溢洪道消能问题及水工模型试验方法研究

溢洪道是保证水库泄洪能力的重要设施,因其泄下的高速水流具有很强的冲击力,所以其消能问题备受关注。介绍目前工程中常用的几种消能方法,阐述利用水工模型进行试验研究的理论基础,以期为溢洪道消能问题的研究提供参考。     

若干水库泄洪建筑物消能工的体型

通过对广东省老炉下水库溢流坝窄缝式挑坎体型、虎局水库溢洪道扩建工程消能工、惠州抽水蓄能电站下库溢洪道能工及杨溪水三级水电站溢流坝肖能工等4座水库泄洪工程消能工试验研究成果的总结，提示了泄水建设物消能工水流消能机理，优化了消能工的体型和尺寸。     

斯木塔斯台阶式陡槽溢洪道水力特性模型试验研究

斯木塔斯水电站原设计方案泄水建筑物中溢洪道采用了台阶式消能方式,为了论证在高水头,小单宽流量下台阶式溢洪道应用的合理性,有必要对设计方案进行模型试验的研究.借助大比尺的模型试验,对该溢洪道段的流态,压强,掺气,消能率等进行了现测.试验结果表明各项水力特性良好,消能效果显著,满足工程实际的需要,为工程决策提供了科学依据....     

玛尔挡水电站溢洪道挑流鼻坎体型试验研究

挑流鼻坎是水利工程常用的消能工,不同体型的挑坎对过流水体具有不同的导向作用。为解决玛尔挡水电站因水头高、流速大、泄洪建筑物集中,但其对下游河床的冲刷要求高而导致泄洪消能严峻的问题,对其进行了整体模型试验。为满足溢洪道三孔鼻坎水舌在死水位时不冲砸本岸及左右岸坡脚冲刷深度较浅的设计要求,进行了斜鼻坎、舌形挑坎、直墙窄缝挑坎和曲面贴角窄缝挑坎四种不同挑坎体型的对比试验,通过比选,曲面贴角窄缝挑坎较好地满足了设计要求。该试验研究对类似工程具有一定的借鉴意义。     

官庄水库溢洪道改建中几个问题的浅析

溢洪道是水库的主要泄洪建筑物，水头高、流量大是其主要水力特点。根据官庄水库溢洪道整体模型水力学试验研究及对一些水力学问题的解决，说明溢洪道的平面布置及剖面形式的选择是保证溢洪道不产生有害水力现象的关键。     

某水库溢洪道泄洪消能的试验研究

针对某水库溢洪道消力池内水流流态较差、消能效果不理想和对下游岸坡冲刷严重等问题,通过水力学模型试验,在原设计方案基础上对比分析了消力池集中消能和阶梯分级消能两种消能方式,并观测了消力池水流流态、底板压强、下游河道水面线等水力特性指标。结果表明,消力池集中消能方式更适合本工程地形特点、地质要求,消能效果明显,出池水流流态较好,与下游河道水面衔接平顺,并且水面波动较小,满足泄洪消能要求。     

T型墩联合消力戽消能工的应用

坝上水电站大坝溢洪道由于受特殊的地形地质限制，以及大流量、弱水跃、坝后式电站枢纽布置紧凑等问题，使大坝泄洪消能设计复杂。经分析计算及水工模型试验，设置了T型墩+消力戽联合消能工。经五年多的运行泄洪消能验证，戽内消能充分，下游河床及两岸均未发现明显冲刷，证明了T型墩+消力戽联合消能工对低弗氏数的中低坝的消能效果是比较理想的。     

病险中小型水库的工程质量缺陷及病态特征探析

对病险水库汛期大坝现场检查、病险水库原始资料及历次除险加固工程设计资料的研究发现,部分病险中小型水库存在一些工程质量缺陷,如坝轴线处河床坡度过陡、坝址周边附近无适用筑坝土料场、坝顶未达到设计高程、土坝边坡偏陡、坝基接触处理方法不当、溢洪道无消能设施或消能方式不当、水库未设库水放空设施、放水涵管穿埋土坝等,并在运行中表露出坝坡面塌陷或坝坡局部滑坡、浸润线逸出点偏高,坝基接触带及坝肩渗漏、溢洪道底板局部被顶翻或全部被冲毁、泄洪水流漫过导墙顶、穿土坝灌溉涵管漏水等各种病态特征,讨论了大坝、溢洪道、放水设施等水库枢纽建筑物主要病险病态的内在病因,提出了技术管理方面的一些对策建议。     

李堡水库除险加固工程溢洪道设计要点分析

静宁县李堡水库无有效泄洪建筑物,影响大坝防洪安全。本文针对水库存在的主要问题,根据实际地形和地质条件,依据相关规范规程,进行了新建开敞式溢洪道设计。通过新建溢洪道,排除了水库安全隐患,实现了水库功能的正常发挥。     

改善梯形消力塘措施

水库溢洪道、泄洪洞的出口以及渠系某些泄水建筑物的消能工程,为了将含能集中、从较窄的泄水前沿下泄的高速水流引导至下游较宽的河道,减小单宽流量,提高消能效率,常采用的形式为扩散消力塘.消力塘的横断面有梯形与矩形两种. 由于平底渐变扩散消力塘,是一种良好的水跃消能工,常见于溢洪道与泄洪洞的出口下游.这种消力塘的优点是:①水流扩散消能效果好:②水跃的第二共轭水深较二元水跃共轭水深少.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。