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高产奶量、低发病率是当今奶牛生产的主要目标,奶牛健康也关系到食品安全和动物福利。近年来随着奶牛生产潜力的提高,奶牛的代谢性及传染性疾病也出现升高的趋势,而这些疾病大多发生在围产期(Ingvartsen,2005)。奶牛的健康问题在一定程度上抵消了由生产力提高而增加的收益。奶牛围产期发生的多种代谢病相互联系、互相并发,同时也与产前日粮之间存在着一定的相关性,因此可以通过一定的饲养措施降低各种疾病的发生和提高奶牛的生产性能。为了提高奶牛场的生产和收益,就需要对奶牛进行适当的营养管理而使其顺利地渡过围产期。本文综述了近几年… 相似文献
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应用营养调控技术降低奶牛磷的排泄 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
磷是奶牛必需的矿物元素,是构成奶牛饲料中单位成本最昂贵的营养素之一。本文通过探索日粮磷源的有效性、反刍动物磷的营养（代谢与需要量）、奶牛规模养殖场磷的供求平衡,应用日粮营养调控技术在不影响健康和生产性能前提下．降低奶牛养殖业粪磷的排泄量、提高养分利用率和降低潜在环境危害。 相似文献
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家禽生产面临的环境挑战日益增加．人们日益关注养殖对空气和水质的污染．特别是氮和磷的排放问题,监管和社会压力要求做出更多的改进来减少家禽生产的潜在污染。空气污染主要是氮和硫的污染。最近．各地都在解决挥发性有机化合物的排放问题．目标主要是减少营养物排泄。本文从营养学角度对减少环境污染的研究结果进行综述．目的是为今后出现的与营养相关或无关的环境问题提供关注方向。 相似文献
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随着生猪规模化养殖的普及,大量的粪便和污水对环境造成的污染越来越严重,日益威胁人类的安全与健康,已经突破了传统意义上的畜牧业生产及畜牧业经济领域,成为我国政府及人民关注的热点问题。在环境保护意识日渐增强的今天,走绿色生猪产业发展之路,实现生猪产业的可持续发展,是畜牧业发展的必然选择。据测定1头猪的日排泄粪尿按6kg计,是人排粪尿量的5倍,年产粪尿约达2．5t。 相似文献
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Hideki KOJIMA Shin-ichi KUME Kazuhisa NONAKA Tomoko OSHITA Takaharu KOZAKAI Hiroyuki HIROOKA 《Animal Science Journal》2005,76(2):139-145
Thirty‐four Holstein dry cows and 16 lactating cows were used in balance trials to identify the effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) excretion by dairy cows, and to develop prediction models for these excreta. Orchard grass silage, corn silage, alfalfa silage or timothy hay were offered to dry cows. Orchard grass silage or alfalfa silage, and concentrates were offered to lactating cows. In the statistical analysis, the independent variables were bodyweight (kg), dry matter (DM) intake (kg/day), milk yield (for lactating cows only, kg/day), water intake (free water plus water in feed, kg/day), intake (g/day) of N, P and K and dietary contents (% of DM) of crude protein, P and K. The dependent variables were N, P and K excretion (g/day) in feces and urine. In both dry and lactating cows, intake of N, P and K had large effects on corresponding excretion. The results indicated that a decrease in the intake of N, P and K could decrease the corresponding excretion. Further research by path analysis showed that K intake positively affected urinary N excretion in dry cows indirectly, through water intake and urine volume. 相似文献
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粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本试验旨在研究粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响.试验采用单因素随机区组设计,将16头体重、年龄、胎次相近的,处于干奶期的健康荷斯坦奶牛分为4组,每组4头.以常用的粗饲料设计A(玉米青贮+玉米秸秆)、B(玉米青贮+羊草)、C(玉米青贮+玉米秸秆+羊草)、D(玉米青贮+苜蓿草+羊草)4种粗饲料组合的饲粮.结果表明:饲粮D干物质、有机物和中性洗涤纤维的消化率最高,显著高于其他各饲粮(P＜0.05),其次为饲粮B和饲粮C,饲粮A最低,显著低于其他各饲粮(P＜0.05),各饲粮的酸性洗涤纤维消化率差异不显著(P＞0.05).粗饲料组合显著影响饲粮摄入总能、能量消化率和能量代谢率(P＜0.05),饲粮D甲烷能占摄入总能比显著低于其他3种饲粮(P＜0.05).各饲粮的粪氮、尿氮占摄入总氮比差异不显著(P＞0.05),饲粮D的氮消化率显著高于饲粮B与饲粮C(P ＜0.05),且饲粮B显著高于饲粮A(P ＜0.05);饲粮B、饲粮D的氮利用率显著高于饲粮A(P ＜0.05).由此可见,玉米青贮+苜蓿草+羊草型饲粮的养分消化率、能量和氮的利用均优于其他各饲粮,羊草与玉米秸秆之间存在正组合效应,两者搭配使用可提高玉米秸秆的消化率,优化能量和氮的利用. 相似文献
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Taketo OBITSU Mitsuru KAMIYA Yuko KAMIYA Masahito TANAKA Toshihisa SUGINO Kohzo TANIGUCHI 《Animal Science Journal》2011,82(4):531-536
Effects of exposure to hot environment on urea metabolism were studied in lactating Holstein cows. Four cows were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration and housed in a temperature‐controlled chamber at constant moderate (18°C) or high (28°C) ambient temperatures in a cross‐over design. Urea nitrogen (N) kinetics was measured by determining urea isotopomer in urine after single injection of [15N2]urea into the jugular vein. Both dry matter intake and milk yield were decreased under high ambient temperature. Intakes of total N and digestible N were decreased under high ambient temperature but urinary urea‐N excretion was increased. The ratio of urea‐N production to digestible N was increased, whereas the proportion of gut urea‐N entry to urea‐N production tended to be decreased under high ambient temperature. Neither return to the ornithine cycle, anabolic use nor fecal excretion of urea‐N recycled to the gut was affected by ambient temperature. Under high ambient temperature, renal clearance of plasma urea was not affected but the gut clearance was decreased. Increase of urea‐N production and reduction of gut urea‐N entry, in relative terms, were associated with increased urinary urea‐N excretion of lactating dairy cows in higher thermal environments. 相似文献
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Two experiments were conducted to elucidate the effect of increased concentrate allotment before evening grazing on herbage intake, nitrogen utilization and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. In experiment 1, nine lactating cows were grazed in the morning and evening sessions (2.5 h each). The cows were allocated to treatments of three concentrate allotment levels before the evening grazing session by altering proportions to daily total offered; 25%, 50% and 75%. Daily herbage dry matter intake quadratically decreased with increasing the concentrate allotment levels (P < 0.05). Nitrogen utilization was similar among treatments. To investigate diurnal changes in rumen fermentation, a second experiment was conducted where six ruminally cannulated non‐lactating dairy cows grazed in the morning and evening sessions (3 h each) were subjected to the same treatments as experiment 1. Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen linearly increased with increasing the concentrate allotment levels throughout the pre‐evening grazing session to the post‐morning grazing session (P < 0.01). The results indicate that dairy cows reduce daily herbage intake but do not alter nitrogen utilization with increasing concentrate allotment before evening grazing. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science 相似文献
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Objective To evaluate the effects of length of exposure to prepartum transition diets on milk yield, fat and protein production. Design Prospective cohort study. The number of days that the cows were fed the prepartum transition diets was the exposure of interest. Procedures Holstein and Holstein x Jersey cows (n = 1008) were enrolled. Diets given in the far-off dry period (from end of lactation until approximately 3 weeks before expected parturition) consisted of ad libitum access to perennial ryegrass pastures. Prepartum transition diets included perennial ryegrass pasture, ryegrass silage, cereal hay, grain, grain by-product, protein meals, BioChlor(R), sodium monensin, virginiamycin or tylosin, MgSO(4), trace elements and vitamins. On a dry matter basis, these contained 16.0% crude protein, 4.2% rumen undegradable protein, and 9.9 mJ metabolisable energy/kg. Diets provided an estimated metabolisable protein balance of 286 g/day and dietary cation anion difference of -150 meq/kg dry matter. Statistical models controlled for effects of herd, calving day, breed, age and gestation period. Results Increasing length of exposure to the prepartum transition diets significantly increased the 4.0% fat- and 3.2% protein-corrected milk yield and milk-protein yield as a linear and quadratic effect. The optimal duration of exposure to the prepartum transition diets was 25 days for fat- and protein-corrected milk production and 22 days for milk protein production. Milk-fat percentage decreased significantly and linearly with increasing exposure to the prepartum transition diets; however, milk-fat yield or milk-protein percentage did not vary significantly with duration of exposure to the diets. Conclusions Increasing exposure to prepartum transition diets increased milk and milk-protein yields and decreased the milk fat-percentage, but not the milk-protein percentage or milk-fat yield. Aust Vet J 2008;86:341-351. 相似文献
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蒸汽压片玉米对奶牛生产性能和氮磷排放影响的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本试验旨在研究蒸汽压片玉米对泌乳早期中国荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和氮磷排放的影响.试验采用4×4重复拉丁方设计.将8头泌乳早期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组2头.4种日粮处理中蒸汽压片玉米含量分别为精料的0、10%、20%和30%.试验分4期,每期28 d.结果表明:日粮中添加蒸汽压片玉米对奶牛干物质采食量无显著影响(P＞0.05),但显著提高了饲料转化率(奶料比)(P＜0.05);显著提高了奶牛产奶量,其中20%与30%组的4%标准奶产量(FCM)产量分别比对照组提高2.78和2.87 kg·d~(-1)(P＜0.01).对乳成分无显著影响(P＞0.05);乳蛋白、乳糖、乳非脂固形物含量呈增加趋势;对营养物质的表观消化率无显著影响(P＞0.05);日粮中添加蒸汽压片玉米显著降低了乳尿素氮水平(P＜0.05).试验组奶牛氮排放量分别比对照组降低了4.23%(P＞0.05)、9.37%(P＜0.05)和10.29%(P＜0.05),磷排放量分别比对照组降低了1.93%(P＞0.05)、2.59%(P＞0.05)和5.19%(P＞0.05).因此,饲喂蒸汽压片玉米能够有效提高奶牛的生产性能,降低氮磷的排放. 相似文献
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多花黑麦草饲喂奶牛效果研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
设4种不同梯度多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum和配合饲料的日粮组成对24头黑白花奶牛进行饲喂试验,以期探讨最佳经济效益的日粮组成,为推广饲用玉米Zea mays-多花黑麦草种植系统提供理论依据.结果表明,随配合饲料饲喂量的减少,多花黑麦草采食量增加,青贮玉米的采食量不断减少.以每头饲喂6 kg配合饲料 30 kg多花黑麦草 自由采食青贮玉米试验组(2组)奶牛每天平均产奶量最高,达到11.59kg/头.以每头饲喂5 kg配合饲料 40 kg多花黑麦草 自由采食青贮玉米试验组(3组)奶品质最好,经济效益最高. 相似文献