应用植物生长调节剂克服甘薯种间杂种回交甘薯时的生殖障碍

将甘薯同其近缘野生种Ｉ．ｌｉｔｔｏｒａｌｉｓ（２ｎ＝４ｘ）杂交获得五倍体杂种。研究５Ｘ染种回交甘薯时生殖障碍的表现特征,进而探讨植物生长调节剂克服其低结实性的可能性,结果表明,５Ｘ杂种回交甘薯的生殖障碍表现在从花粉萌发到胚发育的各个阶段,参试５Ｘ杂种系同甘薯的交配障碍具有Ｃ不孕群特征,其交配后障碍则不具有不孕群别特征,而普遍表现为子房脱落,胚的败育和低结实性,植物生长调节剂（ＮＡＡ＋６ＢＡ）对促进     

辐照花粉辅助授粉克服百合受精前障碍的研究

采用60Co辐照LA杂种系百合‘耀眼’(‘Dazzle’)花粉,通过辅助授粉克服百合‘Dazzle’(♀)×川百合(Lilium davidii)的远缘杂交障碍,采用荧光显微技术观察授粉后3~7d父本花粉及花粉管在母本雌蕊中的行为。研究结果表明:采用未处理花粉直接授粉,花粉管在花柱中伸长到一定长度后形成胼胝质,停留在花柱中不能进入子房;采用蒙导花粉及先锋花粉授粉法能促进花粉管从花柱进入子房,并接近或可能进入胚珠,表明辐照花粉辅助授粉能部分地克服百合‘Dazzle’(♀)×川百合(Lilium davidii)远缘杂交的受精前障碍。     

辐照花粉辅助授粉对百合远缘杂交结实的影响及杂种早期分子鉴定

研究了辐照花粉辅助授粉对百合‘pollyanna’(♀)×毛百合杂交结实的影响。结果表明:采用普通柱头授粉能获得许多膨大果实和饱满种子,表明该组合为亲合性组合。用经1000和2500Gy的60Coγ射线辐照的母本花粉进行辅助授粉明显提高了果实中饱满种子的结籽率,表明2种剂量的辐照花粉辅助授粉均能有效克服该组合的杂交障碍。结籽数的提高能获得更多的后代,增加了从F1代中选育新优单株的几率。随机选取辐照花粉辅助授粉获得的杂交子代15株,采用ISSR技术对其组培苗进行亲子鉴定,6条ISSR随机引物在15个子代中共扩增出372个条带,其中具有父本特征带114条,具有母本特征带67条,具有双亲共有带65条。ISSR鉴定结果证实了杂种的真实性。     

通过调节剂和胚珠培养获得杂交不亲和甘薯近缘种的种间杂种

试验通过杂交与植物生长调节剂处理，以及植物生长调节剂处理结合胚珠培养，克服甘薯组Ａ系列与Ｂ系列种间的杂交不亲和性，研究结果表明：前一种做法有克服杂交不亲和性的作用，但获得种子的机率低，而且即使获得种子，也大不发芽，或发芽后生长异常，中途夭亡；后一种做法则效果明显。     

油菜(B.napus)属种间杂种后代的遗传研究

本研究通过油菜与萝卜属间杂种（ＡＣＲ）为亲本材料,分别与芸苔Ｂｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ和甘蓝Ｂ．ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ杂交,属种间杂种（ＡＡＣＲ,ＡＣＣＲ）再与甘蓝型油菜品种杂交,以获得稳定的转基因属种间杂种材料。结果指出,属间杂种与芸苔Ｂ．ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ杂交比与及甘蓝Ｂ．ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ杂交更易获得后代。这些杂种后代分别与甘蓝型油菜回交也表现了这种趋势。细胞学分析指出,属种间杂交由于异源染体的存在     

大白菜与结球甘蓝种间异源多倍体的鉴定

利用异源多倍体作为桥梁材料是克服远缘杂交障碍,创制新种质和进行品种改良的一种重要途径.本研究对已获得的大白菜(Brassica campestrisL.ssp.pekinensis (Lour.) Olsson)与结球甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.)种间异源四倍体和异源三倍体,利用形态学、解剖学、分子标记及细胞学等方法进行比较鉴定.研究表明,多倍体在植株形态、花器官和气孔大小等方面均表现出巨大性和超亲优势,其中四倍体比三倍体表现普遍更明显.多倍体的气孔密度显著的低于双亲.多倍体花粉生活力比双亲降低,四倍体花粉活力为81.56％,三倍体的花粉活力仅有18.78％.多倍体自交结实性明显低于双亲,四倍体自交结实率仅为0.28％;四倍体作为母本与大白菜杂交结籽率比其反交要高,是反交的2.11倍,以三倍体为母本或父本时与大白菜杂交,结实均非常低,且三倍体自交未获得种子.相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)标记结果表明,多倍体中包含了双亲的遗传信息,但分f标记并不能区分四倍体与三倍体.细胞学观察显示,四倍体的染色体数目为2n=4x=38,三倍体的染色体数目为2n=3x=29.大白菜-结球甘蓝异源多倍体的鉴定为进一步大白菜品种改良和新种质的创制提供了基础资料.     

气流速度对杂交水稻制种授粉花粉分布的影响

气流速度(包括自然风速)对杂交水稻制种授粉过程中花粉分布情况的影响十分显著,直接关系到制种产量。为研究流速对授粉效果的影响,该文首先分析杂交水稻气力授粉的基本原理,通过试验验证气流速度对花粉分布的影响,从花粉的分散密度、水平分布、垂直分布3个方面进行评价。结果表明:花粉分布受气流影响显著,水平分布量、竖直分布量以及花粉总量都随流速的增大而增大;水平分布出现特有的双峰图像,且后峰随流速的增大远离花粉源;竖直分布随流速的增大向气流中心靠拢,说明花粉在一定速度的定向气流中能保持较好的直线传播。气流速度为20m/s时,水平花粉量较多,且竖直分布能满足作用范围内花粉的传播要求。该文为进一步研究气力授粉机械提供依据。     

用2,4-D处理获得可育甘薯组种间杂种

用50mg/L 2,4-D处理杂交不亲和组合甘薯(Ipomoea batatas (L.)Lam.)品种徐薯18(2n＝6x＝90)×L.lacunosa(2n＝2x＝30)以及I.trifida(2n＝4x＝60)×L triloba(2n＝2x＝30)的母本花器,获得了可育种间杂种植株,并对种间杂种进行了过氧化物酶同工酶分析和细胞学观察.特别是徐薯18×I.lacunosa的杂种后代具有明显的结薯性,这是首次报道获得具有结薯性的甘薯品种和第Ⅱ群近缘野生种种间杂种.     

黄瓜单倍体育种的研究进展

综述了黄瓜作物单倍体育种的研究进展，包括花药培养、未授粉子房培养，辐射花粉诱导单倍体培养在黄瓜育种中的应用；总结了近年来所采用的黄瓜染色体倍性鉴定方法和加倍技术；讨论了目前这些领域存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

彩色马蹄莲2n花粉诱导及其三倍体植株的获得

2n配子介导的有性多倍化因其具有染色体重组创造新型变异的机会而越来越受到育种家的重视.本研究用化学试剂秋水仙素处理彩色马蹄莲(coloured Zantedeschia hybrid)二倍体栽培种幼蕾诱导2n配子,并对2n配子形成的细胞学特征进行了显微观察.结果显示,秋水仙素处理可以诱导彩色马蹄莲2n花粉产生,2n花粉的花粉粒明显变大,适宜的秋水仙素处理浓度为0.15％;配子形成过程中出现平行、融合等纺锤体定位异常现象,四分体时期出现二分体、三分体,产生减数分裂异常的多核细胞、小孢子形成过程中核融合等异常现象;诱导的2n花粉与正常1n雌配子杂交,杂交后代经染色体鉴定筛选获得三倍体后代(2n=3x=48).本研究结果表明,人工诱导2n花粉是培育彩色马蹄莲有性多倍体的一种有效可行的方法.     

Milling Characteristics of Rice Cultivars and Hybrids

Many rice cultivars and hybrids have unique physical characteristics that affect milling performance. The purpose of this study was to quantify the rate of bran removal during milling for several rice cultivars and hybrids common to the southern United States, and compare the quantity of lipids remaining on the kernel surface to that located throughout the kernel. This was accomplished by analyzing two sample sets. The first comprised cultivars Cocodrie, Cypress, and Lemont, and hybrids XL7 and XL8, which were milled for 0 (brown rice), 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 sec in a laboratory mill. In the second set, cultivars Cocodrie, Cypress, and Wells, and hybrids XL7 and XL8 were milled for 0, 20, 40, and 60 sec. The surface lipid content (SLC) and color of head rice samples were measured as indications of the degree of milling (DOM). The total lipid content (TLC) of ground head rice was also measured to determine the total amount of lipids present throughout the entire kernel. Results showed that at a given milling duration, SLC and color varied across cultivars and hybrids. In particular, the SLC levels of hybrids were lower than those of cultivars, particularly for Cocodrie, for all milling durations. This research indicated that it may be necessary to mill different cultivars and hybrids for varying durations to attain comparable DOM levels. Milling to a consistent DOM level is necessary to ensure equitable head rice yield comparisons across cultivars and hybrids.     

Characterization of Intergeneric Hybrids of Saccharum using Molecular Markers

The potential use of RAPD markers in identifying genuine intergeneric hybrids of Saccharum was examined in 12 hybrids of Saccharum with Erianthus spp., Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays. In the three groups of hybrids examined, RAPD markers could precisely identify the true hybrids of Saccharum officinarum × Sorghum bicolor and Saccharum officinarum × Zea mays. Though Erianthus had a very distinct RAPD profile and as many as 107 Erianthus-specific bands were identified, a decisive profile that can identify all the hybrids could not be obtained. The strong molecular differentiation between S.officinarum and Erianthus was not adequately resolved in the RAPD profiles of their hybrid progenies which suggest that more refined molecular techniques will be required for the characterization of Saccharum–Erianthus hybrids.     

Hybrids between wheats and perennial Leymus and Thinopyrum species

Hexaploid and tetraploid wheats were pollinated by the wild perennial wheat relatives Leymus arenarius, L. mollis, L. racemosus and Thinopyrum junceiforme. Hybrids were obtained from all attempted cross combinations, two of which are reported here for the first time. They are tall and perennial and have the expected chromosome numbers. Strategies for the future use of these hybrids in wheat improvement are discussed and outlined.     

Hybrids between wild and cultivated carrots in Danish carrotfields

It is well known that wild carrots may pollute the seed cropsof cultivated carrots, but whether cultivated carrots can alsodisperse pollen and seed, and thereby introduce genes into wildcarrot populations, is only little described. In Denmark, there is nocommercial seed production of carrots, and as biennials they shouldnormally not flower before harvest of the roots. Still, floweringindividuals can be found in most Danish fields, and sometimes in veryhigh numbers. At least 75% of the flowering plants are malefertile, with ca. 83% of the pollen being viable. More thanhalf of the plants produce seeds. Pollen and seed dispersal fromfields into wild carrot populations is probably rather frequent inDenmark. A closer inspection of the morphology of flowering plantsindicate that some of these (2–60%) arebolters of pure cultivar origin, as indicated primarily by orangeroot colour. The remainder is probably first or advanced generationhybrids between wild and cultivated plants, as indicated by theirwhite roots and combinations of morphological characters from eitherplant type. Some of these hybrids are imported to Denmark togetherwith the sowing seed, as indicated by significantly differentfrequencies of bolters with white roots in different carrot cultivarstested in the field.     

Genotypic Differences in Potassium Nutrition in Lowland Rice Hybrids

China imports most of its potassium (K) requirements for crop production. The objective of this study was to evaluate indica rice hybrids for K‐use efficiency. Twenty‐eight indica rice hybrids were evaluated in nutrient solution. The K influx rate was greatest in genotype Weiyou 64 (684.9 nmol K⁺ plant^?1 h^?1) and least in genotype Xie A/909 (457.2 nmol K⁺ plant^?1 h^?1). The K‐use efficiency was greatest in genotype ShanA/909 [81.8 mg dry matter (DM) produced per mg K taken up] and least in genotype Shanyou 64 (55.9 mg mg^?1). The maximum biomass was produced by genotype Shan A/4663‐5 (100.8 mg DM per plant), and the least biomass was produced by genotype Xie A/4663‐4 (59.1 mg DM per plant). These results suggest that K shortage for rice production can be alleviated by using K‐efficient rice genotypes.     

东方百合养分吸收规律和分配特点的研究

本文通过温室田间实验,研究了东方百合的养分吸收规律和分配特点。结果表明,现蕾以前,以消耗鳞茎中的养分为主,供应百合植株生长;由现蕾开始,历时30天,为百合吸收氮素的高峰期,现蕾始历时45天为百合吸收磷的高峰期,钾的吸收较早,由展叶期开始,直至切花期,共计75天。氮、磷、钾在各器官的分布:现蕾以前以叶片为主,茎秆次之,地下部最少;随着百合的生长,地下部养分比重上升,进入切花期后,茎、叶养分降低,以地下部和花蕾为主。百合吸收氮、磷、钾的比值:现蕾以前为1∶0.17∶1.08,现蕾以后为1∶0.15∶1.45。     

Evaluation of Nebraska Waxy Sorghum Hybrids for Ethanol Production

To evaluate the ethanol production performance of waxy sorghum hybrids and the effects of location and harvest year on ethanol yield, samples of four waxy sorghum hybrids collected from two Nebraska locations (Mead and Lincoln) in both 2009 and 2010 were tested for ethanol production in a dry‐grind process. No significant difference (P = 0.216) in starch contents was observed among the four hybrids, but starch contents of the hybrids were significantly affected by growth location (P = 0.0001) and harvest year (P = 0.0258). Location, hybrid, and harvest year all had significant effects on ethanol fermentation efficiency in the dry‐grind process. Lincoln sorghum samples showed higher (P = 0.022) ethanol fermentation efficiency (90.4%) than did Mead sorghum samples (90.0%). Sorghums harvested in 2010 had higher (P < 0.001) ethanol fermentation efficiency (91.1%) than those harvested in 2009 (89.3%). The 2009 sorghum flours had more amylose‐lipid complexes than the 2010 samples did, and amylose‐lipid complexes as previously reported had adverse effects on ethanol fermentation. Residual starch contents in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were significantly affected by hybrid and harvest year (P < 0.0001), but we observed no difference in protein content in DDGS from the four hybrids.     

Variability in Starch Acetylation Efficiency from Commercial Waxy Corn Hybrids

Raw material variability is common for starch processors and is responsible for increased processing costs. In this study, variability of starch acetylation due to hybrid influence was quantified. Six waxy corn (maize) hybrids from 1998 and five waxy corn hybrids from 1999 were wet‐milled in the laboratory. Starch obtained from each hybrid was modified according to a laboratory‐scale acetylation procedure. To evaluate reaction efficiency, reaction rate, acetyl content, pH, and amount of NaOH used were recorded for each reaction. After modification, a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) was used to characterize modified starches and determine differences in modified starches from different hybrids. Using the same acetylation protocol, reaction efficiencies were observed at 47–73%. Reaction efficiencies were significantly lower for 1998 hybrids (50.0%) compared with the efficiency observed for the same hybrids grown in 1999 (62.7%). Acetylated starch from 1999 had increased peak, trough and final viscosities and increased reaction efficiency as compared with acetylated starch from 1998. Differences in setback were observed among 1998 hybrids for acetylated samples. Differences in trough and final viscosity were observed among 1999 hybrids for acetylated and native (unmodified) samples. Differences in breakdown among 1999 hybrids also were observed for native samples.     

Nitrogen Uptake and Remobilization in Maize Hybrids Differing in Leaf Senescence

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop with multiple uses in the world. Stay‐green hybrids have been developed because of their higher productivity. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) levels on N uptake, remobilization, grain yield and N concentration in stay‐green hybrids compared to senescent ones. Field studies were undertaken in P.R. China on an Ustochrepts soil to determine the effects of N levels and hybrids differing in leaf senescence on grain yield and N concentration, N uptake, remobilization, and residual in vegetative tissues in 1996 and 1997. The stay‐green hybrid ND108 had greater yields than TK5 (intermediate senescing) and ZD120 (fast senescing) under both high (225 kg N ha^?1) and low N (0 in 1997 or 45 kg N ha^?1 in 1996, respectively) supply. ND108 took up more N than the two other hybrids. Grain N concentration of ND108 did not decrease by low N significantly, excepting the experiment sown in the summer of 1996, when post‐silking N uptake was reduced greatly by the shortened grain filling duration. Nitrogen remobilization efficiency in vegetative tissue was higher in senescent hybrids ZD120 than ND108. Nitrogen retained in the stover at harvest was higher in ND108, which can lead to a deficit of soil N for the next crop if the stover is not returned into soil. It was suggested that, though stay‐green hybrids have been developed for high N conditions, they have advantages over senescent hybrids also under N limited conditions.     

Zinc Requirement of Maize Hybrids and Indigenous Varieties on Udic Haplustalf

ABSTRACT

A pot study was conducted on Gujranwala series (Udic Haplustalf) to compare zinc (Zn) requirement of maize hybrids (FHY- 456, FHY- 396, and FHY- 421) and indigenous varieties (EV-1089, Golden, and Soneri). Uniform rates of nitrogen:phosphorus:potassium (N:P:K) and four rates of Zn were applied in triplicate according to CRD. There was a significant (P < 0.05) main and interactive effect of maize genotypes and zinc application on shoot growth and Zn uptake. The three maize varieties uniformly produced maximum shoot dry weight at 3 mg Zn kg^?1 soil. The maize hybrids produced maximum shoot dry weight at 9 mg Zn applied kg^?1 soil. A 6.3 mg Zn kg^?1 plant tissue was optimum for FHY-421 (hybrid) and 9.5 mg Zn kg^?1 plant tissue was optimum for Soneri (variety). Hence, more pronounced response in maize hybrids than indigenous varieties require higher rates of Zn application. However, further verification of the results is warranted under field conditions.