广西桉树青枯病危害现状及防治方法和对策

描述桉树青枯病的发生症状及发生规律,评述广西桉树青枯病危害现状,分析广西桉树青枯病危害日益严重的原因并提出桉树青枯病的防治方法和对策。     

我国桉树青枯病的研究概况

分析了我国桉树青枯病的研究概况,从桉树的介绍、我国森林青枯病的发现、青枯病病菌的生物学特性、青枯病的发病规律、桉树青枯病日益严重的原因,以及桉树青枯病的防治对策等方面进行阐论述,综述了目前的研究进展,提出了一些解决桉树青枯病灾情的建议,以期为后续研究提供参考。     

如何预防和防治桉树绝症——桉树青枯病

现在全国各地都在发展桉树速生丰产林,而桉树青枯病作为桉树的绝症,是桉树的生产和发展的严重障碍,给社会造成巨大的损失。因此,我们有必要认真地了解桉树青枯病,作好对桉树青枯病的预防和防治措施。     

桉树青枯病的生物防治研究进展

文章综述了桉树青枯病的生物防治研究进展,包括利用拮抗细菌、内生菌、益生菌防治桉树青枯病等方面。指出了桉树青枯病的生物防治一方面应加强抗菌作用机制研究,提高防效稳定性;另一方面应加强林间应用技术的研究,综合运用多种生物因子,以期高效、简便、经济、安全地防治桉树青枯病。     

我国桉树青枯病研究进展

桉树青枯病害是危害桉树生产的主要病害,近年来桉树青枯病的流行和发生对我国南方桉树产业造成很大经济损失.本文对当今主要桉树青枯病病害特点,青枯病的发生和流行因素,青枯假单胞杆菌对寄主桉树的致病机制及对抗病的差异和抗病机理等研究成果和现状作一概述,并就存在的问题提出相应的建议.     

广东桉树青枯病的发生特点及防治对策

广东近年来随着大面积营造桉树速生丰产林，而桉树青枯病也逐渐流行。文中阐述了广东桉树青枯病发生特点及其防治方法。     

桉树青枯病研究的发现和创新

报导我国1991年后,桉树青枯病研究的发现和创新.即,桉树青枯病的流行是寄主为主导的流行病;病菌生理小种、生物型组成复什;病菌在病株残体和土壤中可存活3年以上,除从根部侵入外,还可从根茎部侵入;筛选出一批抗青枯病树种和无性系,并在生产中推广应用;研制成桉树青枯病流行测报模型;开创应用桉愈伤组织筛选抗病树种和无性系获得成功;应用基因工程技术培育桉树转基因抗病苗;应用外生菌根防治桉树青枯病取得一定效果.     

控制桉树青枯病获得重大突破

随着科学技术的发展,桉树组培苗、人工杂交育种和扦插育苗技术的成功,使桉树速生丰产林栽培面积不断扩大,桉树木材的利用更加受到重视。筹建中的南宁造纸厂、北海高密度纤维板厂均以桉树为主要原料,可以预见桉树的种植面积必将迅猛发展。但是近年来,桉树青枯病在广西、广东、海南等省(区)广泛流行,给桉树生产造成了巨大的经济损失,极大地挫伤了桉树种植者的造林积极性,防治桉树青枯病已是亟待解决的重要课题。     

桉树青枯病防治措施及对策探讨

桉树青枯病是一种危害极大地灾害性桉树流行病。在林场森林资源培育过程中如发生青枯病时要及时采取有效的应对措施。本文依据黄冕林场桂东分场新龙造林地实地青枯病危害情况及防治措施,对青枯病的发生时的特征、发病病因、防治方法、应对策略及改善措施进行探讨。     

桉树对青枯病抗性与过氧化物酶及同工酶关系的研究

对７个具有不同青枯病抗性的桉树品系的叶部和根部的过氧化物酶活性进行了测定,对同工酶进行了电泳分析。酶活性测定结果表明,桉树各品系叶部的过氧化物酶活性显著高于根部。对青枯病具有不同抗性的７个桉树品系,其叶部的过氧化物酶活性存在着显著差异。对青枯病抗性较弱的Ｆ１１和Ｅ１３品系体内的过氧化物酶显著比其它抗性品系体内的酶活性低。同工酶电泳分析表明,桉树对青枯病不同抗病性品系之间的同工酶谱带,在条带数和各条     

Spatial–temporal patterns of Ceratocystis wilt in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil

Ceratocystis wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, has become the most important disease in eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp. and hybrids) plantations in Brazil. To further our understanding of the epidemiology of this disease, we surveyed eucalyptus plantations in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia that were known to have Ceratocystis wilt or were thought to have been planted with infected rooted cuttings. There was generally higher disease incidence in the Minas Gerais plantations, which were on former Cerrado forest sites and likely had soilborne inoculum prior to planting eucalyptus. In such plantations, disease incidence was not evident before 20 months after planting but slowly increased up to 50% at 74 months. The symptomatic and killed trees were aggregated, perhaps from uneven distribution of inoculum in the soil. Also, the progression of cumulative disease incidence best fit a monomolecular model, which is typical of soilborne diseases (fixed level of initial inoculum with little or no secondary inoculum during the crop rotation). However, plots where some trees had been harvested during the rotation showed very high levels of disease incidence in the sprouts that arose from stumps, suggesting secondary spread of the pathogen on harvesting tools or machinery. Most of the Bahia plantations were on pastureland prior to eucalyptus cultivation, and the pathogen was likely introduced with infected nursery stock. In such plots, symptoms were evident as soon as 7 months after planting, and most of the mortality occurred within 12 months. The diseased trees on former pastureland sites were sometimes aggregated within planting rows, suggesting that bunches of infected nursery stock were planted together within the rows. Care should be taken in planting disease‐free planting material and spreading the pathogen on tools, but on sites with soilborne inoculum, use of resistant clones may be the only management option.     

桉树青枯病的化学防治研究

采用含毒介质法测定11种化学药剂对桉树青枯菌的抑制作用,其中,百菌清抑菌效果最好,其次为绿乳铜和世高。用百菌清和世高预先处理尾巨桉196幼苗2h后接种青枯菌,结果表明,经室内毒力测定有效的杀菌剂在预防桉树青枯病方面的作用效果非常小。     

Physiological responses of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids to infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata

In Brazil, the selection and planting of eucalyptus clones resistant to Ceratocystis fimbriata is the pre‐eminent control strategy for the wilt pathogen. However, little is known about host defence responses associated with resistance of eucalyptus to C. fimbriata infection. In this work, enzymatic activity, sugars, lignin, total phenols and phenolic compounds involved in the defence response of eucalyptus clones resistant (RC) and susceptible (SC) to the Ceratocystis wilt were evaluated. Changes were detected in the sugars produced by RC clones, with higher concentrations occurring compared with SC. A similar response occurred with lignin content at 28 days after inoculation (dai) in RC plants. SC plants had an increase in polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities at 7 dai. In contrast, RC plants demonstrated high activity of the same enzymes at 2 and 4 dai, decreasing afterwards. There was no difference in phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity between resistant and susceptible clones. Hydroxycinnamic acid concentration was higher in RC than in SC; however, there was no difference between RC and SC in flavonoid concentrations. RC had high concentrations catechin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. Histochemical tests demonstrated the presence of phenolic compounds and lignin, at higher intensities, in xylem of RC plants. Inoculation with C. fimbriata induced defence responses in both resistant and susceptible eucalyptus clones, but both the intensity and speed of the responses were higher in RC. Alterations in the concentrations of sugars and lignin, as well as certain enzymes and phenolic compounds, could be used to predict the relative susceptibilities to Ceratocystis wilt of different phenotypes of eucalyptus clones.     

青枯菌侵染桉树幼根的组织病理学研究

接种青枯菌后不同时间切取桉树幼根根表、根横切面和纵切面进行制样，扫描电镜观察其组织病理学变化。结果显示：接种0．5h后即有少量病菌存在于根表细胞间隙和导管间隙，但寄主表皮细胞和维管束结构基本完好；接种2h，表皮细胞壁被破坏，细胞瓦解；接种24h，表皮细胞间出现较大裂隙．在横切面和纵切面上可观察到大量细菌聚集并结为白色絮状物．导管破裂并被堵塞；此时植株外观上也开始出现萎蔫症状。     

Wilt and die‐back of Eucalyptus spp. caused by Erwinia psidii in Brazil

A new disease of unknown bacterial aetiology has been observed in eucalyptus stands since 2009. It is characterized by die‐back, wilting and lesions on the branches, petiole and midrib in association with macroscopic and microscopic bacterial ooze. To date, this disease has been observed in stands of clonal Eucalyptus saligna, E. grandis and E. urophylla x E. grandis hybrids and in E. dunnii seedling plantations in the states of São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso do Sul. Considering the economic importance of eucalyptus plantations and the potential losses caused by this disease, this study aimed to identify and characterize the causal agent. Thirty‐four strains were obtained from infected plants, which were collected in the field from four locations. The inoculation of detached leaves and intact rooted cuttings supported pathogenicity in eucalyptus. The phylogenetic analysis of four housekeeping genes (16S rDNA, gapA, recA and rpoB) as well as biochemical tests confirmed the identity of strains belonging to the species Erwinia psidii. This is the first report of E. psidii as the cause of wilt and die‐back in Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil.     

青枯菌对桉树及非寄主树木根部吸附和侵入的比较

通过接种青枯菌与非病原的大肠杆菌,对2个桉树无性系和1种非寄主树木的根表吸附菌量及根内含菌量进行测定.结果表明:青枯菌对感病寄主根表的吸附量多于对抗病寄主和非寄主根表的吸附量,对感病寄主根部的侵入量多于对抗病寄主但少于对非寄主根部的侵入量;病原菌较非病原菌对感病寄主根表的吸附量大,但二者对感病寄主根部的侵入量则依据根部伤口的有无而互有高低.青枯菌接种24 h内,感病寄主根表吸附菌量和根内含菌量呈上升趋势,在抗病寄主及非寄主根表的吸附菌量和根内含菌量却呈下降趋势.从统计学上看,青枯菌对寄主根部的吸附和侵入都显示出了一定的选择性,但由于病原细菌能够大量地吸附和侵入抗病寄主和非寄主根部,非病原细菌也能够大量地吸附和侵入桉树根部,因此这种选择性的生物学意义不大,青枯菌对桉树根表没有表现出明显的识别行为.     

桉树枯萎病菌的生物学特性及对杀菌剂的敏感性试验

对桉树枯萎病菌的生物学研究结果显示,病菌的最适生长温度为25℃,最适pH值为5.5,光照对生长影响不大。菌丝致死温度为65℃。糖源对分生孢子萌发无明显作用。杀菌剂毒力测定显示根腐灵、宝宁对菌丝生长抑制较强,克露和宝宁对孢子发芽有较强的抑制作用。     

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物对桉树生长影响的研究

通过盆栽和大田试验,探讨脱硫副产物及以其为原料制作的土壤调理剂对提高桉树生长量的作用,结果表明:(1)适量施用脱硫副产物可有效提高桉树生长量,将其制作成土壤调理剂施用,可进一步提高产量。(2)供试物量过高或过低会导致肥效下降而引起桉树生长量下降。(3)适量施用供试物可有效防治因桉树微量元素供应不足导致的缺素垂梢病。     

Impact of Ceratocystis wilt on eucalyptus tree growth and cellulose pulp yield

In this study, we determined the effects of Ceratocystis fimbriata wilt on volumetric growth and cellulose pulp yield of eucalyptus. Seven‐year‐old healthy and infected trees were separated into different classes of severity, and the individual volume of each whole tree with bark was determined. Volumetric losses were found regardless of the class of disease severity, resulting in reduction in volumetric growth of the trees from 65% to 87%, depending on the infection level. Two approaches were used for evaluating the effects of the disease on cellulose pulp yield: (i) evaluation of wood basic density and chemical composition, contents of ethanol/toluene extractives and Klason lignin, and the alkaline load and screen yield across Kraft pulping to kappa number 18 ± 0.5 for both healthy and discoloured materials; (ii) determination of the alkaline load and yield across Kraft pulping to kappa number 18 ± 0.5 of woods with different levels of discoloration (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of discoloured wood). Discoloured wood presented lower basic density, higher ethanol/toluene extractives and Klason lignin, higher alkaline load and lower pulp screened yield at kappa number 18 ± 0.5 compared with the healthy ones. Increasing the fraction of infected wood in chip furnishes resulted in proportionally increased alkaline load demand and decreased screen yields. Adding 50% of infected wood in the chip furnish resulted in 23.8% increase in the alkali load and 13.7% reduction in the pulp screen yield at kappa number 18 ± 0.5. The results obtained have proved that the disease reduces volumetric growth, increases wood consumption and reduces yield in eucalyptus pulp production.     

黄栌枯萎病的综合防治策略

文章介绍了国内外黄栌枯萎病病原菌的寄主广泛,病害症状多样,说明黄栌枯萎病对我国城市森林的发展构成了很大的威胁,为此,提出了综合防控黄栌枯萎病的策略。