农业部门应对人间发生高致病性禽流感疫情应急预案

一、总则 （一）目的 为在人间发生高致病性禽流感疫情时，及时有效预防、控制和扑灭高致病性禽流感疫情，协助卫生部门做好人间禽流感防控工作，最大程度地减少疫情对公众健康和社会造成的危害，确保经济发展和社会稳定，保障人民身体健康安全，特制定本预案。     

禽流感密切接触者判定标准和处理原则

2003年底以来，我国部分省市以及周边国家和地区相继出现禽流感疫情，并在一些国家出现了禽流感病禽的密切接触者中感染禽流感。为了更好地判定和处理禽流感的密切接触者，加强对其及时、科学的管理，预防控制禽流感疫情在人间的发生和传播，根据目前对禽流感的初步认识，制订禽     

禽流感密切接触者判定标准和处理原则

2003年底以来，我国部分省市以及周边国家和地区相继出现禽流感疫情，并在一些国家出现了禽流感病禽的密切接触中感染禽流感。为了更好地判定和处理禽流感的密切接触者，加强对其及时、科学的管理，预防控制禽流感疫情在人间的发生和传播，根据目前对禽流感的初步认识，制订禽流感密切接触者判定标准和处理原则。     

由禽流感的防控论如何完善我国兽医体系

自从2004年1月，亚洲10多个国家陆续遭到了禽流感的冲击，经过近2个月的努力控制，我国49个疫区的疫情扑灭。泰国和越南等国在控制疫情方面也已取得阶段性成果，情况明显好转。亚洲相关国家的经济正从禽流感的冲击中恢复。但禽流感留给我们的影响是深刻的。更重要的是，它提示我们应该更好地思考和落实如何更有效地控制不断侵袭世界的动物传染性疫病，控制食品安全的风险，减少对社会经济的影响，更好地保障人类健康。     

打赢禽流感硬仗 铸动物防疫长城——农业部门应对人间发生高致病性禽流感疫情应急预案

为在人间发生高致病性禽流感疫情时．及时有效预防、控制和扑灭高致病性禽流感疫情．协助卫生部门做好人间禽流感防控工作．最大程度地减少疫情对公众健康和社会造成的危害，确保经济发展和社会稳定．保障人民身体健康安全．特制定本预案。     

农业部致广大农民朋友的一封信

今年9月份以来，世界上有15个国家和地区发生高致病性禽流感疫情，目前疫情尚未得到有效遏制。10月中旬以来，我国内蒙古呼和浩特市赛罕区、安徽省天长市、湖南省湘潭县、辽宁省黑山县也发生了禽流感疫情。今年候鸟带毒率很高；候鸟的大规模迁徙刚刚开始，发生新疫情的可能性很大。当前，禽流感防控形势比较严峻，全面预防和控制禽流感疫情，是我们当前面临的一件大事。希望大家增强防范意识，提高防疫能力，严防发生禽流感疲情，严防禽流感传染人。     

四川省当前禽流感疫情分析及防制对策

通过四川省禽流感疫情监测及流行病学调查，总结了四川省禽流感疫情的现状，对其发展趋势进行了预测，提出了相应的防制对策。目前在四川省大部分地区暴发禽流感的可能性很小。同时，也存在发生高致病力的禽流感的可能性。加强检疫，切断传染源；强化疫情监测和疫情报告制度；发现疫情及时果断地处理是防制禽流感的关键。     

第四届兽医发展高层论坛主题报告·动物防疫体系建设篇——我国重大动物疫病防控应急体系现状及存在问题探讨

2004年初，我国边境广西隆安县丁当镇发生了高致病性禽流感H5N1疫情，此后我国17个省份71个县相继发生了疫情，死亡和扑杀禽类约1000万只，个别地区疫情扩散蔓延，在全国形成了暴发流行趋势，中央及各级政府高度重视，指挥全国各地打了一场漂亮的全民禽流感阻击战，疫情得到有效控制；2005年11月和2006年6月，辽宁省黑山县和山西等地又大规模暴发了高致病性禽流感，给当地养禽业造成了毁灭性的打击；     

禽流感发生的流行病

今年以来，国外高致病性禽流感疫情呈明显扩大态势，特别是进入秋冬季以后，候鸟向南迁徙，家禽调运频繁，极易造成疫情传人和爆发。禽流感虽然没有像2003年的SARS疫情那样明显地影响和改变我们的生活，但接连由动物引发的威胁到人类健康甚至生存的疫情，还是让人产生很多的联想和思索。微生物远在人类出现之前就存在于这个星球上了，也将伴随着人类生命的进化而进化，或许它在人类生命消失之后还会存在于这个星球。而由于微生物对环境的适应力极强，它不会像动物或者植物那样出现某个种类的灭绝，科学的发展，也只能是尽力控制病毒。流感病毒也是如此。禽流感的发生和流行有其必然的因素。今年导致禽流感流行传染的原因除了周边国家发生禽流感以外，主要如下：对禽粪检疫力度不够或缺少主动监测；候鸟迂徙导致疫情蔓延；人畜禽间保持密切接触等。农业部对全国部分地区发生的禽流感疫情高度重视，特别派国家动物流行病学研究中心专家赴疫区，协助开展流行病学调查和疫情追踪工作。总结禽流感的发生与流行，希望能对禽流感的防制提供参考。     

今冬明春不会发生大规模禽流感疫情

农业部兽医局局长李金祥2008年12月24日表示。今冬明春，我国不会大规模暴发禽流感疫情。李金祥在接受笔者采访时说，根据经验．在禽流感的防控中．只要禽流感的免疫抗体占70％就能够控制大规模的禽流感疫情，而从目前我国的情况看．免疫抗体在80％以上．因此农业部门对中国不发生大规模禽流感疫情是有信心的。     

Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from India

The present study was undertaken to isolate and genotype Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) from villages in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu states of central and south India, respectively. Blood, heart, and brain from a total of 741 chickens were examined for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii, as assayed with the modified agglutination test (MAT >or = 1:5) were found in 133 (17.9%) chickens. Hearts and brains of 186 chickens were bioassayed in mice. Additionally, hearts and/or brains of most of the seronegative (MAT < 1:5) chickens were fed to 20 T. gondii-free cats, while 32 seropositive chickens (MAT 1:5) were fed to 3 cats. T. gondii was not isolated from any of the chickens by mouse bioassay. Five of the cats that were fed seronegative chickens shed oocysts, while isolates were not obtained from any of the other cats fed seropositive chickens. These five isolates, along with the two that were previously isolated in India through cat bioassay, were genetically analyzed. Genotyping using the SAG 2 locus indicated that two isolates were type II and five were type III. Microsatellite analysis revealed allelic differences between and within the lineages. This is the first report of genetic characterization of any T. gondii isolate from India.     

Aerobic bacterial flora from dead-in-shell chicken embryos from Nigeria

Dead-in-shell chicken embryos from two commercial hatcheries in Anambra State of Nigeria were investigated for isolation of aerobic bacteria. For this purpose, 79 pooled samples containing 632 dead-in-shell chicken embryos were cultured. From these samples, 23 isolates of Escherichia coli and 25 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were recorded. Other bacterial species isolated included Micrococcus sp. (fifteen isolates), Klebsiella sp. (thirteen isolates), Pseudomonas sp. (nine isolates), and Proteus sp. (seven isolates). Salmonella, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp. could not be isolated. A high incidence of pathogenic strains of bacteria from dead-in-shell chicken embryos was observed. This suggests that the isolates may have contributed to the embryonic mortality and reduced hatchability recorded in the farms investigated.     

素材来自生产 灵感源于交流——广西大学韦平教授专访

2008年9月29日上午,借"中国畜牧兽医学会禽病学分会第十四次学术研讨会"在扬州落幕的空隙,广西大学教授、广西养禽与禽病研究所所长韦平来到<中国家禽>编辑部参观指导.此间,本刊就广西黄鸡产业的现状及存在问题、禽免疫抑制病及加强交流对科研工作的重要性等话题对韦教授进行了专访.本文择其精华刊发.     

Isolation of Giardia from a llama and from sheep.

Giardia cysts were detected in feces of a domestic llama (Lama glama) and in feces of lambs (Ovis aries) from Wisconsin, U.S.A. All of the animals examined were immature, and they had recent histories of poor condition and passing unformed or semiformed, pale stools. Giardia cysts from both host species were excysted in vitro, and the trophozoites were cultivated axenically. Furthermore, Giardia cysts from both sources were shown to produce infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unquiculatus). The finding of Giardia in the llama represents a new host recorded for this parasite. Also, this is the first report of Giardia-infected sheep from the Western Hemisphere.     

Live foals produced from sperm-injected oocytes derived from pregnant mares

Recently, in vitro fertilization (IVF) in the horse has met with less than anticipated results. Various problems associated with equine IVF include: (1) the inability to collect large numbers of good quality oocytes, (2) the alteration of the zona pellucida associated with in vitro maturation of equine oocytes, and (3) the improper preparation of equine sperm cells for IVF of these oocytes. Therefore, this study was conducted to achieve fertilization via sperm injection of equine oocytes and to produce live offspring from this IVF procedure. Oocytes were collected by transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval procedures from early pregnant mares of mixed breeds (day 14 to day 70 of pregnancy) and were matured in vitro and subjected to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Injected oocytes were then cultured for 48 hours in either TCM-199 or P-1 medium (glucose and phosphate-free medium) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum. Cleavage rates for embryos cultured in the two culture media were different (47% vs. 63% in TCM-199 and P-1, respectively). Also, four Grade 1 embryos were surgically transferred into the oviducts of four recipient mares (one embryo/mare) at 48 hours post-ICSI, with three pregnancies (75%) developing as ultrasonically demonstrated by the presence of an embryonic vesicle in the uterine body by day 16 post-ICSI. On June 23rd one live filly was born after 328 days of gestation and subsequently, a second healthy filly was born after 319 days of gestation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of live foals resulting from in vitro fertilization (via ICSI) of in vitro matured oocytes recovered from pregnant mares using an efficient, repeatable transvaginal ultrasound-guided procedure.