散打侧踹腿的技法分析与实战应用研究

本文运用文献资料、录像观察、逻辑分析等方法 ,对散打侧踹腿的技法和实战应用从进攻和防守反击两个角度进行了研究。散打侧踹腿是散打腿法中的重要技法之一,在实战中具有进攻和防守的双重功效,具有攻守兼备的功能,因此,对散打侧踹腿技法和实战进行研究,具有非常重要的应用价值,会为散打侧踹腿的教学、训练和比赛提供参考和借鉴。     

散打专项力量素质与训练问题研究

运用现代高科技手段,获取更多的数据,说明散打力量的能量供应,肌肉用力形式这对散打力量训练有很大的指导意义.本文分析了散打比赛中运动员对技术动作的运用以及完成动作要领的方法,提出了四肢力量在踢打中是关键尤其是肩带肌肉群和大腿根部肌肉群是关键,摔法中腰部(腰腹肌)力量是关键的结论.     

散打教学训练中的安全问题及其应对策略

散打是我国体育教学中的重要内容之一,其因动作迅速和强烈的对抗性而呈现出较高的教学难度.同时,散打教学中的安全问题亦是体育教师应重点关注的层面.文章即以散打教学训练中的安全问题为分析对象,首先概述了散打教学训练中可能引发的具体安全问题,其次分析了导致安全问题的主要原因,最后就如何应对散打教学训练中的安全问题提出有效的对策,以期提高学生学习散打的积极性和教师实施散打教学训练的科学性.     

散打比赛中防守反击战术的应用研究

散打是现代竞技体育项目之一,是双方按照规则,利用踢、打、摔等攻防技术进行徒手搏击、对抗的武术形式。防守反击战术是指在散打比赛中,利用自己反击能力较好的特点,待对方进攻时给予有力回击的战术。不论采用不接触防守还是采用接触性防守,在防的同时都要为反击创造良好的距离与身体姿势;要想在实战中随心所欲地应用防守反击技术,除了掌握熟练的技术动作、具备良好的身体素质外,还要求运动员具备良好的心理素质。     

网球双打站位技战术在教学中的应用

网球双打比赛中,站位是至关重要的。它不仅是战术的开始,而且也能赢得有利的进攻角度和最佳防守位置。谁能占据中前场,谁就掌握了比赛的主动权,这是网球双打比赛制胜的主要因素,合理的站位会创造更多的上网机会。运用文献资料法、调查访谈法、实战和录像观察法加以研究,对双打比赛中常见的四种站位——"澳大利亚式"、"双底线式"、"双上网式"、"一网一底式",从站位的形成和运用以及应对等方面进行剖析,为运动员在比赛中合理的选择站位提供参考。网球双打比赛中的配合策略决定了双打战术成功与取胜,它包括站位、发球、接发球、抢网的配合策略和协同防守的配合策略,只有掌握好这些配合策略才能取得胜利。     

在篮球比赛中对影响争抢篮板球因素的分析

篮板球争夺是球队获得控球的重要来源之一,是篮球对比赛攻守转化的关键。抢位挡人技术室争夺篮板球的首要因素,篮板球的控制是将对手进攻有效压制在最低限度的重要手段,是强大防守的最后,也是最关键的一道防守线。本文通过抢位、挡人及技术来说明篮板球在比赛中的作用。篮板球是影响比赛胜负的重要因素之一。     

优秀200米蝶泳运动员技术特点

运用文献资料、比赛现场观摩、录像分析、访谈等方法,对优秀蝶泳游泳运动员比赛和训练方法及手段进行归纳分析,结果表明：优秀200米蝶泳运动员具有保持水中良好的身体位置、比赛速度节奏的控制、适合自己的呼吸方式和强有力的打腿能力等技术特点。蝶泳项目是中国女子游泳的强项,针对国内外优秀游泳运动员技术特点分析和总结。为我国游泳训练提供参考。     

对排球运动中提高传球能力的探讨

本文运用文献资料法,课堂实践法,研究方法,访谈法,逻辑分析法,对青少年排球运动员二传球性的训练探讨.研究结果表明:探讨摸索出二传手在练习过程中如何提高球性的模拟化练习方法和手段,以及该项技术在比赛中的正确运用.详尽阐述该项技术在练习中的主要方法、手段,从而使该项技术能得以迅速掌握,并在教学和比赛中运用.     

高校棒球比赛中一垒防守战术的分析与应用

在棒球比赛中整场比赛的胜负往往取决于自身的安打率和对方的失误率,也就是说防守在比赛中起关键作用,一垒的防守尤为重要。文中旨在对全国高校棒球比赛中一垒防守战术进行分析、研究,并提出相关建议。     

散打运动员实战中恐惧心理产生的致因及对策的研究

运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法、理统计法、逻辑分析法分析了散打运动员实战中产生恐惧心理的原因,并提出了一些消除或降低恐惧心理的方法,旨在更好地提高散打教学与训练的质量。     

A laser-based method to measure thermal nociception in dairy cows: short-term repeatability and effects of power output and skin condition

To validate a laser-based method to measure thermal nociception in dairy cows (e.g., for the use in studies on stress-induced analgesia), we performed three experiments to observe the behavioral responses to a computer-controlled CO2 laser beam applied to the skin on the caudal aspect of the metatarsus. In Exp. 1, effects of power output (0, 1.3, 1.8, 2.2, 2.4 and 2.6 W) on nociceptive responses were examined using 18 dairy cows kept and tested in tie stalls. Increasing the power output affected the latencies to respond (decreasing latencies, P < or = 0.01), types of response (less nonresponding and more kicking, P < 0.0001), and behavior during (increasing frequency of tail flicking, P = 0.003) and between single laser exposures (increasing frequency of kicking, P = 0.02). Therefore, behavioral responses to a laser stimulus seem to be a valid measure of nociception in dairy cows. Repeatability within 15 min was investigated in Exp. 2 using n = 36 dairy cows kept and tested in tie stalls and a power output of 1.8 W. The variables' latency to move the exposed leg and frequency of tail flicking during laser exposure showed the highest level of repeatability (0.50 and 0.38, respectively). However, retesting at t = 15 min led to increased responses in terms of shorter latencies to respond (P < 0.05), increased kicking (P = 0.05), and tail flicking (P = 0.02), which probably can be explained by sensitization. Effects of power output (1.0 vs. 1.8 W) and skin condition (naked vs. intact) were examined in Exp. 3 on 11 group-housed dairy cows, tested just outside their home pen. Increasing the power output and shaving off hair led to increased responses as seen by shorter latencies to respond (P < 0.0001), less nonresponding (P < 0.0001), and increased kicking (P = 0.0003), as well as reduced intra- and interindividual variability (P < or = 0.04). In conclusion, the results of these experiments suggest that behavioral responses to laser stimulation are a valid and reliable measure of nociception in dairy cows, especially when applied on naked skin, both in the home environment and just outside a group pen. The fact that repeated testing in itself at t = 15 min led to increased responses means that the test will be a conservative measure of stress-induced analgesia.     

Psychogenic colic in a horse

A 4-year-old mixed-breed gelding was presented with colic-type behavior of 5 days' duration that included pawing, looking at the flank area, and kicking and biting at the abdomen and flank when it was eating hay or grain. Medical evaluation did not reveal the cause of the "colic." During its stay in the hospital, the horse improved as regarded the colic-type behavior while eating, but resumed this behavior when it was able to see hay that it was not allowed to eat. It was determined that the persistent colic-type behavior developed as a result of the horse having been repeatedly displaced from its food by other horses. When the horse performed the colic-type behavior, the owner would remain with it and effectively protect it from competitors. The initial bout of colic may have been a result of true colic, psychosomatic colic secondary to stress, redirected aggression, or displacement activity.     

兴海县畜用暖棚建设发展现状与思考

截至2008年,兴海县暖棚建设已达2980栋,占全县牧户总数的39．6％,分析认为以兴海县为代表的青南牧区,发展畜牧业,一定要以暖棚、围栏等畜牧业基础设施建设项目为依托,在加强配套建设的同时,加强技术培训和科学素养的提高,以改变牧民群众传统的养畜观念和养殖习惯,真正做到科学养畜,从而才能发挥暖棚等草地基础设施建设的作用,达到发展畜牧业的目的。     

Effects of social isolation and restraint on adrenocortical responses and hypoalgesia in loose-housed dairy cows

Effects of social isolation or restraint, applied outside the home pen, on adrenocortical and nociceptive responses were examined in 28 loose-housed dairy cows. Treatments lasted 15 min and consisted of social isolation in novel surroundings or restraint by the head in a test pen. A control treatment was applied in the test pen as well. Each cow was exposed to all treatments in a balanced order, with 3 to 4 d between treatments. Compared with the control treatment, social isolation in novel surroundings led to increased plasma concentration of cortisol (P < 0.001) as well as to indications of hypoalgesia [posttreatment lack of decrease in latency to respond toward nociceptive laser stimulation, a tendency for decreased frequency of kicking in the pauses between laser stimulations (P = 0.06), and an increased proportion of leg moving (least possible active response) after treatment (P = 0.04)]. Indications of hypoalgesia were also observed after restraint (reduced kicking in response to laser stimulation, P = 0.04); however, the indications were to a lesser extent than after social isolation, and restraint treatment did not lead to increased plasma concentration of cortisol. For control and restraint treatment, an initial increase (P < 0.02) in plasma concentration of cortisol was found, suggesting effects of pretreatment factors such as handling. No correlations between adrenocortical and nociceptive responses toward social isolation were found. The results confirm earlier reports stating that nociceptive changes induced by environmental challenges can be shown in dairy cows, even when they are kept in groups and removed from the home pen during the study of stress responses. However, testing outside the home pen seemed to affect the nociceptive and adrenocortical responses, thereby suggesting that care should be taken to avoid effects of pretreatment situational factors.     

青海三江源地区实施生态移民的分析与思考

文章分析了青海省三江源地区生态移民的类型、特点以及面临的困难与存在的问题。认为移民迁入地基础设施建设薄弱、城镇社会保障体系不健全、移民后续生产和产业发展缓慢、移民技能培训教育不足是三江源移民工程面临的主要问题与困难，并提出了相关建议和解决措施。     

miR-495-3p对山羊骨骼肌细胞增殖分化的影响

【目的】 研究miR-495-3p对山羊骨骼肌细胞增殖分化的影响及其在不同组织中的表达情况,为探究miRNA在肌肉发育中的调控机制提供理论基础。【方法】 利用生物信息学方法预测miR-495-3p的靶基因;实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-495-3p及其靶基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、背最长肌、腿肌等组织中的表达水平。构建miR-495-3p的过表达(miR-495-3p mimic、miR-495-3p mimic NC)及抑制物(miR-495-3p inhibitor、miR-495-3p inhibitor NC),在山羊骨骼肌细胞汇合度达60%~70%时进行转染,并用含2%马血清的培养基进行诱导分化,用CCK-8检测细胞增殖活力,实时荧光定量PCR检测过表达和干扰效率及增殖分化相关基因配对盒基因(paired-box 7,Pax7)、细胞蛋白周期E(Cyclin E)、肌细胞生成素(myogenin,myoG)、生肌因子5(recombinant myogenic factor 5,Myf5)的表达;构建miR-495-3p靶基因的野生型和突变型载体并转染至293T细胞,用双荧光素酶测定miR-495-3p与其靶基因的结合情况。【结果】 生物信息学预测结果表明,miR-495-3p的靶基因为心肌肌动蛋白α1(alpha cardiacactin 1,ACTC1),且miR-495-3p和ACTC1在1和10月龄山羊背最长肌中表达量均差异极显著(P<0.01)。miR-495-3p和ACTC1在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、背最长肌、腿肌6种组织中均有表达,在背最长肌中表达量较高。细胞转染结果表明,miR-495-3p mimic极显著促进miR-495-3p的表达(P<0.01),miR-495-3p inhibitor极显著抑制miR-495-3p的表达(P<0.01),说明miR-495-3p mimic和miR-495-3p inhibitor可用于后续试验。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,过表达miR-495-3p促进骨骼肌细胞分化相关标志基因MyoG、Myf5的表达,抑制miR-495-3p则降低MyoG、Myf5基因的表达;过表达、干扰miR-495-3p对Pax7、Cyclin E基因的表达及细胞增殖活力均无显著影响(P>0.05)。双荧光素酶报告结果表明,miR-495-3p与ACTC1基因存在靶向关系。【结论】 miR-495-3p对山羊骨骼肌细胞的增殖无显著影响,但可通过靶向ACTC1基因促进山羊骨骼肌细胞分化。     

Quantitative assessment of physiological and behavioural parameters in healthy dairy cows evoked by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation of the udder

The pain and distress associated with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of the udder was evaluated by treating 20 healthy dairy cows with an electrical udder stimulator. This generated a sequence of pulses (frequency: 160±10% impulses per second, duration 250 μs) and provided voltage ranges from 0 to 10 volts (±10%). Trials took place on three consecutive days, twice daily after morning and evening milking. Daily sessions were divided into two periods: (1) control (sham treatment) and (2) treatment (real treatment). Physiological (heart rate, respiratory rate, and plasma cortisol concentration) as well as ethological parameters (kicking, weight shifting, and looking backwards to udder) were defined as pain-indicating parameters and observed. Evaluation of data showed that only one parameter (kicking) was significantly increased during real treatment compared to sham treatment. It is concluded that the TENS therapy tested in this study can evoke changes in behaviour (increased kicking) consistent with an experience of pain in some cows.     

Response of twenty-seven horses with lower leg injuries to cold spa bath hydrotherapy

The influence of hypertonic cold water (5-9°C) spa bath hydrotherapy on the response of 27 horses with various lower leg injuries is described. Fifteen horses with grade 2 or 3 superficial digital flexor tendon damage and four with suspensory ligament injury treated for 10 minutes three times a week responded with markedly improved ultrasonographic echogenicity and fiber realignment of injured tissues. All but two of these horses when placed back into training returned to compete successfully within six months without re-injury. Two equestrian sports horses with traumatic contusion injury treated twice daily were able to compete successfully 72 hours after injury without supportive drug therapy. Responses of six individual horses with other leg conditions also responded to hydrotherapy faster than expected. The responses indicate hypertonic cold water spa therapy could be a valuable addition to therapeutic regimes with or without other therapies.     

Aggression to a foal after 4 months of nursing

A 4-month-old male Arabian foal was examined because of a kicking trauma to the right frontal region. The foal had been kicked by its dam when it was seeking the udder the previous day. Radiographic inspection of head and neck showed no defect or bone fracture. Treatment consisting of intravenous administration of hypertonic solution, dexamethasone, and furosemide improved the clinical signs temporarily; however, second head trauma due to falling of the standing foal resulted in deterioration of clinical condition and finally death. At necropsy, epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid hemorrhages, a hematoma at cerebrocerebellar fissure and cerebellar herniation were observed. Continuous assessment of foal rejection-related signs in susceptible mares should be considered until foal weaning.     

Influence of exercise on horses' limb volume, measured by an optoelectronic device

This study tested for the first time an optoelectronic device (Perometer*) measuring limb volume of horses. An analysis of its application was performed regarding the influence of different types of physical exercise on the volume of the extremities. 40 horses were divided into four groups often horses, each group being exposed to exercise, differing in kind and duration of lunging, horse-ridden and riderless. The volume measurement was performed by determining the inactive value (I) after a twelfe-hour standing period, the load value (II) immediately after exercise and recovery value (III) one hour after exercise. The results showed a highly significant decrease in limb volume of 5.7% between values (I) and (II), as well as a highly significant increase of 68% between (II) and (III). The volume changes observed in male horses were significantly higher than in female horses. Volume changes in horse-ridden groups were higher than riderless ones, but not significant. There were fewer leg volume changes at low ambient temperatures (1-12 degrees C) compared to high temperatures (23-31 degrees C), but these were not statistically significant. Well-trained horses showed lower volume changes than less trained horses (not statistically significant). The Perometer is a fast and reliable tool for measuring limb volume of horses. The ICC (Interclass Correlation Coefficient) calculated a high measurement reproducibility of 0.996. A variance analysis showed no significant differences between the three repeated leg measurements. Thus, the Perometer can be used for monitoring and quantifying edema and documenting limb volume changes resulting from training, wearing compression stockings or bandages, manual lymph drainage.