮作周期总氮径流损失量为0.14～0.20 kg·hm-2,总磷径流损失量为0.02～0.03 kg·hm-2,氮磷径流损失系数分别为0.02%～0.04%和0.01%～0.02%。小麦玉米的产量均表现为JFJS>JF>CON,CON处理吸氮量最高,不同处理产量和吸氮量没有显著性差异。本研究明确了潮土区小麦玉米轮作农田氮磷淋溶是氮磷流失的主要途径及其流失系数,减少常规高量施肥能够显著降低氮素淋失,在减肥的基础上节水能达到更好的效果。     

施氮量对潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田氮磷淋溶的影响

潮土是我国华北地区主要土壤类型之一,潮土区是我国冬小麦-夏玉米作物的主要产区,研究不同施氮量潮土氮磷淋溶特征对于指导区域农田面源污染防控具有重要意义。本研究设置3个施肥处理,即传统施氮(CON)、优化施氮(OPT)和优化再减氮(OPTJ),利用田间渗漏池法,研究潮土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田硝态氮及总磷淋溶特征。结果表明:2016—2018年,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周年不同施肥处理90cm土层年淋溶水量79.0～102.5 mm,不同淋溶事件间土壤淋溶液硝态氮浓度波动较大, CON、OPT和OPTJ处理单次淋溶事件硝态氮浓度分别为18.9～208.7(平均为72.7) mg·L~(-1)、9.0～99.2 (平均为33.8) mg·L~(-1)、4.7～55.5 (平均为15.4) mg·L~(-1)。本研究区域冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式的氮素淋溶风险较高,磷素淋溶风险较低。传统施氮处理(CON)下农田硝态氮的平均淋溶量和表观淋失系数分别为66.4 kg·hm~(-2)和10.3%,而总磷(TP)为0.06 kg·hm~(-2)和0.04%。氮肥减施会显著降低氮素淋失,OPT和OPTJ处理的氮素淋溶减排率可达56.3%和78.9%。两个年度CON、OPT和OPTJ处理硝态氮平均表观淋失系数分别为10.3%、6.2%和4.9%,随着施氮量的增加,硝态氮淋失系数动态增加。氮淋溶具有较大的年际变化,降雨量高的2018年比降雨少的2017年硝态氮淋溶量多57.0%。两个年度CON、OPT和OPTJ处理总磷平均淋溶量分别为0.06 kg·hm~(-2)、0.06 kg·hm~(-2)和0.08 kg·hm~(-2)。适量减施氮肥会增加作物产量, OPT处理的作物产量是CON处理的1.08倍。然而,过量减施则会带来减产风险, OPTJ处理氮肥减施56%,作物产量比CON处理降低2.0%～8.1%。总之,潮土区农田硝态氮淋溶风险较大,适量减施氮肥能够在保证作物产量的基础上显著降低氮素淋失损失。     

褐土区氮磷在土壤发生层中淋溶的差异性

农业氮磷淋溶已经成为地下水污染最普遍和突出的问题。为揭示氮磷在包气带不同土层的淋溶特征,以典型褐土的5个土壤发生层（耕层、淋溶层、钙积层、黏化层和母质层）为研究对象,采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,在施肥量相同的条件下分析不同形态氮磷淋溶量,研究氮磷在不同土壤发生层中的迁移特征及其影响因素。结果表明：1）进行5次淋溶,耕层、淋溶层、钙积层、黏化层和母质层淋溶液中可溶性总氮总量分别为2412.63 mg·L^-1、3028.94 mg·L^-1、244.16 mg·L^-1、3648.99 mg·L^-1和3356.51 mg·L^-1,淋溶层、黏化层和母质层可溶性总氮淋溶量显著高于耕层,而钙积层可溶性总氮淋溶量较耕层显著减少;耕层淋溶液中可溶性总磷总量为0.52 mg·L^-1,且显著高于其他4层。2）在试验初期,耕层、淋溶层的硝态氮、可溶性总氮和正磷酸盐淋溶量显著高于黏化层和母质层,进行到第4、5次淋溶,黏化层、母质层的硝态氮和可溶性总氮淋溶量显著高于其他3层,而各发生层间正磷酸盐淋溶量无显著差异;单次淋溶黏化层和母质层铵态氮淋溶量均显著高于其他3层,而耕层可溶性总磷淋溶量始终显著高于其他各层。3）耕层和钙积层的淋溶液中硝态氮是氮素淋溶的主要形态,占可溶性总氮比例分别为69.0%和85.4%,而在淋溶层、黏化层和母质层中分别为41.3%、5.1%和4.6%;在可溶性磷中,以无机态正磷酸盐为主,最高占可溶性总磷的75.9%。4）土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、黏粒含量对土壤氮磷的迁移转化有明显主导作用。有机质与氮磷淋溶量呈显著正相关关系,有机质含量高,会增加淋溶初期氮磷的淋溶风险;而阳离子交换量和黏粒含量则与氮磷淋溶呈显著负相关关系,阳离子交换量大和黏粒多能减少氮磷素的淋溶风险。该试验结果说明,由于5种发生层土壤理化性质不同,各发生层氮磷淋溶特征及其淋溶形态也有差异,并且氮磷的淋溶受土壤本身阳离子交换量、黏粒和有机质含量的影响。     

不同施肥处理对三峡库区柑橘园土壤氮磷淋失影响

在2017年8月利用原状土柱模拟淋溶试验对三峡库区秭归县柑橘园土壤的氮磷淋溶流失进行研究,探讨不同施肥处理对土壤氮、磷淋失的影响,为三峡库区农业面源污染的防控提供理论依据。试验设置6个处理,分别为不施肥处理(T0)、减量施肥(T1)、常量施肥(T2)、增量施肥(T3)、常量复合肥A施肥(T4)和常量复合肥B施肥(T5)。结果表明:(1)不同施肥处理下,柑橘园土壤淋滤液中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+—N)的淋溶浓度范围分别为37.16~163.07,0.61~6.69,27.54~79.38,2.37~7.10mg/L。(2)施肥量和施肥种类皆为土壤中氮磷淋溶的影响因素。在相同施肥种类下,土壤氮磷淋溶浓度随施肥量增加而显著增加,但施肥量高到一定程度后,淋溶浓度增长幅度会降低。在相同施氮量下,硝态氮的淋失受施肥种类影响最大,铵态氮最小。(3)在土壤淋滤液中,硝态氮为可溶性氮主要淋失形态,其淋失量占TN淋失量的比率为29.72%~46.18%,NH_4~+—N淋失量的比重为1.09%~2.05%。从研究结果推论,常量复合肥A施肥处理更有利于肥料氮向供植物吸收可溶性氮转化并降低施肥后土壤中氮素累积的风险。     

灌溉施肥对壤质潮土硝态氮淋溶的影响

在衡水市邓庄乡壤质潮上上进行了以灌水为主处理、氮用量为副处理,各五水平的定位试验。结果表明,氮肥用量是硝态氮淋溶损失的决定因素,冬小麦施氮150kghm-2不发生淋溶,施氮225～300kghm-2则硝态氮的淋溶增强。小麦播前基施氮肥量过高会使冬季发生硝态氮的淋溶。小麦拔节期和灌浆期灌溉一般不会引起硝态氮的淋溶损失;尽管一次灌水1350m3hm-2硝态氮的淋失量不高,但土壤剖面中的硝态氮含量显著比低灌水量的低。为降低硝态氮的损失,应控制一次灌水量不超过1050m3hm-2。雨季降水导致大量硝态氮淋溶损失,防治雨季土壤硝态氮的淋溶损失至关重要。     

大田蔬菜地春季硝态氮淋溶特征研究

春季,对上海浦东新区大田蔬菜地试验田按照不同施肥(常规、减量、无肥)处理水平、不同土壤深度(30 cm、50 cm、70 cm、120 cm),利用现场采样与室内实验结合的方法,对硝态氮淋溶进行了研究。实验结果表明,降雨量和氮肥施用对土壤硝态氮淋失有显著性影响。施肥试验区施肥后各土层硝态氮浓度均很高,4月份淋溶浓度普遍高于3月份。常规施肥区不同深度的硝态氮含量明显高于不施肥区,减量施肥区含量则介于二者之间。施肥区部分氮素硝态氮随降雨在土壤中不断向下淋溶,尤其在施肥初期较多的氮素由土壤表层不断淋失到土壤深层,在接近地下水位120 cm的剖面处产生渗漏液的硝态氮浓度超过国家限量标准(20mg L-1)。     

不同施肥处理对华北露天菜地氮素淋溶的影响

氮肥的不合理施用是造成氮素淋失和地下水污染的主要原因之一，蔬菜生产地由于水肥投入不合理而引起的土壤氮素淋溶问题日趋严重。试验以保定地区露地蔬菜(黄瓜 -茄子)为研究对象，应用渗漏池法研究氮淋失与水肥响应的关系以及控水、控肥、增效剂对氮素淋溶的影响，揭示不同水肥管理措施下的氮素淋溶特征及阻控效果。结果表明:1)在农民常规施氮水平(全年施用氮肥 N 890 kg/hm²)下氮素在蔬菜生育期总氮淋溶量为 N 307.5 kg/hm²，占施氮量的 24.9%，总氮淋失量和施氮量呈显著线性关系。2)相比常规施氮量，减氮 20%和减氮 50%，全年总氮淋溶量可分别减少 12.8%和 36.3%。3)在减氮 20%基础上添加氮肥增效剂或改良剂(有机肥、联合抑制剂、生物炭、秸秆还田)能够减少总氮淋溶量 3.7%～ 10.4%，而不影响产量。4)在减氮 20%基础上减少灌溉量 20%，能够减少总氮淋溶量 33.4%。5)由于基肥施肥方式为种植行上小高畦开沟施用并覆土，有机肥和无机肥配施对减少氮淋溶量无显著影响。在大水大肥管理条件下，氮淋溶是华北典型露地菜地氮损失的主要途径之一，减氮 20%配合联合抑制剂和减氮 20%配施生物炭均可在一定程度上减少氮淋溶，且施肥的环境负荷小。     

北方旱作条件下玉米施用氮肥对氮吸收和淋溶的影响

实验研究了北方自然降雨情况下,玉米生育期间的氮素淋溶。结果表明,氮肥的施用量对土壤中硝态氮的积累和移动有影响,氮肥施用量超过300kg hm-2时,0～40cm土层硝态氮累积量明显增加,50cm的土层硝态氮的累积达到高峰;50cm以下土壤中硝态氮累积量逐渐降低,100cm土层施肥处理的硝态氮累积量明显高于对照;从经济效益方面分析,氮肥最佳施肥量为200kg hm-2,过量施肥并不能获得高的经济效益;从环境方面分析,氮肥用量超过150kg hm-2就会发生氮素淋溶。     

施肥深度对潮砂土氮磷损失及土壤氮磷含量的影响

以机插精量一次性侧深施肥为背景,探究施肥深度对氮、磷损失及土壤氮磷养分的影响,为农业机械化提供科学依据。本研究采用土柱模拟试验,于2019年在湖南农业大学试验基地大棚内进行,供试土壤为潮砂田水稻土,肥料为三元复混肥。试验共设置6个处理:CK(不施肥)和0(表施)、5、7.5、10、12.5 cm五个不同深度施肥处理,监测氨挥发、田面水和渗漏水氮磷含量的动态变化以及土壤氮磷含量。结果表明:与表施处理相比,5、7.5、10、12.5 cm深施处理的氨挥发累积量分别下降68.07%、82.40%、99.98%、99.98%。10、12.5 cm深施处理的田面水总氮平均浓度,比表施处理分别下降84.82%、89.07%;各深度施肥处理的田面水总磷平均浓度较表施处理均大幅下降,降幅达92.43%～99.56%。不同深度施肥处理的渗漏水中氮、磷平均浓度与表施处理之间差异不显著。在0～20 cm土层中,5、7.5、10、12.5 cm深施处理的土壤全氮、全磷含量分别比表施处理提高了4.63%、12.25%、11.85%、5.69%和6.40%、5.90%、6.09%、5.43%;20～30 cm和30～40 cm土层中,各处理间的氮磷含量差异不显著。肥料深施能显著降低氮磷损失,潮砂土的适宜施肥深度为10 cm。     

Interaction between Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Organomineral Fertilizer

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research is to assess the effect of the interaction between phosphorus and nitrogen (P × N) in organomineral fertilizer in the nutrition of plants cultivated in a Typic Hapludox. It was used a completely randomized design in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme with four replications. The treatments corresponded to the equivalent of five doses of P (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg ha^?1 of P) in interaction with five doses of N (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1 of N). Three sequential crops of millet were carried out with 40 days of growth each, whose aerial part of the plants was harvested in order to determine the dry biomass and the contents of N and P. After each crop, soil samples were collected from the pot for determination of the forms of P and N. It may be inferred that simultaneous application of N and P into the fertilization does not promote significant changes in the dynamics of N in the soil, but the effect of the interaction is changed over the crop time in the plant. In soil the application of organomineral fertilizers did not show effect of the interaction between P × N on the forms of organic N, inorganic and organic P, except for a difference in the available P, which is the dose of 20P × 200N kg ha^?1 with greater efficiency. In the plant, there was interaction between P × N in organomineral fertilizer on the dry biomass of the aerial part of millet from the dose of 20P × 100N, focusing on the dose of 50P × 150N kg ha^?1, while the accumulation of P and N starts from the dose of 40P × 100N and 40P × 50N kg ha^?1 with an increase (synergy) in both nutrients up to the dose of 80P × 200N kg ha^?1.     

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers and Intercropping on Uptake of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Wheat,Maize, and Faba Bean

Abstract

One‐third of all the cultivated land area is used for multiple cropping and half of the total grain yield is produced with multiple cropping in China. There have been numerous studies on nutrient acquisition by crops in legume/non‐legume intercropping systems, but few on nutrient uptake in cereal/cereal intercropping. This paper describes a field experiment in which integrated wheat/maize and maize/faba bean systems were compared with sole wheat and sole faba bean cropping to assess the effects of intercropping on nutrient uptake by wheat, maize, and faba bean under various application rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizers. Results show that both N and P fertilizers and intercropping enhanced N uptake by wheat, while only P fertilizer and intercropping increased P acquisition by wheat. The advantage of N uptake by border rows of wheat intercropped with maize declined with increasing N fertilizer application rate, but that of P acquisition was not affected by P fertilizer. The amounts of both N and P taken up by maize intercropped with faba bean were much higher than those by maize intercropped with wheat throughout the period of intercropping. Both fertilization and intercropping did not influence the N and P uptake by faba bean.     

关于沟渠生态拦截氮磷的研究

为研究沟渠拦截氮磷的效果,在不同时间对沟渠不同断面水体进行了监测。结果显示,河水自然净化和水生植物拦截净化作用,都会降低沟渠水中的氮磷含量,并且全氮、全磷含量的降低幅度一般要高于铵态氮、硝态氮以及可溶磷的变化幅度;相对河水自然净化而言,水生植物拦截净化能力明显更强,几种形态养分含量的降低幅度在5.7%～32.9%之间,明显高于降低幅度在0.30%～6.6%之间的河水自然净化。结果还显示,在降雨结束以后,沟渠水中全氮、铵态氮含量都呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,全磷、可溶磷、硝态氮含量总体呈现波动渐增的变化趋势。     

Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Interactions in Upland Rice

Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nutrient interactions are important in determining crop yields. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate interaction among nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in upland rice production. The treatments applied to upland rice grown on an Oxisol were three levels of N (N₀, N₁₅₀ and N₃₀₀ mg kg^?1), three levels of P (P₀, P₁₀₀ and P₂₀₀ mg kg^?1) and three levels of K (K₀, K₁₀₀ and K₂₀₀ mg kg^?1). These treatments were tested in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Grain yield, shoot dry weight, plant height, root dry weight, maximum root length, panicle number, 1000-grain weight, and grain harvest index were significantly influenced by N, P, and K treatments. The treatment that did not receive P fertilization did not produce panicle or grain. Hence, P was most yield-limiting nutrient compared to two other nutrients. At the N₀P₀K₀ treatment, rice did not produce grains, indicating severe deficiency of these nutrients in Brazilian Oxisols. Maximum grain yield was obtained with the N₃₀₀P₂₀₀K₂₀₀ treatment. Grain yield had significant positive association with plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximum root length, 1000-grain weight, panicle number, and grain harvest index. Among these growth and yield components, shoot dry weight had the highest positive association with grain yield and root length minimum positive association with grain yield. Hence, adopting adequate soil and crop management practices can improve growth and yield components and increase grain yield of upland rice.     

降雨-土壤-径流系统中氮磷的迁移

农田地表径流形成的面源污染是影响饮用水源地水质安全的主要污染源。降雨输入、土壤溶质迁移和地表径流输出三者相互作用,决定着农田面源污染负荷的产生。通过设置移动小区,收集和监测次降雨事件中的地表径流、土壤溶质迁移,研究面源污染负荷中降雨氮磷和土壤溶质输入负荷和比例。结果显示,随雨水输入径流的DTN、DTP负荷占径流DTN、DTP负荷的58%和67%;由降雨带到陆地生态系统的N、P主要通过径流输入到其它系统中,但径流NO3--N负荷主要来自土壤溶解态NO3--N向径流的溶出迁移;计算降雨-地表径流-土壤溶质的相互作用深度,简化了小流域面源污染负荷量化过程,为制定小流域面源污染防治规划提供理论指导。     

滇池流域农田土壤氮磷流失分析研究

采用实地调查与田间模拟实验相结合的方法,研究了滇池流域沿湖15个乡镇农田地表径流氮、磷流失状况及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区农田地表径流氮、磷污染负荷很高,年均流失量差异较大,总氮为5.07~113.16 kg/hm2,总磷为0.15~10.14 kg/hm2。高强度的化肥施用是造成农田径流氮、磷流失量大的主要原因,同时也与土地利用方式、水肥管理方式及种植制度有关;不同坡度农田径流中氮、磷的输出量不同,从6°~12°氮、磷流失急剧增大,12°以后流失量增加减缓;无论在一次降雨中,还是在作物生长周期内,径流中氮、磷流失速率均表现出随时间参数增加而递减的趋势;施肥处理不同,氮、磷流失量存在一定差异,其中尿素与普钙配合施用可减少氮、磷流失,同时获得较高的白菜产量。     

氮磷互作水稻冠层氮素敏感光谱筛选研究

基于连续两年的水稻氮磷互作盆栽试验,于水稻拔节、抽穗、灌浆等主要生育时期同步测定了冠层反射光谱和水稻植株总氮含量,系统分析了350~1 330 nm波段范围内任意两波段组合而成的差值(DVI)、比值(RVI)及归一化(NDVI)光谱指数与植株总氮含量的关系,筛选了可用于氮磷互作环境下的最佳光谱指数,建立了估算模型,并与已有的水稻氮光谱反演指数进行了比较。结果表明:氮磷交互下水稻冠层光谱受氮素的影响明显高于磷素,呈现随施氮量的增加可见光区反射率下降,近红外区上升的规律;但对磷肥的响应受施氮水平的影响,施磷在缺氮情况下提高了可见光区和近红外区的反射率,不缺氮情况下却使可见光区反射率降低。与植株总氮含量相关性较好的波段组合基本不受植被指数构造形式的影响,表现较为稳定,主要分布在近红外(780~1 330 nm)/可见光(750~770 nm)区域、红边(640~700 nm)区域和可见光(450~500 nm)区域。但施磷与不施磷处理的总氮光谱指数敏感波段组合区域有所变化,施磷处理的敏感区域要小于不施磷处理,且相关性决定系数有所降低。存在对施磷不施磷处理都比较敏感的光谱指数区域,拔节、抽穗和灌浆期分别以RVI(FD719,FD740),NDVI(FD419,FD552),DVI(FD707,FD713)表现最佳,建模决定系数分别为0.87、0.80、0.87,几乎不受氮磷交互作用的影响,验证模型均方根误差分别为1.98、3.68、3.47。已有的氮光谱反演参数中则以m ND705、PRI、NDVI705表现最好,但其预测精度明显受磷肥作用的影响,尤其是在拔节期,不施磷处理下的精度要远低于施磷处理,且整体精度均低于本研究新选的氮光谱指数。因此,氮磷互作对水稻氮光谱反演指数的波段组合及预测精度产生影响,要提高氮素光谱诊断精度,需要根据情况选择适宜的光谱指数。     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability in Groundfish Waste and Chitin-Sludge Cocomposts

Seafood processing generates a substantial volume of wastes. This study examined the feasibility of converting the fish waste into useful fertilizer by composting. Groundfish waste and chitin sludge generated from the production of chitin were composted with red alder or a mixture of western hemlock and Douglas-fir sawdust to produce four composts: alder with groundfish waste (AGF); hemlock/fir with groundfish waste (HGF); alder with chitin sludge (ACS); and hemlock/fir with chitin sludge (HCS). The resulting AGF had a higher total N and a lower C:N ratio than the other three composts. A large portion of the total N in the AGF, HGF, and HCS composts was in inorganic forms (NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^?-N), as opposed to only two percent in the ACS compost. Alder sawdust is more quickly decomposed, which favored N retention and limited nitrification during the composting period. It was less favorable than the hemlock/Douglas fir sawdust for composting with chitin sludge. Corn growth on soil amended with compost was dependent upon both compost type and rate. Nitrogen and P availabilities in all composts except the ACS were high and compost addition enhanced corn yields, tissue N and P concentrations, and N and P up-take. Neither the total N concentration nor the C:N ratio of the composts was an effective measure of compost N availability in the soil. Because soil inorganic N test levels correlated well with the corn biomass, tissue N and N uptake, they should be an effective measure of the overall compost effects on soil N availability and corn growth response. Phosphorus concentration, which increased linearly with increasing compost rates, was related to soil P availability from compost additions and correlated well with corn biomass, tissue P concentration and P uptake under uniform treatments of N and K fertilizers. Composting groundfish waste with alder or hemlock/Douglas-fir sawdust can produce composts with sufficient amounts of available N and P to promote plant growth and is considered to be a viable approach for recycling and utilizing groundfish waste.     

自然降雨条件下农田地表产流及氮磷流失规律研究

基于淮北平原自然降雨条件下2个连续汛期观测的降雨-径流试验数据,分析不同试验处理下农田地表产流规律和氮磷浓度及其构成,探讨地表径流氮磷浓度和流失量的时间变化过程及其分布差异。结果表明,当地农田地表径流氮磷浓度构成分别以颗粒态氮和可溶性磷为主,而可溶性氮中又以溶解性有机氮为主,且硝态氮是农田地表径流无机氮流失的主要成分。汛初7月不同土地利用方式下农田地表径流量及铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性氮磷和颗粒态氮磷的浓度及流失量间的差异相对较小,但8月期间的差异却明显增加,低秆高密度作物种植模式下的相应流失量最低。在淮北平原夏季种植黄豆、棉花等矮秆高密度作物,可起到有效减少地表径流氮磷流失量的作用,减缓因农业非点源污染对地表水体富营养化产生的潜在威胁。