阔叶红松林中花鼠的集中贮藏洞穴特征

贮藏食物是许多动物应对食物缺乏期的一种重要行为。花鼠是杂食性动物,以取食植物种子或果实为主。2013年4月~2014年10月,在黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区,采用野外直接观察法、挖掘测量法对花鼠的集中洞穴特征进行了研究。结果显示:花鼠的贮藏方式主要为集中贮藏,洞穴一般有一个出口,平均洞长为(328.38±24.52)cm,平均洞深为(102.88±5.21)cm,71.43%的洞穴有1个较大的贮藏室,其余28.57%的洞穴有2~3个贮藏室。贮藏的食物种类与野外观察花鼠取食种类有所区别,花鼠不贮藏动物性食物。不同季节中,花鼠集中贮藏的松子重量有所差异(F=4.039,P0.05)。在松塔结实大年(2014)与松塔结实小年(2013)中,花鼠集中贮藏松子的重量有显著性差异(F=9.272,P0.05),松子的平均贮藏量为(496.07±140.72)g。本研究有助于理解食物贮藏在啮齿类动物生活史中的作用,为进一步揭示啮齿动物的贮食习性提供了依据。     

阔叶红松林下花鼠的种群动态

2011年10月~2014年10月,为了了解花鼠种群与食物资源的关系,我们在凉水国家级自然保护区,采用样方法与标志重捕法对花鼠种群动态进行了研究,结果如下:2011年及2014年红松结实量呈爆发式增长,同期花鼠种群数量出现2个较高峰值;花鼠在2012年平均胎仔数达到最低值(1.04±0.13)只,同年越冬期生存率最低,达到(0.11±O.04);花鼠在2013年繁殖期后雌雄性比达到最高值1.17。数据分析表明,在研究期间,红松结实年际间波动明显。花鼠种群的波动基本与食物资源波动同步,在食物匮乏的年份繁殖力减弱,在食物充足的年份繁殖力提高。     

花鼠冬眠前后血液生理指标变化研究

为了掌握花鼠血液生理指标的基本数据以及花鼠冬眠前后各项指标的变化情况,试验采用BC-3000全自动血液细胞分析仪对冬眠前后花鼠的生理指标进行了测定。结果表明:花鼠冬眠后,白细胞数目(WBC)、淋巴细胞数目(LYMPH)、中性粒细胞数目(GRAN)、淋巴细胞百分比、中性粒细胞百分比、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、血小板数目(PLT)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)、血小板比容(PCT)等比冬眠前高;单核细胞数目(Mon)、单核细胞百分比、血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞比容(HCT)、红细胞分布宽度变异系数(RDW)、平均血小板体积(MPV)几乎没有变化;只有红细胞数目(RBC)下降。生理指标的不同反映了花鼠在活动能力、健康状况等方面存在性别和季节性差异。     

室外罩笼条件下几种草原蝗虫的食量测定

本文对4种主要草原蝗虫各龄蝗蝻及成虫期的食量进行测定。结果表明，蝗虫的食量因种类不同差异很大，同一种类雌虫的日食量远大于雄虫。成虫期日食量有1～2个高峰，均处在交配产卵前的补充营养期。宽须蚁蝗、狭翅雏蝗、邱氏异爪蝗和红翅雏膝蝗的一生食量分别为1292.92、1105.21、2024．49和6814．82mg。根据食量测定将本区草原蝗虫划分为3种食量类型，不同类型在不比例下其混合种群密度的为11．20头／m2时，一年取食牧草鲜重为199．37kg／ha     

浅谈低代谢能产蛋鸭饲料

一、产蛋鸭饲喂低代谢能饲料的表现1.采食量加大。鸭是因能值而调整采食量的动物,可适应的代谢能值幅度较宽。2003年秋季起,随着禾谷类能量饲料原料涨价,养鸭界惊呼:采食量剧增!笔者2004年3月5日在华容县胜丰乡十里铺村倒弯水库,亲历过1005只绍兴蛋鸭(276日龄)24小时自由采食湖北某饲料厂蛋白质18%的蛋鸭用粒料200kg(40kg/包×5包)的实况。每只鸭日平均采食量达到199克!该鸭群系圈养,每日上、下午各戏水半小时左右。2月中旬起每日饲喂4次,日食量按每只170克安排,往往食后2小时左右鸭群就躁动不安,每遇饲养员临近就追踪。笔者判定是未吃饱,就尽其量喂了一天。之后电话追访,连续6日的自由采食量仍达182克/只。     

青藏高寒草地夏秋季不同轮牧强度对牧草及绵羊的影响

本试验是在四川省阿坝州若尔盖县辖曼种羊场进行的。对种羊场的草地进行夏秋季轮牧强度试验，对轮牧小区内牧草产量、营养成份、绵羊生产性能进行测定，结果表明：从保护利用的观点着眼，草地轮牧强度应选择7．5只羊／ha，草地的可利用牧草为90％。日增重与日食量和放牧强度之间存在显著的多元线性回归关系，日增重与采食量呈正比，而与放牧强度呈反比。日采食蛋白与日增重比与日食量和放牧强度之间存在显著的多元线性回归关系，当放牧强度为3．75只羊／ha时日食蛋白与日增重比达到最低，为0．875，即绵羊对蛋白质的利用率最高。     

食用菌生产的下脚基料喂养蚯蚓

蚯蚓是一种食性杂、食量大的低等动物,100万条平均体重为0.5克的红蚓,日食饲料500公斤,这是一项巨大的消费。牛粪、     

链烷技术估测典型草原放牧牛食性食量方法研究

为进一步探讨饱和链烷技术在典型草原自由放牧家畜中的应用,定量研究放牧牛食性及食量,于2004年夏秋季节在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站典型草原进行自由放牧试验,选择体重相近4岁肉乳兼用哺乳牛4头,分两期测定其食性和食量,每头牛投喂一粒YC饱和链烷缓释胶囊,试验期内每天跟踪放牧牛的采食路线,收集其所采食的牧草及粪便样品,利用气相色谱分析牧草和粪样中的链烷含量,应用链烷技术估测放牧牛的排粪量、牧草采食比例和干物质采食量.结果表明:不同放牧季节放牧牛采食的牧草种类基本相同,但采食的比例存在差异,随放牧季节后移,放牧牛采食量显著增加(P<0.05),但日排粪量差异不显著.因此,链烷技术可以估测典型草原放牧牛的排粪量、食物组成和采食量,且放牧季节对放牧牛的采食量影响较大.建议在牧草种类组成较为复杂的典型草原估测放牧家畜食性食量时要进行多种方法比较,以进一步完善链烷技术.     

低温和限食对黑线仓鼠贮食行为的影响

贮食行为是动物在应对环境变化为度过食物短缺期,或为交配、繁殖后代而储备食物的生存策略。为探究季节性环境因子变化和食物资源对黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)贮食行为的影响,本文测定了温度光周期、动物性别、限食对该物种贮食量、摄食量、体重等指标的影响。结果显示,雄性黑线仓鼠的体重、摄食量及贮食量均显著高于雌性;在类似于晚秋的低温等光照(10℃±2℃,L∶D=12∶12)条件下驯化1周,会诱导雄性个体体重降低,但摄食量不变,雌性个体则增加摄食量维持体重不变,雌雄的贮食量均不变;每日在白天时段限食可以降低雌性动物体重,但对其贮食量、摄食量无显著影响。结论,黑线仓鼠雌雄两性在低温和食物短缺条件下的能量对策不同。雌性由于体型较小,身体内不能贮存足量脂肪用于能量供应,在类似于晚秋的低温环境下只能通过增加摄食量以满足体温维持的能量需要,但由于受到身体消化吸收能力的生理限制,无法满足维持严寒条件下恒温的能量需求,因此体型较小的雌性个体会采取蛰眠的策略;雄性则由于相对较大的体型,身体贮存较多的可动员能量,且比雌性贮存更多的食物,这可能是其冬季能维持恒温,不蛰眠的原因。     

成都麻羊日食量及食性观测

<正> 家畜日食量的研究,国内对牧区绵羊、牦牛、马开展较多,而对半农半牧区、农区的草食家畜日食量(特别是在放牧条件下)的研究报导很少。为此,1981年9月至12月、1982年3月至5月,我们先后在四川汶川、大邑等县进行了草食家畜日食量及其对牧草喜食性的观测,现将成都麻羊资料整理如下,供进一步研究参考。     

Water intake of weaned piglets from three to seven weeks old

One hundred and two large white cross landrace piglets weaned at 21 (+/- 1) days old were randomly allocated to one of two commercial early weaning diets for a four week growth trial. The piglets were housed in groups of between six and 10. After initial moderate restriction the piglets were fed ad libitum. Food intakes and weight gains were recorded weekly. Water consumption of individual pens of piglets was recorded daily. Dietary treatment had no significant effect on mean daily feed intake, daily liveweight gain or food conversion ratio. The relationship between water and food intake, piglet weight and daily gain was examined using regression and multiple regression analyses. Water intake was related to all these parameters, with daily feed intake being the best single predictor of water intake. The relationship was described by the equation: water intake (litres/day) = 0.149 + 3.053 feed intake (kg/day).     

Feed conversion ratio,residual feed intake and cholecystokinin type A receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with feed intake and average daily gain in a Chinese local chicken population

Background: The feed conversion ratio(FCR) and residual feed intake(RFI) are common indexes in measuring feed efficiency for livestock. RFI is a feed intake adjusted for requirements for maintenance and production so these two traits are related. Similarly, FCR is related to feed intake and weight gain because it is their ratio. Cholecystokinin type A receptor(CCKAR) plays an important role in animal digestive process. We examined the interplay of these three parameters in a local Chinese chicken population.Results: The feed intake(FI) and body weights(BW) of 1,841 individuals were monitored on a daily basis from 56 to 105 d of age. There was a strong correlation between RFI and average daily feed intake(ADFI) and a negative correlation between the FCR and daily gain(r_g=-0.710). Furthermore, we identified 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the CCKAR and 4 of these resulted in amino acid mutations. The C334A mutation was specifically associated with FI and the expected feed intake(EFI)(P 0.01) and significantly associated with the average daily gain(ADG)(P 0.05). G1290A was significantly associated with FI and EFI(P 0.05).Conclusion: FCR is apply to weight selecting, and RFI is more appropriate if the breeding focus is feed intake. And C334A and G1290A of the CCKAR gene can be deemed as candidate markers for feed intake and weight gain.     

Effect of Different Ratios of Food to Water of Dry Powder Feed on Growth Performance，Nutrient Digestibility and Nitrogen Metabolism of Growing Wusuli Raccoon Dogs

This experiment was aimed to explore the effect of different ratios of food to water of dry powder feed on growth performance,nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism of growing Wusuli raccoon dogs.Thirty 11-week-old healthy Wusuli raccoon dogs with average body weight of （3.47±0.20） kg were randomly assigned into 3 groups.The Wusuli raccoon dogs were fed experimental diets with dry powder feed of ratio of food to water of 1∶2.5 （group Ⅰ）,1∶3.5（group Ⅱ）,1∶4.5 （group Ⅲ）,respectively.The pre-test period lasted for 7 days and the trial period lasted for 67 days.The results showed that the average daily feed intake of each week from 11,12 to 13 weeks in groupⅠ was significantly less than that in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ （P＜0.05）,the average daily feed intake of each week from 14,15 to 20 weeks was no significant difference among all groups （P＞0.05）.The total intake in group Ⅰ was significantly less than that in group Ⅱ （P＜0.05）.The average daily gain of each week from 15 to 17 weeks in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ （P＜0.05）,while the average daily gain,total weight and the rate of feed intake to body gain in other week-old were no significant differences among all groups （P＞0.05）.The protein digestibility,fat digestibility and dry matter digestibility were no significant differences among all groups （P＞0.05）.The amount of urine in group Ⅲ was extremely significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ （P＜0.01）.The nitrogen intake,fecal nitrogen,urine nitrogen,nitrogen deposition,net protein utilization and biological value of protein were no significant differences among all groups （P＞0.05）.In conclusion,the appropriate ratios of food to water of dry powder feed of growing Wusuli raccoon dogs was 1∶3.5 to 1∶4.5.     

有机硒对猪生长性能影响的荟萃分析

本文旨在研究补充有机硒及无机硒对猪生长性能的影响。检索１９８０年１月至２０１０年１２月期间发表的有机硒或无机硒对猪生长性能影响的随机对照研究,用荟萃分析（Ｍｅｔａ分析）方法计算合并标准均数差（ＳＭＤ）及 ９５％可信区间（９５％ＣＩ）。共有 １５篇研究纳入 Ｍｅｔａ分析,包括 ３６２个研究对象。Ｍｅｔａ分析结果显示：料重比 ＳＭＤ为 －０．９６,９５％ＣＩ为（－１．６９,－０．２３）（Ｐ＜０．０５）;平均日采食量 ＳＭＤ为 ０．５５,９５％ＣＩ为（０．１６,０．９３）（Ｐ＜０．０５）;平均日增重 ＳＭＤ为 ０．３９,９５％ＣＩ为（０．０９,０．７０）（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此可见,补充有机硒比补充同等剂量的无机硒更能降低养殖猪的料重比,增大平均日采食量及平均日增重,从而提高养殖猪的生长性能。     

杂交狼尾草饲养肉兔试验

以象草为对照，测定杂交狼尾草饲养肉兔的肥育效果，结果表明，试验组平均日增重肉料比，采食量均比对照组优越，相差分别为＋２３．３％，－１３．０２％和＋１３．８１％。     

Systematic analysis of feeding behaviors and their effects on feed efficiency in Pekin ducks

Background: Feeding behavior study is important for animal husbandry and production. However, few studies were conducted on the feeding behavior and their relationship with feeding efficiency in Pekin ducks. In order to investigate the feeding behavior and their relationship with feed efficiency and other economic traits in Pekin ducks, we selected 358 male Pekin ducks and recorded feeding information between 3 to 6 wk of age using automatic electronic feeders, and compared the feeding behavior under different residual feed intake(RFI) levels.Results: We observed that total feed time, daily feed intake and feed intake per meal had strong positive correlations with feed efficiency traits; moreover, strong correlation between feed intake per meal and body weight was found(R=0.32, 0.36). Daily feeding rate meal and meal duration had weak correlations with feed efficiency(R=0.14~0.15). The phenotypic correlation of between-meal pauses, with feed efficiency was not observed. When daily changes were analyzed, high RFI ducks had the highest feed consumption over all times, and obvious differences in daily visits were found among different RFI level animals during the middle period; these differences were magnified with age, but there was no difference in daily meal number. Moreover, our data indicate that high RFI birds mainly take their meals at the edge of the population enclosure, where they are more susceptible to environmental interference.Conclusions: Overal, this study suggests that the general feeding behaviors can be accurately measured using automatic electronic feeders and certain feeding behaviors in Pekin ducks are associated with improved feed efficiency.     

北京油鸡剩余采食量与屠宰性能及肉品质的相关性分析

本研究旨在探讨北京油鸡剩余采食量（RFI）与屠宰性能和肉质性状的关系。试验测定了400只北京油鸡70~98日龄的RFI及98日龄屠宰性能和肉品质,并对RFI与屠宰性能和肉品质的相关性进行了分析。结果显示,试验公鸡的平均日采食量（ADFI）、平均日增重（ADG）极显著高于母鸡（P<0.01）,饲料转化率（FI/GW,FCR）极显著低于母鸡（P<0.01）。公鸡半净膛率、腿肌率和胸肌红度（a^*）极显著高于母鸡（（P<0.01）。公鸡的RFI与FCR、ADFI极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与腹脂率显著正相关（P<0.05）,与胸肌率和腿肌率极显著负相关（P<0.01）;母鸡RFI与FCR和ADFI极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与ADG显著正相关（P<0.05）,而与腿肌率极显著负相关（P<0.01）。公鸡RFI与胸肌亮度（L^*）极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与色度（C^*）显著正相关（P<0.05）;母鸡RFI与胸肌a^*和C^*极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与色调（H^*）和pH极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与L^*和黄度（b^*）显著正相关（P<0.05）。由以上结果可见,北京油鸡公鸡的饲料利用效率优于母鸡,且部分屠宰性状和肉质性状与RFI存在显著相关性。     

A Correlation Analysis Between Residual Feed Intake and Slaughter Performances and Meat Quality of Beijing-You Chicken

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between residual feed intake (RFI) and some production performances including slaughter performance and meat quality. The RFI and production performances from 400 Beijing-You chickens were used to analyze the correlation of these traits. The results showed that the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the average daily gain(ADG)of male chickens were extremely significantly higher than female ones (P<0.01), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased extremely significantly (P<0.01). The percentage of carcass and thigh muscle as well as the redness (a^*) were extremely significantly higher in male chickens than female ones (P<0.01). In male chickens, RFI had positive correlation with FCR, ADFI (P<0.01)and percentage of abdominal fat(P<0.05) and negative correlation with percentage of breast muscle and percentage of thigh muscle(P<0.01). In female chickens, RFI had positive correlation with FCR, ADFI (P<0.01) and ADG (P<0.05), but negative correlation with percentage of thigh muscle (P<0.01). In male chickens, RFI was correlated positively with lightness (L^*) (P<0.01) and chroma (C^*) (P<0.05). While in female chickens, RFI had positive correlation with L^*, yellowness (b^*) (P<0.05), a^* and C^*(P<0.01), but had extremely negative correlation with Hue (H^*) and pH (P<0.01). Therefore, RFI had correlation with some production performances including slaughter performance and meat quality.     

饲料中不同水平的玉米柠檬酸渣对育肥猪增重效果的影响

为研究饲料中添加不同比例的玉米柠檬酸渣对育肥猪增重效果的影响,试验选取40头60 kg左右的育肥猪,采用单因素完全随机分为5个处理组,每个处理组8头猪。对照组饲喂“玉米+豆粕”型基础日粮,4个试验组分别饲喂含有3%、6%、9%和12%的玉米柠檬酸渣饲粮。结果表明：⑴4个试验组与对照组平均日采食量差异不显著（P>0.05）;⑵A组、B组平均日增重、料肉比与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）,A组、B组平均日增重分别比对照组高0.77%、1.24%（P>0.05）,料肉比较对照组分别低1.63%、2.29%（P>0.05）;⑶C组、D组平均日增重、料肉比与对照组差异显著（P<0.05）,C组、D组平均日增重分别比对照组低2.73%、4.39%,料肉比较对照组分别高3.59%、4.9%（P<0.05）;⑷A组、B组育肥猪每增重1 kg所需的饲料成本分别降低2.52%、4.4%。说明在日粮中添加一定量的玉米柠檬酸渣,对育肥猪生长性能有一定的促进作用,养殖经济效益显著,其中以6%的添加量较为适宜。     

Nutrient supply of health and sick fluid fed calves]

In the department for calves being fed with fluid feed of a specialised enterprise for calf rearing the daily intake of fluid feed (skim milk improved with milk substitute), concentrated feed and hay of a total of 341 female animals and the daily intake of energy and protein was calculated thereof. The average consumption of nutrients of the 206 healthy calves was compared with some international and national norms for the demand of nutrients. The comparison with some international values of demand and the results of the partial correlation analysis between energy and protein intake and live weight increase showed that the applied nutrition regime (particularly the kind of fluid feed) has resulted in an excessive supply of the calves with proteins and an insufficient supply with energy. This could not be realised from the GDR nutrients norm for the raising of calves published in 1976. Based on theoretical considerations and some recent findings of the science of nutrition we derived values of the protein and energy demand of our own. Subsequently an attempt is made to assess the supply with nutrients for sick calves.