土壤矿质氮和可矿化氮对当季作物的贡献

从土壤矿质氮－硝态氮和铵态氮，土壤可矿化氮3个指标研究了土壤剖面不同层次有效氮对作物吸氮的贡献，结果表明，不同指标反映土壤供氮能力状况不一。土壤硝态氮和土壤可矿化氮与作物吸氮有较好的相关关系，而土壤铵态氮与作物氮关系不密切，在深度120cm之上的土层的土壤可矿化氮对作物吸氮有较大的贡献，在考虑土壤供氮能力时，建议应该考虑120cm深层以上的土壤。     

可矿化氮与各有机氮组分的关系

用通气培养法测定了6种肥力36个不同土层土壤的可矿化氮,用Bremner法测定了各有机氮组分,采用相关分析、多元回归分析和通径分析确定可矿化氮与各有机氮组分之间的关系。结果表明,酸解氮与可矿化氮有较密切的正相关关系。在酸解氮中,酸解未知态氮与可矿化氮不相关;而氨基酸态氮、铵态氮、氨基糖态氮的多少与可矿化氮相互平行,相关系数均较高,似乎对可矿化氮皆有贡献。但多元回归分析表明,氨基糖态氮在方程中不显著;逐步回归分析更肯定了这一结果。通径分析进一步表明氨基酸态氮和铵态氮对可矿化氮有很高的通径系数,表明了它们有着直接重大贡献,而氨基糖态氮直接通径系数甚低。这些结果说明,可矿化氮主要来自酸解氮,特别是氨基酸态氮和铵态氮,后两者是其产生的主要来源。     

矿区复垦地土壤碳氮含量变化特征

为阐明矿区复垦对土壤碳氮含量的影响,以神府东胜矿区马家塔露天矿区复垦地为研究对象,比较了复垦区与原状土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量以及碳氮比变化,同时分析了有机质和氮之间的相关性.结果表明:(1)复垦区表层(0-20 cm)土壤有机质含量显著高于下层(20-40 cm),且有机质分布不均衡.和原状土壤相比,复垦地土壤的有机质含量显著增加,C/N比减小.(2)复垦土壤的全氮和碱解氮含量显著高于原状土壤,碱解氮含量表层显著高于下层,说明复垦后氮素的供应潜力提高.(3)相关分析表明,有机质和全氮之间、有机质与碱解氮之间以及全氮与碱解氮之间均存在显著的线性正相关关系.该研究结果对于评估复垦效应,指导复垦的实践具有重要作用.     

旱地土壤的供氮潜力

对潮土、黄褐土、黄棕壤和红壤旱地的供氮潜力进行研究的结果表明,矿化势(No)变化于60340mgkg-1之间,矿化速率常数(K)0.00556-0,01280d-1,矿化势(No)、矿化速率常数(K)和矿化量(Nt)与土壤供氮量均呈显著相关,说明No、Nt和K是土壤供氮潜力的重要参数。这些参数与土壤全氮、有机质、有机氮、易分解有机质、C/N等土壤组成性质密切相关。测定表明,供试土壤粘土矿物多以2:1型为主,土壤固定态铵多在100mgkg-1以上,有部分可重新释放出来,是研究土壤供氮潜力时不容忽视的因素。     

稻麦轮作条件下施用氮肥对土壤供氮能力的影响

应用淹水密闭培养法评价了不同施肥处理对土壤供氮能力的影响。研究发现经过6年的轮作施肥,增施氮肥能够提高土壤的供氮能力及可矿化氮在土壤全氮中的比例。在淹水培养中,高施肥量土壤的氮矿化过程符合对数函数方程,而低施肥量和不施肥土壤符合直线方程。酸解氮和热氯化钾提取氮与土壤可矿化氮的相关性好于全氮、有机质和碱解氮,是良好的土壤供氮能力指标。     

影响土壤中微生物氮的因子

综述了影响土壤微生物体氮的因子,以及微生物体氮与可矿化氮之间的,着重讨论了土壤有机质、有的料、氮马、作物根系、土壤温度和湿度对微生物体氮的影响及研究进展,评价了土壤微体氮与可矿化氮的关系的研究结果。     

洱海北部农田土壤碳、氮状况及肥力效应

在洱海北部农田采集了422个耕作层土壤(0~30 cm)样品,测试分析了土壤全氮、有效氮、有机质含量及分析其相互关系,结合多点基础地力试验结果,分析了土壤不同碳、氮含量与当季作物产量的相应关系。结果表明:洱海北部区域农田土壤全氮和有机质含量非常丰富,全氮含量主要分布于2.0~4.5 g kg-1之间,平均含量达到3.3 g kg-1,土壤氮主要为有机态氮为主;土壤有机质含量主要分布于40.0~70.0 g kg-1之间,平均含量达到56.3 g kg-1。作物相对产量与土壤全氮和有机质含量呈显著正相关,当土壤全氮含量达到3.0 g kg-1或有机质含量达到56.0 g kg-1以上时,不施氮条件下,水稻作物产量可以达到稳产。     

洞庭湖典型湿地土壤碳、氮和微生物碳、氮及其垂直分布

以洞庭湖3类湿地的典型剖面为代表,研究了土壤碳、氮和微生物C、N状况及其垂直分布.结果表明不同类型湿地土壤碳、氮和微生物C、N有明显差异,而且均随深度的增加而降低.湖草滩地表层有机碳、全氮含量明显高于芦苇滩地和垦殖水田.湖草滩地表层微生物碳,湖草滩地与垦殖水田接近,而远大于芦苇湿地.湖草滩地表层土壤微生物N,高于芦苇滩地和垦殖水田.土壤表层微生物C占有机碳的比例,垦殖水田高于湖草滩地,高于芦苇滩地.土壤微生物C与有机碳之间存在极显著的正相关关系(p<0.01);土壤全氮、微生物N与土壤有机碳之间存在极显著的线性相关关系(p<0.01);土壤容重与有机碳、土壤全氮和微生物生物量C、N之间呈现极显著的指数负相关关系(p<0.01);土壤<0.001 mm粘粒与有机碳、土壤全氮和微生物C、N之间呈现极显著的指数或对数正相关关系(p<0.01).     

长期不同施肥处理对土壤活性氮库的影响

通过长期肥料定位试验,对不同施肥处理下草甸黑土活性氮库中几种重要组分含量变化及其相互之间的比例关系进行研究.结果表明,氮肥施用能够增加土壤中无机氮含量,以土壤剖面中硝态氮含量变化为例,除NPK配施处理外,其它施氮处理在180-200 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著增加,N,.P,K配施减少了土壤剖面中硝态氮累积.土壤表层微生物态氮和固定态铵含量的变化不仅取决于氮素的投入量,还与其它因素有关,长期单纯施用氮肥土壤微生物氮含量并没有增高.而N,P配施的处理,土壤微生物氮含量较高.施用氮肥抑制了土壤中可矿化氮的含量,促进氮的矿化释放,增加了活性氮库中其它组分的含量;不同施肥处理表层土壤氮素矿化速率从高到低的顺序是:CKPKPKNPNPKNKN,不同施肥处理对硝化速率的影响大小按PCKKPKNPNPKNNK顺序排列.     

旱地土壤矿质氮和可矿化氮与土壤供氮能力的关系

在具有典型半干旱气候特征的陕西永寿选取22个不同肥力水平的田块,分层采集0－100cm土样,研究矿质氮、可矿化氮和土壤供氮能力之间的关系。结果表明,NH4－M与可矿化氮之间没有明显关系;15－80cmNO3－N与各层可矿化氮显著相关,0－15cm和80－100cmNO3－N与之大多相关不显著。通径分析表明,30－45cm的可矿化氮和NO3－N对作物吸氮量的直接贡献最大（后者稍低于前者）;其次是60－80cm的NO3－No0-100cmNO3-N总的直接和间接贡献均大于可矿化氮。作为土壤供氮指标,0－45cm可矿化氮和0-100cmNO3-N都可靠,尤以后者效果更好。     

Organic Matter and Mineralizable Nitrogen Relationships in Wetland Rice Soils

Abstract

Soil nitrogen (N) supply plays a dominant role in the N nutrition of wetland rice. Organic matter has been proposed as an index of soil N availability to wetland rice. This is based on the finding that mineralizable N produced under waterlogged conditions is related to soil organic carbon (C) and total N. The relationship between organic matter and mineralizable N is a prerequisite for determining the N requirement of wetland rice. However, no critical analysis of recent literature on organic matter–mineralizable N relationships has been made. This article evaluates current literature on the relationships of mineralizable N or ammonium N production with soil organic C in wetland rice soils. A number of studies with diverse wetland rice soils demonstrate a close relationship of N mineralized (ammonium‐N) under anaerobic conditions with organic C or total N. However, a few recent studies made on sites under long‐term intensive wetland rice cropping showed that strong positive relationships of mineralizable N with organic C or total N do not hold. Clearly, both quantity and quality of organic matter affect N mineralization in wetland rice soils. Future research is needed to clarify the role of quality of organic matter, especially its chemistry, as modified by the chemical environment of submerged soils, on the mineralization of organic N in wetland rice soils.     

Long-Term Cultivation Effects on Biological C and N Fractions in a Fluvaquentic Haplustolls of Semi-arid Region of the Northern Turkey

Conversion of a native ecosystem can impact the nature and dynamics of organic carbon (C) fractions. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of cultivation and monoculture wheat production on soil organic C and biological C fractions compared to a previously flooded native pasture in northern Turkey. Soil samples were collected from four randomly selected locations of each management system. Some soil chemical [pH, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), total nitrogen (N), and organic C], physical (sand, clay, and silt), and biological properties [microbial biomass carbon (MBC), mineralizable C, and mineralizable N] were measured. Conversion of pasture to cultivated land slightly increased soil pH, but CaCO₃, total organic C (TOC), and N contents were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with cultivation. Total organic C and N contents were more than three times less in cultivated soils compared to pasture. Microbial biomass C was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with long-term cultivation, and the greater seasonal fluctuations were measured at the surface of both ecosystems. The greatest level of potentially mineralizable C was observed in the pasture rather than the cultivated soil, but the proportional distribution of mineralized C to TOC was greater in the cultivated soil. These results suggested that the long-term cultivation (15 years) of previously flooded native ecosystems increased C mineralization and resulted in 72% C loss at the surface soil. Cultivated soils have a greater potential to restore atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) if proper cultivation and management systems are used.     

黑垆土有机氮组分对可矿化氮的关系

Mineralizable N and organic N components in different layers (0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm) of six soils with different fertilities sampled from Yongshou County, Shaanxi Province, China,were determined by the aerobic incubation method and the Bremner procedure, respectively. Correlation,multiple regression and path analyses were performed to study the relation of minerallzable N to organic N components. Results of correlation and regression analyses showed that the amounts of the N mineralized were parallel to, and significantly correlated with, the total acid hydrolyzahle N, but was not so with the acid-insoluble N. Of the hydrolyzable N, the amino acid N and the ammonia N had a highly consistent significant correlation with the mineralized N, and their partial regression coefficients were significant in the regression equations, showing their importance in contribution to the mineralizable N. The amino sugar N, on the other hand, had a relatively high correlation with the mineralized N, but their partial regression coefficients were not significant in the regression equations. In contrast, the hydrolyzable unknown N had no such relations.Path analysis further indicated that the amino acid N and ammonia N made great direct contributions to the mineralized N, but the contributions of the amino sugar N were very low. These strongly suggested tha tthe mineralized N in the soils tested was mainly from the hydrolyzable N, particularly the amino acid N and ammonia N which are the major sources for its production.     

长期施肥条件下水稻土有机氮组分及矿化特性研究

为探明长期定位试验条件下不同施肥处理和地下水位对水稻土有机氮组分及其矿化特性的影响,采用Keeney和Bremer酸解法对土壤有机氮进行分组研究,并利用改进后的Warning淹水培养-间歇淋洗法研究水稻土有机氮矿化特性。结果表明,不同处理土壤酸解氮占全氮的61.2%～64.4%,其中酸解未知氮,氨基酸态氮,氨态氮和氨基糖态氮分别占全氮26.9%～34.0%,13.0%～18.0%,12.6%～14.3%和2.3%～4.7%。恒温淹水培养106d后,以酸解未知氮降幅最大,且酸解未知氮与土壤氮矿化势之间有显著的正相关关系(r=0.865*),表明酸解未知氮是土壤可矿化态氮的主要贡献者。有机肥处理土壤矿化氮累积量及氮矿化势显著高于化肥处理,表明长期施用有机肥是提高土壤供氮潜力的有效手段。此外,低水位土壤矿化氮累积量及氮矿化势略高于高水位土壤。     

Using a nitrogen mineralization index will improve soil productivity rating by artificial neural networks

ABSTRACT

In the Pampas, nitrogen fertilization rates are low and soil organic matter impacts crop yield. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield was related to total soil nitrogen (total N) and to nitrogen mineralization potential (mineralized N) to determine whether the effects of organic matter may be attributed to its capacity to act as a nitrogen source or to the improvement of the soil physical condition. Data of 386 sites from throughout the region comprised in a recent soil survey were used, in which climate and soil properties to 1 m depth were determined. Artificial neural networks were applied for total N and mineralized N estimation using climate and soil variables as inputs (R² = 0.59–0.70). The models allowed estimating total N and mineralizable N at county scale and related them to statistical yield information. Neural networks were also used for yield prediction. The best productivity model fitted (R² = 0.85) showed that wheat yield could be predicted by rainfall, the photothermal quotient, and mineralized N. The soil organic matter effect on crop yield seems to be mainly related to its nitrogen mineralization capacity. Using mineralized N as predictor would be a valuable tool for rating soil productivity.     

黄土高原某些耕作土壤中土壤微生物生物量C、N与矿化N的关系

The chloroform fumigation-incubation method was used to measure the soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN) in 16 loessial soils sampled from Ansai, Yongshou and Yangling in Shaanxi Province. The SMBC contents in the soils ranged from 75.9 to 301.0 μg C g^-1 with an average of 206.1 μg C g^-1, accounting for 1.36%~6.24% of the total soil organic C with an average of 3.07%, and the SMBN contents from 0.51 to 68.40 μg N g^-1 with an average of 29.4 μg N g^-1, accounting for 0.20%~5.65% of the total N in the soils with an average of 3.36%. A close relationship was found between SMBC and SMBN, and they both were positively correlated with total organic C, total N, NaOH hydrolizable N and mineralizable N. These results confirmed that soil microbial biomass had a comparative role in nutrient cycles of soils.     

Nitrogen pools and turnover in arable soils under different durations of organic farming: I: Pool sizes of total soil nitrogen,microbial biomass nitrogen,and potentially mineralizable nitrogen

Soil organic matter contents, soil microbial biomass, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (N) and soil pH values were investigated in the Ap horizons of 14 field plots at 3 sites which had been under organic farming over various periods. The objective was to test how these soil properties change with the duration of organic farming. Site effects were significant for pH values, microbial biomass C and N, and for potentially mineralizable N at 0—10 cm depth. The contents of total organic C, total soil N, and potentially mineralizable N tended to be higher in soils after 41 versus 3 years of organic farming, but the differences were not significant. Microbial biomass C and N contents were higher after 41 years than after 3 years of organic farming at 0—10 cm depth, and the pH values were increased at 10—27 cm depth. Nine years of organic farming were insufficient to affect soil microbial biomass significantly. Increased biomass N contents help improve N storage by soil micro‐organisms in soils under long‐term organic farming.     

Soil organic matter quality as influenced by tillage,lime, and phosphorus

In Eastern Canada, cereal yields are often restricted by soil acidity and low fertility. Continuous cereal production can also lead to soil structural degradation. The addition of lime and fertilizers and the adoption of conversation tillage practices are proposed solutions which may have a positive impact on soil quality. The objective of the present work was to assess the impact of 3 years of different tillage practices and P additions, and of a single lime addition on organic C and total N, microbial biomass C, and on N mineralization at the surface layer (0–7.5 cm) of a Courval sandy clay loam (Humic Gleysol). The easily mineralizable N, total amount of N mineralized in 22.1 weeks, the rate of N mineralization, and microbial biomass C were significantly greater in the minimum tillage than in the moldboard plow treatment. Chisel plow treatment showed intermediate values. The ratios of potentially mineralizable N and of easily mineralizable to total soil N were also significantly larger under minimum tillage and chisel plowing than under moldboard plowing. The lime and P treatments had no significant effect on the measured soil quality parameters. The total amount of N mineralized per unit of biomass C decreased as the tillage intensity increased, suggesting a decrease in the efficiency of the biomass in transforming organic N into potentially plant-available forms and thus a loss in soil organic matter quality. The results of this study indicate that conservation tillage practices such as rototilling and chisel plowing are efficient ways of maintaining soil organic matter quality when old pastures are brought back into cultivation.     

SOIL PARTICLE-SIZE FRACTIONS AND NITROGEN MINERALIZATION

Fractionation of East African arable soil samples into size groups < 2 mm has significantly influenced mineralizable N values. There was no evidence to suggest that refined soil fractions of < 2 mm would be an advantage for the determination, by incubation methods, of mineralizable N. Differences were more nearly related to simple physical fractionation of the soil. Organic C, total N, and silt contents of the different particle-size fractions were positively and significantly correlated with mineralizable N; coarse plus fine sand content of the different soil fractions was negatively and significantly correlated with mineralizable N.