围栏封育对昭苏马场春秋草地地上植物量的影响

通过对昭苏马场春秋草地不同围栏封育年限草地地上植物量的研究,结果表明：草地地上植物量随着围栏封育年限的延长呈增加趋势,围栏封育5和6年草地地上植物量随季节的变化呈“S”型增长曲线,未围栏封育草地地上植物量累积变化呈双峰曲线;围栏封育5和6年与围栏封育1年和未围栏封育草地的禾草类和豆科草类间差异极显著（P〈0.01）,随着围栏封育年限的延长,杂类草所占比例下降,而优良禾草类比例明显升高,在群落中占据优势地位,不同围栏封育年限草地地上植物量的绝对生长率和相对生长率的季节变化相似,在植物营养生长初期率都较大,此后都呈下降趋势。     

不同功能群草类植物叶片氮磷重吸收对施肥的响应

在盆栽控制条件下,测定了4个施肥处理下3个功能群组(豆科、禾本科和杂类草)9种草类植物成熟和衰老叶氮(N)和磷(P)浓度,以揭示不同功能群草类植物叶片氮、磷重吸收对施肥的响应。9种草类植物成熟叶N和P浓度(Ng和Pg)、衰老叶N和P浓度(Ns和Ps)、N和P重吸收效率(NRE和PRE)不同,对施肥的响应也不同。豆科草类Ng显著高于禾本科和杂类草,禾本科草类Ns显著低于豆科草类和杂类草,而杂类草NRE最低。杂类草Pg和Ps显著高于豆科和禾本科草类,而禾本科草类PRE最高。施肥对草类植物PRE影响不显著,对Ng、Pg、Ns、Ps和NRE影响显著,而在功能群水平,仅对Ng和Pg影响显著。施肥与物种的交互作用对叶片N、P重吸收有显著影响,与功能群的交互作用则无显著影响。     

青海天然草地饲用植物生态经济类群划分的初步意见

在植物学和植物生活型的基础上，结合地域特点，提出了青海天然草地饲用植物生态经济类群的划分方案。将天然草地饲用植物划分为禾草、豆科草、莎草类草、杂类草、半灌木、灌木、乔木、苔藓类和有毒植物等９个类群组１８个类，并对７８种主要建群植物和优势植物进行了类群的划分。     

石羊河上游退化草地植物功能群生态位分异特征——以阿尔泰狗哇花型草地为例

采用时空转换方式,以石羊河上游高山草地阿尔泰狗哇花Heteropappus altaicus型退化草地及其原生群落为研究对象,以其主要功能群结构特征调查为基础,研究各功能群生态位季节动态特征。结果表明：该区生态位季节动态变化趋势同功能群类别有关,与功能群所处的演替阶段无关;功能群生态位数量特征变化的绝对数量及相对数量受到其所处的演替阶段影响,表现为随季节的推移禾本科功能群生态位宽度上升,其上升相对值为退化样地（120.8%）高于原生群落（65.5%）;而杂类草下降,其下降相对值差异较小,依次为51.38%和66.34%。随季节的推移禾本科-杂类草生态位重叠度升高,且升高的幅度为退化样地(113.3%)略低于原生群落(119.4%),就升高的绝对值而言,原生群落各观测时期均低于退化草地;杂类草-禾本科生态位重叠度则逐渐降低,其相对数量在退化样地与原生群落中依次下降53.0%和54.9%。其中退化草地禾本科、杂类草生态位重叠度在7月中旬存在一个拐点,其前期禾本科-杂类草组对低于杂类草-禾本科组对,而后期刚好相反。造成上述现象的原因可能与功能群生长特性和放牧干扰共同作用有关。返青较早的禾本科功能群早期生长受到放牧干扰的影响,为返青较迟的杂类草生长提供较大的资源空间,从而使得杂类草功能群在“植被空隙中进行季节更新”,进而改变了原群落的功能群结构。阿尔泰狗哇花型退化草地是植物群落退化演替过程中的关键阶段,如果加以适当的管理,草原退化将得到一定程度的改善;如果不加以保护,草地继续退化后的不可预知风险将提高。     

围封对伊犁河谷春秋草地土壤种子库的影响

以伊犁河谷昭苏马场春秋草地不同围封年限草地(围封6年、围封5年、围封1年和未围封)为对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,对围封条件下退化草地自然恢复过程中持久土壤种子库的变化进行了研究。结果表明:随着围封年限的增加,土壤种子库的密度和物种数逐渐增加,显著增加了禾本科草类和豆科草类土壤种子密度,杂类草所占比例逐渐下降。禾本科草类和莎草类种子只存在0~5cm土壤表层。土壤种子库与地上植被的物种相似性,随草地的恢复呈增大—减小—增大的变化趋势。     

青海草地植物主要经济类群简述

草地植物经济类群的划分,国内外专家提出了许多不同的划分方法,但大体上可分为两类,即侧重于经济价值以及侧重于生态价值。青海省在草地资源调查中结合青海实际和工作需要为重点,将全省经济类群划分为禾本科、莎草科、豆科、可食类杂草、不可食杂类草、毒草6大经济类群。     

青海湖地区线叶嵩草型中度与重度退化草地群落的比较研究

通过对青海湖地区线叶嵩草型中度与重度退化草地群落的比较研究,结果表明,在中度到重度退化进程中,随着退化程度的加重,草地植物群落的盖度、物种数、多样性及均匀度指数均下降,中度与重度退化样地地上植物类群及总植物量季节动态均呈现明显的“单峰”曲线,其峰值同时出现在8月下旬,在植物生长季,主要植物类群地上植物量季节动态具有明显的差异。地上总植物量季节积累动态均可用曲线y=ea bx(生长曲线)很好拟合。中度退化样地的净初级生产力高于重度退化样地,但由于在牧草返青期放牧使中度退化样地禾草类在草群中所占的比例小于重度退化样地。     

阿尔泰狗哇花型退化草地植物功能群特征初探

采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,以石羊河上游重度放牧条件下形成的阿尔泰狗哇花型退化草地及其原生群落（阿尔泰针茅Stipa krylovii+扁穗冰草Agropyron cristatum-冷蒿Artemisia frigida+阿尔泰狗哇花Heteropappus altaicus）为研究对象,对2种草地植物功能群的季节动态特征进行初探。结果表明：草地退化使禾本科牧草的平均盖度、密度和高度依次降低20.4%33.6%、24.0%34.6%、36.2%59.9%,而杂类草的平均盖度、密度和高度依次升高18.1%63.0%、26.7%82.8%、6.9%80.8%;由此推断随时间推移,禾本科功能群较杂类草空间拓殖速率降低,在群落中的地位下降,此特征与功能群所处的退化阶段无关;禾本科功能群在原生植被中始终保持优势地位,而在退化草地中其地位在7月上旬后被杂类草取代,导致群落成员型发生改变。造成该区草地退化的主要原因很可能同放牧干扰与植物功能群季节生长特性相叠加有关,家畜选择性采食和践踏的双重作用,降低了禾本科功能群对资源空间占有的能力,为杂类草生长提供更多的资源空间,造成了杂类草生长势更强,导致其在群落中地位上升,最终形成以杂类草为景观的退化草地。     

青藏高原东缘珠芽蓼+线叶嵩草草地植物群落组成及生产力动态监测

对青藏高原东缘珠芽蓼+线叶嵩草草地3年的定位监测研究表明:该草地群落主要以杂类草组成,杂类草占草群密度的89.6%,是高山带典型的杂类草草甸草地,群落共有植物104种,分属18科48属,珠芽蓼、线叶嵩草为优势种,草群构成中,珠芽蓼所占比例最大,在5.7~13.4,且随生育期的延伸呈逐步上升趋势,在整个草群地上植物量的变化中,珠芽蓼处于主导地位,它的增减变化决定其他类草比率的升降。草地生产力月动态变化呈单峰形曲线,6~7月是地上植物量增长最快的时期,产量高峰出现在8月(167.24g/m2)。全年单位面积载牧量(羊单位)为1.833个/hm2,青草期月理论载牧量(羊单位个/hm2)分别为:5月5.3个,6月11.0个,7月17.8个,8月21.6个9月17.3个,10月11.3个。     

不同管理对山地草甸植物空间分布及生物量的影响

研究不同管理措施对山地草甸类自然保护区植物地上和地下生物量变化及其空间分布的规律。结果表明,7月中下旬生物量最高,但各经济类群出现的时间不同。地下生物总量远远超过地上部,其中杂类草、禾草和莎草的根量大于地上生物量,而豆科和菊科植物则相反。缓冲区的杂类草最多,而核心区和实验区的禾草和莎草最多。核心区地上枯死物总量与地上部接近。实验区地上及地下枯死物较少。不同管理措施对株高的影响较大,而对根长的影响不显著。同一植物在不同分区,株高和根长各异,其变化不成正相关。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.