乐都县柠条人工林生长状况分析

分析讨论了柠条人工林的造林技术及林木生长特点。研究表明:柠条人工林最理想的造林方式是水平阶或反坡梯田整地、鱼鳞坑整地,柠条根系密集层在地表40 cm以内,侧根旺盛,根幅增长快于冠幅增长,灌丛年均增高19.8 cm,增加分枝1-4枝/丛,生物量年增加0.19 kg.丛-1;适时平茬、复壮是促进柠条灌丛萌生分枝,增大冠幅,提高生长量和生物量的最有效途径。     

石羊河流域干旱荒漠区柠条生物量预测模型研究

以石羊河流域干旱荒漠区典型灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii)为研究对象,分别以冠幅面积(C)、植株高度(H)与冠幅面积(C)的乘积(HC)为自变量,柠条枝条、叶和地上部分的实生物量为因变量进行回归分析,构建了生物量预测模型。进一步对各预测模型的判定系数(R~2)、F检验、回归检验显著水平(P0.001)、总相对误差(RS)和平均相对误差绝对值(RMA)等指标进行对比分析,筛选出了最优的柠条生物量预测模型。结果表明:柠条生物量的最优模型为:枝条生物量:WB=-0.055(HC)~2+0.599(HC)+0.104;叶生物量:WL=-0.001(HC)~2+0.01(HC)+0.006;地上生物量:WT=-0.056(HC)~2+0.609(HC)+0.111。经验证模型的预测值与实测值拟合率在81.9%～88.4%,其预测效果较好。     

晋北4种灌木地上生物量预测模型的构建

采用收获法对晋北地区4种常见灌木(黄刺玫、酸枣、荆条和柠条)进行随机采样,分析其生物量及分配格局,同时利用简单指标对其生物量构建预测模型。研究结果表明:1)灌木地上总生物量间差异较大,从大到小依次为荆条黄刺玫柠条酸枣;黄刺玫和荆条地上不同部位生物量表现为叶老龄枝新生枝,而柠条和酸枣则表现为老龄枝叶新生枝;2)不同灌木枝叶比差异很大,柠条枝叶比是黄刺玫的2.79倍,而荆条和黄刺玫的枝叶比近似于1;3)依据不同灌木及同种灌木不同器官选择冠幅直径乘以高CH、冠幅直径C、冠幅体积V为自变量构建的4种灌木生物量模型均以幂函数模型最优,可用于推算灌木生物量。     

黄土丘陵区柠条生物量调查研究

通过对２９块柠条林的调查，分析了柠条生物量的分配规律及环境因子对地上部生物量的影响，分别建立了用环境因子和生长因子预测地上部生物量的回归模型。     

达拉特旗柠条锦鸡儿地上生物量预测模型的构建方法

以达拉特旗柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)人工灌木林为研究对象,采用样地调查法和模型拟合法进行综合研究,实测其地上生物量,依据冠幅直径(D)、株高(H)、植冠面积(C)、植冠体积(V)等易测因子作为自变量,以实测地上生物量(W)为因变量构建回归分析模型,通过分析决定系数(R²)、估计值标准误(SEE)筛选出研究区柠条锦鸡儿较优地上生物量预测模型并进行精度检验。结果表明：以植冠体积作为自变量拟合柠条锦鸡儿地上生物量效果最佳,经验证,模型的总相对误差(RS)为-5.921%和平均相对误差(RMA)为15.853%,拟合精度基本满足生产实践需求,最优模型为幂函数模型W=1.281V^0.645。研究结果可为该地区柠条锦鸡儿人工灌木林的生物量估算和开发利用提供科学依据。     

内蒙古柠条生物量建模

以内蒙古自治区的常见灌木种柠条(Caragana microphylla)为研究对象,基于大样本的生物量实测数据,利用非线性误差变量联立方程组方法,建立了单株水平的地上生物量模型及其相容的地下生物量模型和根茎比模型,并建立了基于平均植冠面积和密度或覆盖度的群落水平的总生物量模型。结果表明:植冠面积是影响单株生物量的首要因子,其次才是丛生枝个数;基于植冠面积和丛生枝个数的单株地上生物量模型,其确定系数能接近0.7,但地下生物量模型的确定系数要低些,还不到0.5;单株地上生物量和地下生物量模型的平均预估精度均能达到90%左右,总生物量的平均预估精度能达到92%以上,完全可用于内蒙古自治区范围内柠条灌木林的生物量估计。以单株总生物量模型为基础,直接推导出不同密度或覆盖度的群落总生物量模型,可为建立群落水平的灌木生物量模型提供借鉴。     

基于CASA模型的人工植被生物量的估算及特征分析

利用改进的CASA模型,结合Landsat TM遥感影像及气象数据,估算榆林飞播林2010年7月的植被净初级生产力。通过实测植被生物量,验证CASA模型在研究区的估算结果。结果表明:CASA模型适用于榆林飞播林植被净初级生产力估算;CASA模型估算的不同地区NPP区别明显,榆林市横山县与榆阳区交界处的植被NPP值最高,其值介233.21～414.15gC/m2之间;榆林飞播林生态系统属于较低生产力的生态系统;沙柳的NPP水平最高,以柠条+沙柳+沙蒿为播种模式的人工林地生物量最高;除沙柳、花棒和沙蒿外,其他飞播植物生物量与含水量无明显的相关性;不同飞播年代的同种植被生物量与含水量、土壤养分以及气候等因素之间具有密切的相关性。     

干旱风沙区营造人工柠条林对退化沙地土壤水分运动参数的影响

以宁夏盐池沙区退化沙地为研究对象,探讨其在营造人工柠条灌木林后,对土壤水分运动参数的影响,研究结果显示:退化沙地营造人工柠条林后,0～40 cm土层的土壤水分扩散率呈现增加的趋势;0～40 cm土层的土壤基质势明显低于对照天然草地;0～40 cm土层的土壤比水容量随造林密度的增加测定值降低;0～40 cm土层的土壤比水容量林地明显低于对照天然恢复草地;人工柠条林土壤非饱和导水率显著低于对照天然草地,其大小排序为天然草地>2 490丛.hm-2柠条林>1 665丛.hm-2柠条林>3 330丛.hm-2柠条林。     

内蒙古柠条和山杏单株生物量模型研建

[目的] 针对现有灌木生物量模型存在的分量与总量、地上与地下生物量不相容等问题, 探索利用联立方程组 方法, 建立灌木林相容性生物量模型。[方法] 以内蒙古自治区的2种常见灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii)和山杏(Armeniaca sibirica)为研究对象, 基于大样本的生物量实测数据, 利用非线性误差变量联立方程组方法, 建立了地上生物量模型及其相容的地下生物量模型和根茎比模型。[结果] 表明:基于植冠面积和丛生枝个数(或植株高度)的地上生物量模型, 其确定系数能达到0.67以上, 但地下生物量模型的确定系数要低些, 其中山杏仅0.36;2种灌木的地上生物量和地下生物量模型的平均预估精度均能达到80%以上, 全株生物量的平均预估精度, 山杏能达到86%以上, 柠条能达到92%以上。[结论] 对于无明显主干的丛生状灌木, 不论是地上生物量还是地下生物量, 植冠面积是首要的相关因子, 其次才是丛生枝个数和植株高度;利用非线性误差变量联立方程组方法, 能有效解决不同生物量之间的相容性问题, 同步建立地上生物量模型及其相容的地下生物量模型和根茎比模型;所建模型完全可用于内蒙古自治区范围内相应灌木林的生物量估计。     

柠条灌木林培育技术

采用实地调查与文献检索相结合的方法,对柠条灌木林的造林密度、整地方式、育苗及抚育技术进行系统总结,得出柠条灌木林造林密度以4000丛/hm2左右为好,柠条造林后至郁闭前是柠条生长的速生阶段,应加强管护,封育2 a~4 a。     

环洞庭湖不同类型防护林生物量研究

以环洞庭湖的杨树、马尾松、杉木等3种防护林为研究对象,对其生物量进行研究.结果表明:3种林分中不同树种营养器官生物量所占比例的大小顺序有所差异,各主要造林树种单株生物量均以地上部分占绝对的优势,占全株生物量的87％以上.3种林分中,杉木林分生物量最高,为232 172.5 kg/hm2;马尾松林的生物量最低,为87 4...     

Rapid carbon accumulation within an unmanaged,mixed, temperate woodland

Forest carbon stocks have increased in both Europe and North America in recent decades. National forest inventories are often used to indicate recent carbon dynamics, but the data from unmanaged forests are often incomplete. Here we calculate changing biomass carbon stocks for a mixed, unmanaged British woodland with two different management histories: (1) older growth stands untouched since 1902 and (2) younger growth stands clear felled in 1943 but have developed naturally since. Transects in the older growth have been monitored since 1945 and the younger growth since 1977. Separate estimates of tree carbon (C), soil C and dead wood C were obtained to verify how C is apportioned in these stands. Tree biomass C stocks had approximately doubled in the older growth stands since 1945 and 60% of C was stored in tree biomass, 38% was stored in soil and 2% stored in coarse woody debris. This study suggests that natural older growth stands are storing more C than typical managed forests, with tree biomass the most important compartment for C stores. If management is to be shifted from biomass production to increased C stores, due consideration should be given to the role of unmanaged, older growth forests.     

Biomass allocation and nitrogen limitation in a Cryptomeria japonica plantation chronosequence

We investigated soil net nitrogen mineralization rate, above- and belowground biomass allocation, and nitrogen use in a Cryptomeria japonica plantation chronosequence. Total biomass accumulation showed an asymptotic accretion pattern, and the peak total biomass accumulation rate occurred approximately 30 years after afforestation. Soil net nitrogen mineralization rate was lowest 30 years after afforestation. Between years 30 and 88, net nitrogen mineralization increased again. These results indicate that an imbalance in soil nitrogen supply and plant nitrogen demand occurred approximately 30 years after afforestation. Furthermore, leaf nitrogen concentration, which was used as an index of plant nitrogen status, was lower in mature forest than in young forest, suggesting that mature stands did not take up nitrogen as successfully. If soil resources such as nitrogen limit plant growth, plants may increase biomass allocation to fine root structure; however, fine root biomass was not higher in 30- and 88-year-old stands than in younger stands, suggesting that changes in biomass allocation may not be effective against nitrogen deficiency in a C. japonica plantation chronosequence.     

A simple model of light and water use evaluated for Pinus radiata

An existing model of light and water use by crops (RESCAP) was adapted and evaluated for trees. In the model, growth on any given day is determined either by the amount of intercepted radiation (by means of the light utilization coefficient, epsilon) or by the maximum rate of water extraction by roots (a function of root biomass and soil water content). In either case, transpiration and growth are related by the water-use efficiency (q), which is inversely proportional to the daily mean saturation vapor pressure deficit (D). The model was applied to two Pinus radiata (D. Don) stands (control (C) and fertilized (F)) growing near Canberra, Australia, using data collected during the Biology of Forest Growth experiment (1983-1988). For both stands, predicted and measured soil water contents were in close agreement (r(2) > 0.9) over a 4-year period involving several wet-dry cycles. The parameter combination epsilon/qD was estimated to be 0.28 and 0.26 kg H(2)O (MJ total)(-1) kPa(-1) for the C and F stands, respectively. Because of the close physiological link between water use and CO(2) uptake, the results suggest that tree growth may be realistically simulated by simple models based on conservative values for epsilon and qD.     

Root spatial distribution and biomass partitioning in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus robur</Emphasis> L. seedlings: the effects of mounding site preparation in oak plantations

In a reforestation field experiment undertaken in southern Sweden and planted with pedunculate oak, three site preparation treatments (herbicide application (H), mounding site preparation (MSP) and combined herbicide and mounding treatment (H + MSP)) were compared to an undisturbed control (C). We analysed root spatial and biomass distribution in 48 harvested seedlings. Compared to the control, both MSP and H treatments resulted in a significantly higher root system biomass (means C: 16.4 g, H: 45.7 g, MSP: 41.4 g, MSP + H: 102.2 g). The proportion of lateral root biomass increased from 38% (C) to 62% (MSP + H), while the two remaining treatments (H, MSP) attained percentages of 48% and 51%, respectively. The treatments did not alter seedlings’ allometry and root:shoot ratio significantly. However, biomass distribution of different root system parts varied among treatments, so that lateral root biomass increased relative to leaf biomass from C to MSP + H variant. Site preparation treatments (MSP, MSP + H) increased the horizontal extension of root biomass, compared to C and H variants. We conclude that mounding site preparation is an efficient method for the reforestation of pedunculate oak stands. Due to the comparative positive effects on root system development, MSP presents an alternative to herbicide treatment, particularly at sites where the use of chemicals is restricted.     

长鞭红景天种群空间分布格局

长鞭红景天是国家第二批确定的二级保护植物,处于近危状态。该文采用相邻格子样方法取样,应用方差／均值比的t检验、丛生指标Ⅰ、扩散型指数16及其检验、Cassie指标、平均拥挤度与聚块性指标、负二项参数K、Iwao M^＊对的回归分析、Taylor幂法则模型等方法,研究了长鞭红景天种群的空间分布格局。结果表明：在P1、P3和P5群落中长鞭红景天种群均表现为聚集分布,在P2、P4和P6群落中长鞭红景天种群总体上呈聚集分布与随机分布的临界状态;但各群落中聚集强度差异明显,其顺序为：P5〉P3〉P1〉P6〉P2〉P4;通过Iwao M^＊对的回归模型分析和Taylor幂指数法检验也得出相似结果,即长鞭红景天种群的空间分布格局总体上呈现为聚集分布与随机分布的临界状态但偏向于聚集分布。     

Simulated biomass and soil carbon of loblolly pine and cottonwood plantations across a thermal gradient in southeastern United States

Changes in biomass and soil carbon with nitrogen fertilization were simulated for a 25-year loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation and for three consecutive 7-year short-rotation cottonwood (Populus deltoides) stands. Simulations were conducted for 17 locations in the southeastern United States with mean annual temperatures ranging from 13.1 to 19.4 °C. The LINKAGES stand growth model, modified to include the “RothC” soil C and soil N model, simulated tree growth and soil C status. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased cumulative cottonwood aboveground biomass in the three rotations from a site average of 106 to 272 Mg/ha in 21 years. The equivalent site averages for loblolly pine showed a significant increase from 176 and 184 Mg/ha in 25 years with fertilization. Location results, compared on the annual sum of daily mean air temperatures above 5.5 °C (growing-degree-days), showed contrasts. Loblolly pine biomass increased whereas cottonwood decreased with increasing growing-degree-days, particularly in cottonwood stands receiving N fertilization. The increment of biomass due to N addition per unit of control biomass (relative response) declined in both plantations with increase in growing-degree-days. Average soil C in loblolly pine stands increased from 24.3 to 40.4 Mg/ha in 25 years and in cottonwood soil C decreased from 14.7 to 13.7 Mg/ha after three 7-year rotations. Soil C did not decrease with increasing growing-degree-days in either plantation type suggesting that global warming may not initially affect soil C. Nitrogen fertilizer increased soil C slightly in cottonwood plantations and had no significant effect on the soil C of loblolly stands.     

鄂西地区杉木林生物量模拟及其分配格局

笔者研究杉木的生物量及其分布格局对研究鄂西地区植被碳循环具有重要意义,以杉木生物量为研究对象,利用在鄂西地区样地每木调查的资料,建立了不同器官生物量预测模型,统计分析了不同杉木林分的乔木层生物量及其组成关系;通过对样品含水量的测定,统计分析出不同林分灌木层和枯落物的生物量;杉木林各器官生物量模型分别为:W树干=0.010 0(D2 H)1.036 6;W树皮=0.013 5(D2 H)0.787 1;W树枝=1.223 0(D2 H)0.257 3;W树叶=0.851 1(D2 H)0.258 7;W地下=0.031 1(D2 H)0.736 7;W地上=0.070 7(D2 H)0.854 3;W总=0.094 2(D2 H)0.838 3。结果表明杉木林生物量主要集中于乔木层,各部分所占比例为:干(52%)>地下(15%)>枝(14%)>叶(10%)>皮(9.6%),灌木层和枯落物的生物量比较少。     

华西雨屏区退耕还林地杂交竹生物量空间分配格局

采用标准样方法研究了杂交竹各器官及不同龄级生物量配置,结果表明:①杂交竹单株平均生物量为5.0116 kg,林分平均生物量为34.1794 t.hm-2;②杂交竹单株和林分各器官生物量从高到低都表现为竹杆竹枝竹叶竹蔸竹根;③不同年龄杂交竹单株生物量大小排序为3 a2 a1 a,林分生物量表现为2 a1 a3 a;④杂交竹竹枝、竹杆、竹叶及全株以幂函数(W=cDaHb)为最优生物量模型,竹蔸、竹根则以多项式(W=c+aD+bH)为最优生物量模型。     

Spatial heterogeneity of fine root biomass of Pinus massoniana forests in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

Environmental heterogeneity is a constant presence in the natural world that significantly affects plant behavior at a variety of levels of complexity. In order to estimate the spatial pattern of fine root biomass in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the spatial heterogeneity of fine root biomass in the upper layer of soils (0-10 cm) in three Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) stands in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China, was studied in 30 m × 30 m plots with geostatistical analysis. The results indicate that 1) both the live and dead fine root biomass of stand 2 were less than those of other stands, 2) the spatial variation of fine roots in the three stands was caused together by structural and random factors with moderate spatial dependence and 3) the magnitude of spatial heterogeneity of live fine roots ranked as: stand 3 > stand 1 > stand 2, while that of dead fine roots was similar in the three stands. These findings suggested that the range of spatial autocorrelation for fine root biomass varied considerably in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, while soil properties, such as soil bulk density, organic matter and total nitrogen, may exhibit great effect on the spatial distribution of fine roots. Finally, we express our hope to be able to carry out further research on the quantitative relationship between the spatial heterogeneous patterns of plant and soil properties.