马铃薯平衡施肥中的钾素效应研究

在贵州高海拔地区织金县采用马铃薯高产栽培技术和平衡施肥技术,马铃薯产量为14.91t/hm2,超过当地平均产量1.5倍,钾肥配施可增产马铃薯1.0~2.5t/hm2,增幅8.06~20.63%,施钾产投比可达2.0~3.5。施钾肥后马铃薯薯块重量增加19.2%,增产以增加薯块重量为主,马铃薯品质有较大改善。试验认为,高产高效施肥的N:K2O比为100:（95~140）为宜,即施氮（N）105kg/hm2,施钾（K2O）100~150kg/hm2为宜。     

The history of distributing starting material by governmental institutes to potato breeders in the Netherlands

Although in the period 1938–1948 the number of potato breeders in the Netherlands increased to ±200 there was not a well designed plan, with the exception of the programmes of breeding for wart disease resistance. In most years the second-year seedlings were severely attacked by diseases because the healthy-born first-year crop had been lifted too late.In 1948 the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding at Wageningen was started, leading to the foundation of the Potato Breeding Station Prof. Broekema Hoeve at Marknesse (N.E.Polder). The seedlings were raised in glasshouses and kept free from diseases. The virus-free clones were distributed to the Dutch potato breeders. In 1963 some 88,000 clones and some 600,000 true seeds were distributed.In developing parent material the Potato Breeding Station depends to a large extend on the work of the departments of potato breeding of the Institute and the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding. The parent material is evaluated through population analysis; annually ca 30,000 seedlings raised from clones are assessed.The distribution of starting material by governmental institutes, has furthered potato breeding in the Netherlands.     

引进马铃薯种质资源在干旱半干旱区的表型性状遗传多样性分析及综合评价

马铃薯种质资源缺乏,适宜干旱半干旱条件下生长的品种更为紧缺,引进马铃薯种质是丰富种质资源的有效途径。本文采用Shannon-Wiener’s多样性指数及综合得分(F值)对119份从秘鲁国际马铃薯中心引进的马铃薯材料的表型性状(出苗率、株高、茎粗、叶面积、生育期、单株结薯数、单株产量、商品率、干物质含量和块茎长宽比)进行遗传多样性分析及综合评价。结果表明,参试材料的10个表型性状中生育期遗传多样性最为丰富;茎粗、叶面积、生育期、单株结薯数、单株产量、商品率、干物质含量、块茎长宽比对马铃薯种质资源表型性状综合值具有显著影响,这些指标可用于旱作条件下对马铃薯种质资源的综合评价;综合得分F值与所测经济性状(单株产量、商品率、干物质)具显著相关性,可作为马铃薯种质资源的主要评价指标;引进材料中CIP393228.67和CIP 385561.124在干旱区,CIP304350.95、CIP392797.22、CIP388615.22在半干旱区分别表现出较好的丰产稳产特性。这些材料综合评价较好,可有效补充中国马铃薯种质资源。     

高淀粉加工专用型马铃薯育种研究进展

马铃薯淀粉具有其他淀粉不能替代的独特品质和功能,广泛应用于食品加工、化工、医药、纺织、造纸、饲料等领域。国内马铃薯淀粉的年产量远远不能满足市场的需求,高淀粉加工专用型新品种选育是目前我国马铃薯育种的重要目标之一。概述了马铃薯淀粉的特性、需求,国内外高淀粉专用马铃薯的育种现状,马铃薯淀粉产量构成及遗传特性,马铃薯淀粉合成主要相关酶及其基因表达,各种育种途径、方法在高淀粉加工专用马铃薯选育中的应用及研究进展等方面的内容,为马铃薯高淀粉加工专用新品种的选育提供参考。     

马铃薯晚疫病CARAH预警模型在四川春马铃薯上的应用

为明确马铃薯晚疫病CARAH预警模型在四川春马铃薯上的适用性,选择在四川不同海拔高度的马铃薯种植基地运用CARAH预警模型监测马铃薯晚疫病的发生和进行防控指导。结果表明,海拔高度越高,马铃薯晚疫病侵染程度越低,海拔3500 m以上时,主要以轻度侵染为主,海拔3500 m以下时,主要以中度和重度侵染为主。不同品种出现中心病株时的马铃薯晚疫病侵染循环代数不同,相同品种在不同地区出现马铃薯晚疫病中心病株时所处的侵染循环有所差别,可能与不同地区马铃薯晚疫病菌致病力存在差异有关。利用马铃薯晚疫病CARAH预警模型指导药剂防治,5种药剂仍表现出较高的防治效果,且不存在显著性差异。     

Heritility of field resistance to potato leafroU virus in cultivated potato

Potato progenies in a line x tester mating design and the clonal parents were screened for field resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV) to determine the heritability of this trait. Twelve advanced potato clones or varieties were crossed as pistillate parents to two pollen testers. The seedling progenies and clonal parents were exposed to aphid-transmitted potato leafroll virus for two growing seasons. Cumulative infection by potato leafroll virus was determined by post-season sero-logical indexing of foliage grown from sprouted tubers after 2 years of exposure. Narrow-sense heritability was estimated from regression of mid-parent on progeny as h = 0.72. This estimate indicates a high level of useabie genetic variance for PLRV resistance in advanced breeding materials. Although variation in resistance to PLRV appears to be a quantitative trait in susceptible and moderately resistant clones, per-formance of the most resistant parents suggests that genes with major effects may be present. These results are similar to the conclusions of other researchers who found one or two genes controlling the pheno-types of extreme resistance, resistance to infection, or suppression of virus titre.     

二倍体马铃薯耐盐材料的离体筛选

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)是一种对盐中度敏感的作物,土壤盐渍化严重影响马铃薯的生长和发育,给马铃薯的生产带来严重的损失。研究选用四倍体品种‘Bintje’为耐盐对照,‘Mainechip’为感盐对照,在0、40、80、120 mmol/L盐(NaCl)胁迫下,采用单茎节切段离体培养的方法对45个适应长日照的二倍体马铃薯富利亚(S. phureja,PHU)与窄刀薯(S. stenotomum,STN)杂种(PHU-STN)无性系进行耐盐性的评价。通过测量芽长、根长、及其鲜质量和干物质量这6个生长参数,筛选出6个耐盐性显著高于‘Bintje’的二倍体无性系(89-2-1、188-1、267-1、566-1、472-1、463-1),4个耐盐性显著低于‘Mainechip’的二倍体无性系(354-1、138-1、507-1、270-2)。这些二倍体材料是选育耐盐新品种和进行耐盐机制研究的宝贵资源材料。     

Elucidation of virus-host interactions to enhance resistance breeding for control of virus diseases in potato

Potato virus Y (PVY) and Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) are viruses whose geographical distribution is expanding and economic losses are increasing, in contrast to most of other viruses infecting potato crops. Most potato cultivars lack broad-spectrum resistance to the new, genetically complex strains of PVY, and no efficient resistance to PMTV is known in potato. Control of the vectors of these viruses is not an efficient or possible strategy to prevent infections. Studies on molecular virus-host interactions can discover plant genes that are important to viral infection or antiviral defence. Both types of genes may be utilized in resistance breeding, which is discussed in this paper. The advanced gene technologies provide means to fortify potato cultivars with effective virus resistance genes or mutated, non-functional host factors that interfere with virus infection.     

Potato genetics,genomics, and applications

Potato has a variety of reproductive uniquenesses besides its clonal propagation by tubers. These traits are controlled by a different kind of genetic control. The reproductive information has been applied to enable interspecific hybridization to enhance valuable traits, such as disease and pest resistances, from the tuber-bearing Solanum gene pool. While progress has been made in potato breeding, many resources have been invested due to the requirements of large populations and long time frame. This is not only due to the general pitfalls in plant breeding, but also due to the complexity of polyploid genetics. Tetraploid genetics is the most prominent aspect associated with potato breeding. Genetic maps and markers have contributed to potato breeding, and genome information further elucidates questions in potato evolution and supports comprehensive potato breeding. Challenges yet remain on recognizing intellectual property rights to breeding and germplasm, and also on regulatory aspects to incorporate modern biotechnology for increasing genetic variation in potato breeding.     

马铃薯重要性状QTL定位及3个抗病性状分子标记辅助选育

马铃薯是我国主要粮食作物之一,马铃薯分子育种研究具有重要意义。在二倍体马铃薯中,重要性状控制基因的QTL定位及克隆已经有大量报道。近年,随着同源四倍体分析软件的开发,四倍体马铃薯的遗传图谱构建和QTL定位也取得了突破性进展。分子标记是马铃薯育种的重要辅助手段,可快速准确筛选出多个优良性状。对马铃薯重要农艺性状的QTL定位和克隆,以及3个抗病性状分子标记辅助选育的研究进展进行概述,为加快马铃薯分子育种研究提供参考和实践依据。     

马铃薯冠气温差变化特性与耐旱性的关系

冠气温差能够反映植物在干旱胁迫下的生理适应性。本研究以耐旱型马铃薯品种冀张薯8号和陇薯10号; 干旱敏感型品种大西洋和夏波蒂, 以及从秘鲁国际马铃薯中心引进的10份具有不同耐旱性的种质资源为材料, 在半干旱和半湿润2种环境下对其植株表型性状(株高、叶面积、叶鲜重、植被覆盖指数)、光合生理指标(光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素)以及冠气温差进行测定和耐旱性评价。结果表明, 所测性状指标中, 冠气温差、蒸腾速率和气孔导度对干旱胁迫最敏感; 冠气温差在不同供试马铃薯材料之间及干湿两种环境之间均表现出极显著差异性; 冠气温差的耐旱系数与植株表型性状及光合生理指标的耐旱系数均呈极显著正相关; 利用红外热成像技术监测冠气温差, 是进行马铃薯耐旱性评价的有效手段, 可为马铃薯耐旱育种研究提供理论依据。     

Combining resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV) with immunity to potato viruses X and Y (PVX and PVY)

Summary Degeneration of seed tubers caused by viruses is a major constraint to potato cultivation in many warm tropical areas. Cultivars resistant to the most important viruses present a promising solution to such a problem. In a breeding study conducted at the International Potato Center (CIP), ten cultivars resistant to PLRV were crossed to five clones immune to PVX and PVY, as well as to a susceptible control. The resulting progenies were screened for PVX and PVY immunity. Afterwards, the resistant genotypes were fieldexposed to a PLRV-viruliferous aphid population. One tuber was harvested from each plant and used to assess, using ELISA serology, the presence of leafroll virus. The cultivars Serrana and Pentland Crown gave the best progenies in terms of percentage of healthy plants, with values of 47.4 and 33.3 respectively. The presence of joint infection of PLRV and PVY or PVX in the progenies of the susceptible control resulted in an increased susceptibility to leafroll.     

重庆大茶树资源新考

对重庆大茶树资源进行新考 ,结果表明在重庆 6县 (市、区 )尚存在大茶树 ,其中以南川、綦江、江津为多。它们大多生长在海拔 10 0 0～ 130 0m ,植株高大 ,主干挺拔 ,最高者达 11 78m ,最大胸围为 1 2 6m ,子房大多无毛 ,果皮一般粗糙 ,种子多为肾形 ,叶片为大叶或中叶 ,叶面光滑 ,叶尖延长 ,叶形多为椭圆和长椭圆形 ,抗寒性强 ,栅状组织多为 1层 ,大多具有巨大的骨状或树状石细胞。该文还对重庆大茶树资源的利用、保护及与茶树原产地的关系等问题进了讨论。     

Diversity of potato genetic resources

A considerable number of highly diverse species exist in genus Solanum. Because they can adapt to a broad range of habitats, potato wild relatives are promising sources of desirable agricultural traits. Potato taxonomy is quite complex because of introgression, interspecific hybridization, auto- and allopolyploidy, sexual compatibility among many species, a mixture of sexual and asexual reproduction, possible recent species divergence, phenotypic plasticity, and the consequent high morphological similarity among species. Recent researchers using molecular tools have contributed to the identification of genes controlling several types of resistance as well as to the revision of taxonomical relationships among potato species. Historically, primitive forms of cultivated potato and its wild relatives have been used in breeding programs and there is still an enormous and unimaginable potential for discovering desirable characteristics, particularly in wild species Different methods have been developed to incorporate useful alleles from these wild species into the improved cultivars. Potato germplasm comprising of useful alleles for different breeding objectives is preserved in various gene banks worldwide. These materials, with their invaluable information, are accessible for research and breeding purposes. Precise identification of species base on the new taxonomy is essential for effective use of the germplasm collection.     

Behaviour of genetically modified amylose free potato clones as progenitors in a breeding program

Three amylose-free genetically modified potato clones were used both as male and female parents in a breeding program with non-GMO potato clones. Segregation data on the expression of the inserted antisense gene construct in tubers of progeny plants were in agreement with previous molecular analysis of the transgenic clones. The inheritance of the inserted genes was according to Mendelian segregation. Therefore, these clones can be very useful in a breeding program for large scale introduction of amylose free potato cultivars into agriculture. Because of varying number and expression levels of inserts in the GMO-clones, but also because of the varying strength of the endogenous GBSS-alleles of the non-GMO-clones, a segregation into a range of amylose contents occurred. The segregation of the starch colour after iodine staining of pollen of transgenic clones did not follow the obtained segregation in the progeny and was, therefore, not useful in predicting the breeding result. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Combining ability analysis and correlation between breeding values in true potato seed

True potato seed (TPS) requires the selection of appropriate parents for developing hybrid offspring. Parents for routine crossing schemes need to be selected according to their combining ability. Hierarchical and factorial mating designs provide a mean values to assess the general combining ability (GCA) of clones included in crossing schemes. Furthermore, specific combining ability (SCA) may be investigated using the factorial mating design. The aim of this research was to determine the combining ability of clones included in early and intermediate TPS breeding populations developed by the Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP). Likewise, correlations between breeding values (or additive genetic correlation, p_A) were calculated. Two hierarchical mating designs (in both the early and intermediate populations) and one factorial mating design (in the intermediate population) were evaluated in two contrasting Peruvian locations (La Molina ‐ coastal desert, and San Ramon, warm humid tropics). Plant and tuber characteristics were recorded in these experiments. Significant GCA was observed for tuber yield in all experiments. The male's p_A between plant vigour after transplanting and tuber yield was significant, thereby suggesting that offspring with early vigorous growth are high yielding. Plant vigour was also correlated with tuber set, but only among the breeding value of female parents, which suggests that high tuber yield could be achieved because offspring with early, vigorous growth have many tubers. High tuber yielding hybrids can be obtained by choosing parents with significant GCA, whose tuber yield can also be further enhanced if the crosses have a significant SCA.     

Geographic distribution of insect resistance in potatoes

Potato germplasm accessions representing 92 Solanum species and associated with known coordinates of latitude, longitude, and elevation were rated for resistance to one or more of the following potato insect pests: green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer); potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas); Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say); potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris (Harris); and potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), in Minnesota field trials (1966–1986). Chi-square tests were used to determine if the proportion of resistant accessions differed from expected among altitude classes, small geographic quadrants (4° latitude by 4° longitude), and larger geographic regions (Mexico-USA, Colombia-Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina). Resistant potatoes were not evenly distributed throughout North and South America. Fourteen quadrants were identified that had greater or fewer resistant accessions than expected. The Mexico-USA potatoes as a group had more resistance than expected to all insects except Colorado potato beetle. Potatoes from Colombia and Ecuador were less resistant than expected to all but green peach aphid. Potatoes from Peru were more resistant than expected to green peach aphid. Potatoes from Bolivia were less resistant than expected to potato aphid, but more resistant than expected to Colorado potato beetle, potato flea beetle, and potato leafhopper. Potatoes from Argentina were more resistant than expected to Colorado potato beetle and green peach aphid, but less resistant than expected to potato aphid and potato leafhopper. Potatoes from North America and collected at or below 2,500 m were more resistant than expected to green peach aphid, Colorado potato beetle and potato flea beetle. Potatoes from South America and elevations greater than 3,000 m were more resistant than expected to green peach aphid and potato aphid and those collected at or below 3,000 m were more resistant than expected to Colorado potato beetle, potato flea beetle and potato leafhopper.     

Geert Veenhuizen (1857–1930), the pioneer of potato breeding in the Netherlands

Potato breeding proper in the Netherlands started in 1888 at the initiative of Geert Veenhuizen at Sappemeer. He was very successful in breeding new potato varieties and stimulated Dutch farmers to tackle potato breeding.On November 18, 1957, just 100 years from the day that Veenhuizen was born, a memorial meeting was held at Sappemeer. Veenhuizen's significance was illustrated and a portrait presented to the Agricultural University.Reproductions of the portrait and a memoir in higher, secondary and primary agricultural schools will keep alive Veenhuizen's significance for agriculture in the Netherlands.     

中国马铃薯生产风险区划实证研究

为探寻中国马铃薯生产风险的分布特征及适宜的种植区域,以1992—2013年中国19个马铃薯主产省的数据,综合考虑马铃薯生产过程中自然、市场和技术等风险,以减产率、变异系数、减产率小于10%和30%的发生概率以及种植规模指数等9个变量构建风险区划的指标体系,利用非参数核密度法计算风险发生概率,基于聚类法进行风险区划的实证。结果表明：中国马铃薯种植区被分为5个风险区,中国北部地区马铃薯生产风险较高,中西部地区的生产风险较低,南部地区的生产风险中等。究其原因,是由于马铃薯品种的混种、南北地区气温、降水迥异导致。研究结果为未来中国马铃薯生产布局的调整和防灾减灾措施的制定提供决策依据。     

甘薯实生系与其无性系性状相关关系及早期选择利用研究

甘暮实生系是分离世代,其性状的变异与资源品种表现同一趋势,与其无性系在诸多性状上呈强弱不同的正相关关系,这是对实生系进行早期选择利用的基础.根据结薯性可将实生系分为成薯、膨大和直根3个类型,成薯系%因组合而异,受环境影响不明显.5年的研究结果证明:无性系类型间的产量性状有明显差异,从成薯类型选育高产新品系的入选率高.在此问题上和美国Granberry.M.等的认识不同.建议把我国甘薯育种的初选期提早到实生系时期,以缩短育种周期,提高育种效率.笔者认为把甘薯杂交种子培育的株系,定名为实生系,比较确切.