Significance of preslaughter stress and different tissue PUFA levels on the oxidative status and stability of porcine muscle and meat

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and exercise-induced stress are known to increase the oxidative susceptibility of lipids in muscle tissue. In contrast, antioxidative enzymes, e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, are known to help sustain the delicate oxidative balance in biological tissue upon the application of stressors. The present study investigates the combined effect of different diet-induced muscle PUFA contents and preslaughter stress on the activity of antioxidative muscle enzymes and the oxidative stability of cooked meat. An increased content of unsaturated fatty acids in the tissue led to a decreased activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the plasma, indicating increased cell integrity. Catalase activity in the muscle tissue increased with increasing PUFA levels. However, this upregulation in antioxidative status of the muscle could not counteract the subsequent development of accelerated lipid oxidation in cooked meat as measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Moreover, preslaughter stress induced increasing oxidative changes with elevated PUFA levels in the muscle tissue.     

Effects of vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation and color retention of salted calf muscle from a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The color of fresh meat is one of the most important quality criteria of raw muscle foods. This red color is principally due to the presence of oxymyoglobin. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the addition of NaCl, and the influence of dietary supplementation with vitamin E on calf muscle oxymyoglobin oxidation (color) and lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E was added to the feed at a concentration of 4000 mg/day for 90 days before slaughter. This diet increased the alpha-tocopherol concentration in muscle membrane from 2.6-2.8 to 6.5-7.0 microg/g of fresh weight. It was found that the diet rich in PUFA and, especially, the addition of NaCl increased muscle lipid peroxidation and oxymyoglobin oxidation as indicated by the contents of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and substances that impaired color value readings during storage at 4 degrees C. Both undesirable reactions during storage were controlled very efficiently by the presence of a critically high concentration of alpha-tocopherol in the muscle tissues. The findings concerning the antioxidant activity of alpha-tocopherol in this study form additional evidence of its efficient protection against oxidative reactions during storage of muscle tissues and its potential to maintain a high nutritional value in them.     

Effect of tea catechins on regulation of antioxidant enzyme expression in H2O2-induced skeletal muscle cells of goat in vitro

Skeletal muscle cells (SMCs) of goats were stress induced with 1 mM H(2)O(2) in the absence or presence of 0.5, 5, and 50 μg/mL tea catechins (TCs) incubation. Cells were harvested at 48 h postincubation with TCs to investigate the effects of TCs on cell proliferation, cell membrane integrity, antioxidant enzyme activities, and antioxidant enzyme genes and protein expression levels. Results showed that H(2)O(2) induction inhibited cell proliferation with or without TC incubation; moreover, the inhibition effect was enhanced in the presence of TCs (P < 0.001). H(2)O(2)-induced stress increased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the absence or presence of TC incubation, but concentrations of TCs, less than 5 μg/mL, showed protective functions against LDH leakage than in other H(2)O(2)-induced treatments. The catalase (CAT) activity increased when SMCs were stress induced with H(2)O(2) in the absence or presence of TC incubation (P < 0.001). H(2)O(2)-induced stress decreased CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, whereas this effect was prevented by incubation with TCs in a concentration-dependent manner. H(2)O(2)-induced stress with or without TC incubation had significant effects on mRNA and protein expression levels of CAT, CuZn-SOD, and GPx (P < 0.001). CAT and CuZn-SOD mRNA expression levels were increased by different concentrations of TC incubation, and this tendency was basically consistent with corresponding protein expression levels. The GPx mRNA expression level increased with a low concentration of TCs but decreased with concentrations greater than 5 μg/mL of TCs, whereas GPx protein expression in all TC-incubated groups was lower than in the control treatment. The current findings imply that TCs had an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and enhanced damage to the cell membrane integrity, but TCs affected antioxidant status in SMCs by modulating antioxidant enzyme activities at mRNA and protein expression levels.     

Modified egg composition to reduce low-density lipoprotein oxidizability: high monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants versus regular high n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Eggs high in n-6 PUFA, predominant in Western markets, were found to increase blood LDL oxidation, suggesting a new health concern beyond raising cholesterol. Protective composition was explored by increasing egg antioxidants and MUFA and reducing n-6 PUFA. Lag times to plasma LDL oxidation were significantly shortened with two eggs/day of high-PUFA compositions compared to a low-egg (2-4/week) regime, by 28.8% following "HPUFA-regular" ( p < 0.01) and by 27.2% following antioxidant-fortified "HPUFA-HAOX" ( p < 0.01). However, two "HMUFA-HAOX" eggs/day with reduced egg n-6 PUFA FA% (LA by 30.7%) and PUFA:MUFA ratio (LA:OA by 45.8%) plus increased antioxidants (vitamin E 500%, carotenoids 260%), resulting in increased plasma OA 33.3%, vitamin E 22.4%, and carotenoids 55.0% ( p < 0.01), were associated with lag-time only 6.6% shorter than low-egg (NS). Among health-oriented egg modifications, here for the first time they reduced associated LDL oxidization, consistent with anti-inflammation and antioxidant paradigms, warranting further research on functional advantages of antioxidative egg composition.     

Effect of tocopherols in the antioxidative activity of oxidized lipid-amine reaction products

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysine (Lys), and mixtures of them were tested for antioxidative activity in a tocopherol-stripped olive oil (TSO) and the same oil after addition of 250 microg of alpha-tocopherol g of oil/(tocopherol-added olive oil, TAO) to evaluate the role of tocopherol in the antioxidant activity of oxidized lipid-amine products. Neither PE nor PC nor Lys protected TSO when tested alone, but both PE and Lys increased the induction period (IP) of TAO. On the contrary, PE/Lys and PC/Lys mixtures, but not PC/PE mixtures, protected both TSO and TAO. These results were a consequence of both the formation of oxidized lipid-amine products, which were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after their conversion into volatile derivatives, and a synergism between alpha-tocopherol and the produced compounds. These results were confirmed by analyzing the antioxidative activity of two of the produced carbonyl-amine products: 6-amino-2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoic acid (1) and 2,3-dipalmitoylpropyl 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl phosphate (2). The hydrophilic compound 1 was more antioxidant than the analogous lipophilic compound 2, and this antioxidative activity was observed in TAO and not in TSO. All these results suggested that antioxidative activity of carbonyl-amine products may be greatly increased with the addition of tocopherols, and those products derived from Lys are more antioxidant in bulk oils than those derived from PE.     

Studies on the antioxidative activities of Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl) leaf gum

This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidative activity of crude hsian-tsao leaf gum extracted by sodium bicarbonate solutions and precipitated by 70% ethanol. The antioxidative activities, including the radical-scavenging effects, Fe(2+)-chelating ability, and reducing power as well as the inhibition of FeSO(4)-H(2)O(2)-induced malondialdehyde formation in rat tissue homogenate were studied in vitro. It was found that the antioxidative effect provided by hsian-tsao leaf gum was strongly concentration dependent. In general, the antioxidative activity increased with increasing gum concentration, to a certain extent, and then leveled off with further increase in gum concentration. A concentrtaion-dependent kinetics for the rate of change in antioxidative activity was proposed. The antioxidative activity constant (k) and the half-inhibition concentration (IC(50)) for each antioxidative reaction studied were calculated. From a comparison of the IC(50) values for different antioxidative reactions, it seemed that hsian-tsao leaf gum was more effective in scavenging superoxide radicals than chelating Fe(2+) or scavenging alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. As compared to the commercial antioxidants, hsian-tsao leaf gum showed less scavenging effect on the DPPH radical and reducing power but better superoxide radical-scavenging effect and Fe(2+)-chelating ability than alpha-tocopherol and BHT.     

Incorporation of alpha-tocopherol and linoleic acid in fresh lambs by feeding chemically treated dietary supplements containing dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and sunflower oil

The effects of feeding chemically treated dietary supplements (CTDS) containing sunflower oil and dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA) on alpha-tocopherol content and fatty acid profile in edible tissues of lambs were estimated. Compared with lambs fed control diet (CD), lambs fed CD plus 250 IU of either TA or CTDS increased serum alpha-tocopherol. The CTDS-fed lambs further increased serum alpha-tocopherol by 29% over those fed CD plus 250 IU of TA. Lambs supplemented with TA or CTDS increased alpha-tocopherol in muscle and adipose tissues as compared with lambs fed CD. The CTDS-fed lambs had higher levels of alpha-tocopherol in gluteus medius (7.55 vs 6.05 mug/g), psoas major (7.43 vs 6.02 mug/g), and subcutaneous fat (12.6 vs 9.98 mug/g) compared with the TA-fed lambs. Feeding lambs CTDS also substantially increased levels of linoleic acid in the adipose tissues while decreasing the content of palmitic and oleic acids.     

Inhibition of radical reaction of apolipoprotein B-100 and alpha-tocopherol in human plasma by green tea catechins

(-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECg), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), and Trolox inhibited the decreases of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB) and alpha-tocopherol in a radical reaction of human plasma initiated by Cu(2+). The concentrations of EC, EGC, ECg, EGCg, and Trolox for 50% inhibition (IC50) of apoB fragmentation were 39.1, 42.2, 14.6, 21.3, and 36.2 microM, respectively. Similar IC50 values were observed for alpha-tocopherol consumption, indicating the close relationship between apoB fragmentation and alpha-tocopherol consumption. These results demonstrate that tea catechins serve as an effective antioxidant in plasma and that the gallate group has a strong antioxidative activity.     

Novel approach to study oxidative stability of extra virgin olive oils: importance of alpha-tocopherol concentration

The stability of extra virgin olive oils is mainly due to their relatively low fatty acids unsaturation and to the antioxidant activity of some of the unsaponifiable components. We studied the activity of alpha-tocopherol in extra virgin olive oil in its natural state, using new and simple oxidizing conditions in "thin layer" and "bulk phase". Oxidation time course was monitored at 37 degrees C or 75 degrees C. A storage test was also performed. Two parameters were evaluated: depletion of alpha-tocopherol and formation of PUFA hydroperoxides, measured as conjugated dienes (CD) and peroxide value. The value of complex polyphenols was also measured. alpha-Tocopherol concentration decreased in function of time and temperature and showed a strong inverse correlation with the increase of CD. When alpha-tocopherol reached a "threshold value" of 60-70 mg/kg, a significant increase of CD formation was observed, together with a good correlation between CD and peroxide value. The initial amount of alpha-tocopherol is one of the components that influences oil oxidative susceptibility.     

盐分胁迫下棉花幼苗对外源甜菜碱的生理响应

通过研究盐分胁迫下棉花幼苗对外源甜菜碱的生理响应,为盐分胁迫下施用甜菜碱提高棉花幼苗抗逆提供参考。以新疆广泛种植的新陆早18号为试验材料,200 mmol/L氯化钠胁迫,用5、10 mmol/L甜菜碱喷施处理,7 d后测定棉花幼苗体内主要生理指标含量的变化。结果表明非盐胁迫下,甜菜碱处理显著提高脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,而丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性不受甜菜碱影响;盐胁迫下棉花幼苗体内丙二醛含量显著高于对照,并且脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量增加,抗氧化酶活性提高,盐分胁迫下棉花幼苗经过甜菜碱处理后,有效抑制丙二醛的产生,同时脯氨酸、可溶性糖和抗氧化酶含量进一步提高。甜菜碱处理有效缓解盐胁迫对棉花幼苗的伤害,以施用5 mmol/L甜菜碱(glycine betaine/GB)效果较好。     

Glutathione peroxidase activity, TBARS, and alpha-tocopherol in meat from chickens fed different diets.

This study investigated the effect of feeding broilers with diets differing in dietary fat source (lard, sunflower oil, olive oil) and vitamin E (basal vs supplemented with 200 mg of alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg) on meat lipid oxidative stability. The diets differed by their degree of unsaturation and included the natural antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity was measured in raw meat and ranged from 3.62 to 8.06 nmol NADPH/min/mg protein. The enzyme activity was influenced by the degree of unsaturation of the diet. Capillary gas chromatography analyses showed that dietary alpha-tocopherol accumulated in the muscle tissue and contributed to a better oxidative stability of the raw and cooked meat. Thigh meat alpha-tocopherol levels ranged from 2.73 to 3.62 microg/g in unsupplemented chickens whereas levels from 8.69 to 13.37 microg/g were observed in the thigh meat from alpha-tocopherol supplemented animals. The inclusion of olive oil and alpha-tocopherol in the animal diet gave lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values and lower GSHPx activity. High correlations were found between the parameters studied. The results suggest that the glutathione peroxidase activity could be used as an indicator of the meat oxidative stability. A negative relationship was observed between GSHPx activity and tissue alpha-tocopherol levels, and a positive relationship was evidenced between TBARS and antioxidant enzyme activity.     

3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid,a noradrenalin metabolite with powerful antioxidative potential

The decarboxylated noradrenaline metabolite 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid [DHMA, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyacetic acid] occurs in different mammalian tissues, especially in the heart. To elucidate the physiological function of DHMA, the antioxidative and radical scavenging activity was determined by physicochemical and cell-based test systems. In the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay it shows a 4-fold higher radical scavenging activity compared to the standard antioxidants ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and butylated hydroxytoluene. DHMA is also a very potent superoxide radical scavenger and shows a 5-fold smaller IC(50) value compared to standard ascorbic acid. Again, in most cases the antioxidative power of DHMA against bulk lipid oxidation determined by accelerated autoxidation of oils is much higher than for the standard antioxidants. In soybean oil and squalene a DHMA/alpha-tocopherol mixture (1:1 w/w) shows a synergistic effect. Last but not least, 0.001 and 0.0005% levels of DHMA protect human primary fibroblasts against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress as determined by the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein assay.     

Effects of drought stress on the seedling growth,development, and metabolic activity in different cultivars of canola

ABSTRACT

The comparative effects of drought stress on seed performance, growth parameters, free proline content, lipid peroxidation, and several antioxidative enzymes activities were studied in both cultivars of Brassica napus L. Drought stress increased mean germination rate and mean of day germination in both cultivars, and its effect was more pronounced in RGS003. The length and dry weight of root increased significantly in both cultivars under drought. RGS003 was more tolerant and obtained more biomass under drought than that of Sarigol. Proline content and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase expression increased in Sarigol under drought. Measurement of malondialdehyde content in seedlings showed that lipid peroxidation was lower in RGS003 than in Sarigol. Antioxidant enzyme activities showed different trends in the two cultivars under drought stress but were higher in RGS003 than in Sarigol. These results suggest that RGS003 is better protected against drought-induced oxidative damage. Lipoxygenase activity only induced under water deficit condition in RGS003. Changes of respiratory enzymes activities of RGS003 subjected to drought stress showed a pattern different with Sarigol. Drought stress induced aconitase activity in RGS003, but it reduced fumarase and succinate dehydrogenase activity in Sarigol. This study showed that RGS003 exhibits a better protection mechanism against oxidative damage and RGS003 is more drought-tolerant than Sarigol possibly by maintaining and/or increasing growth parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, and respiratory enzymes activities.     

铝胁迫下外源抗坏血酸对水稻幼苗抗氧化性能的影响

为探讨外源抗坏血酸(AsA)对铝胁迫下水稻抗氧化损伤的效应,以滇优35号(杂交稻,粳稻)为试验材料,采用溶液培养法研究外源AsA对不同铝浓度(0、50、100、200、400 μmol·L^-1)胁迫下水稻根尖H₂O₂含量及抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,水稻根尖氧化损伤程度随铝浓度的递增而加剧,与对照相比,400 μmol·L^-1铝胁迫可导致水稻根尖H₂O₂和MDA含量增加1.53和3.16倍,脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD、APX和CAT活性分别增加1.73、1.39、1.42、1.76和1.56倍,内源AsA含量减少0.53倍;而施用外源AsA处理的根尖H₂O₂和MDA含量只增加1.04和2.69倍,内源AsA含量减少0.46倍,脯氨酸含量增加1.96倍,SOD、POD、APX和CAT活性分别增加1.48、1.63、1.90和1.89倍。综上所述,外源AsA可通过增强渗透调节物质含量来维护质膜结构的完整性,增强抗氧化酶活性和内源AsA含量,降低根尖H₂O₂的积累和质膜过氧化程度,促进水稻在铝胁迫条件下的生长。本研究结果为进一步探索外源AsA缓解水稻铝毒的机理提供了一定的理论依据。     

Procyanidins from Vitis vinifera seeds: in vivo effects on oxidative stress

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with procyanidins from Vitis vinifera on markers of oxidative stress. Ten healthy volunteers received a daily dose of 110 mg of procyanidins for 30 days. Fasting venous blood samples were taken before and at the end of the supplementation period and after 7 days of wash-out. The total antioxidant activity and the plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol were not modified. Conversely, the levels of alpha-tocopherol in red blood cell membranes increased significantly from 1.8 +/- 0.1 to 2.8 +/- 0.2 mg/g. Similarly, the lymphocyte oxidized DNA [8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine/2'-deoxyguanosine ratio] was reduced from 7.23 +/- 2.47 to 2.34 +/- 0.51, and the red blood cell membrane fatty acid composition shifted to a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids. On the basis of these results, it may be suggested that dietary procyanidins exert their antioxidant protection in vivo by sparing liposoluble vitamin E and reducing DNA oxidative damage.     

Antioxidative activity and safety of the 50 ethanolic extract from red bean fermented by Bacillus subtilis IMR-NK1

This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidative activities and the safety of 50% ethanolic extract from red bean fermented by Bacillus subtillis IMR-NK1. The antioxidative activities, including alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging effects, Fe(2+)-chelating ability, and reducing power, were studied in vitro. It was found that the antioxidative activity increased with the concentrations of the extract to a certain extent and then leveled off as the concentration further increased. As compared to the commercial antioxidants, the fermented red bean extract showed less scavenging effect on the DPPH radical and reducing power than alpha-tocopherol and BHT, but better Fe(2+)-chelating ability. No mutagenicity or toxicity effect toward all tester strains was found in the 50% ethanolic extract of fermented red bean by means of the Ames test. The results suggested that the 50% ethanolic extract was safe in genotoxicity.     

Effect of flavonoids on stress responses in myotube cultures

Effects of flavonoids on stress response of myotube cultures was studied by monitoring the release of [14C] taurine, leukotriene production, and 2',7'-dichlorodihydroflourescein (DCFH2) oxidation. Stress was induced by hypotonic shock, which was accompanied by cell swelling leading to increased leukotriene production and a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species and osmolyte release. In this model system, addition of the flavonoids catechin and quercetin decreased leukotriene production, DCFH2 oxidation, and taurine efflux, indicating a reduction of cellular stress. High concentrations of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and tea extract increased leukotriene production and initial DCFH2 oxidation, indicating an increased cellular stress (possibly toxicity). However, taurine efflux was reduced, and also longer exposure time as well as lower concentrations of EGCG and tea reduced DCFH2 oxidation. Trolox and alpha-tocopherol did not significantly affect taurine efflux or leukotriene production, and it was therefore concluded that suppression of these responses was not confined to redox activity in a myotube culture.     

Evaluation of occasional nonresponse of a washed cod mince model to hemoglobin (Hb)-mediated oxidation

An emerging model to test antioxidants for application in seafoods is washed cod mince fortified with hemoglobin (Hb) as a catalyst. This system has been used to test the antioxidative activity of certain muscle extracts and some pure compounds such as BHA, BHT, TBHQ, and propyl gallate during ice storage. However, the washed cod mince model has occasionally been resistant to Hb-mediated oxidation. This has been in cases when the moisture of the model has been minimized by washes at the protein isoelectric point (pH approximately 5.5) to allow for large additions of potentially antioxidative solutions. In this paper, noncontrollable and controllable factors for this intriguing occasional oxidation resistance were studied. Compositional analyses (lipid content, alpha-tocopherol, and lipid hydroperoxides) and structural analysis of a "normal" oxidizing model and a stable model were done to identify any differences among them. Some controllable factors related to the model preparation that were studied included different washing pH values (5.5-6.6), Hb concentrations (7.2 and 13.5 microM), final model moisture contents (75, 81, and 90%), and light exposure during ice storage (0 h, 3-4 h, or 24 h of light/day). Results revealed a 2-fold higher alpha-tocopherol content in the stable model than in the oxidizing model. Electron microscopy images showed a more and less disrupted myofibrillar structure in the stable and the oxidizing cod model, respectively. This indicated that "cold setting" (i.e., pre-gelation) of the stable model may have occurred and prevented Hb from diffusing freely in the model. Controllable factors that reduced lipid oxidation in the models were less Hb and lower moisture.     

Oligophosphopeptides derived from egg yolk phosvitin up-regulate gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and antioxidant enzymes against oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells

Previously, we have found phosphopeptides (PPPs) from hen egg yolk phosvitin possess a potent antioxidative activity against oxidative stress in human intestinal epithelial cells, Caco-2. However, their biological activity at the cellular level has not yet fully understood. The objective of this study is to evaluate the regulation of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis-associated and antioxidant enzymes against oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells using an in vitro model. Treatment of 1 mM H2O2-induced Caco-2 cells with PPPs increased cellular GSH levels, concomitant with a significant increase in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) activity and the expression of gamma-GCS heavy subunit mRNA. Furthermore, intracellular glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase activities were elevated by PPPs. In addition, PPPs with high content of phosphorus showed higher induction of these enzyme activities than PPPs without phosphorus. These data indicate that oligophosphopeptides from hen egg yolk phosvitin can up-regulate cellular GSH biosynthesis-associated enzymes activity and antioxidative activities, which play key roles against tissue oxidative stress in the human intestinal epithelial cells.     

铜、镉毒害对番茄生长和膜功能蛋白酶活性的影响及外源NO的缓解效应

为探讨外源NO（SNP为供体）对50 mol/L铜、镉毒害的缓解效应,采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同程度的铜、镉毒害（5 mol/L和50 mol/L）对番茄幼苗生物量、根系活力、硝酸还原酶、光合特性及生物膜ATPase、H+-PPase等功能蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,铜、镉胁迫显著抑制番茄生长。随处理浓度增加,番茄根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性显著降低,番茄长势越差; 铜、镉胁迫对根系离子吸收的影响远远大于叶片,尤其是铜胁迫,50 mol/L铜胁迫使番茄根系铜含量增加了12倍。铜浓度的增加对镉含量无影响,镉浓度的增加降低了铜的吸收。铜、镉胁迫使番茄净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）显著降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著增加,表现为非气孔限制。50 mol/L 铜、镉处理显著降低叶片、根系质膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和根系液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性; 提高了5和50 mol/L部分处理叶片液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase的活性。表明生物膜功能蛋白对不同程度铜、镉胁迫的响应时间和部位存在差异。铜毒害对细胞质膜ATPase的影响较大,而镉毒害对液泡膜伤害的程度较大。100 mol/L SNP可以显著缓解铜、镉胁迫导致的番茄生长受抑,铜、镉总吸收量显著高于胁迫处理。