Physical properties of a Luvisol for different long‐term fertilization treatments: I. Mesoscale capacity and intensity parameters

The physical properties of a Luvisol derived from loess near Bonn, Germany, under different long‐term fertilization treatments were examined. For the investigation of the impact of farmyard manure (FYM) on soil strength at the mesoscale (100 to 300 cm³ soil cores), undisturbed samples were taken from two different depths (10 and 40 cm), either with no fertilization at all, with full mineral fertilization, with FYM only, and with both mineral and organic fertilization. We investigated hydraulic and mechanical parameters, namely precompression stress, pore‐size distribution, saturated hydraulic and air conductivity, and calculated pore connectivity. Long‐term organic fertilization resulted in significantly more and coarser pores which in addition were more conductant and mechanically stronger by trend. Mineral fertilization also increased pore volume by trend but not pore functionality. Mechanical strength generally increased with fertilization by trend, however, was reduced again when organic and mineral fertilization were combined. Nonetheless, FYM led to relatively higher soil strength as the FYM‐treated plots with lower bulk density attained similar soil strength as the unfertilized but denser plots and thus supported the soil‐improving impact of organic amendments. The subsoil physical properties were rather unaffected by fertilization, but were dominated by texture.     

Organic and Mineral Fertilization: Effects on Physical Characteristics and Boron Dynamic in an Agricultural Soil

Abstract

The mineral and organic fertilizations on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation were investigated to understand the correlations between soil physical and mechanical indexes and boron (B) dynamic (adsorption, desorption, fractions) in soil. The fertilization with compost (derived by wine‐producing residues) and integrated fertilization (compost plus ammonium nitrate) increased the soil workability, as do the extent of aggregation, the water retention, and the cation exchange of the soil. The physical (colloids index, Ic) and mechanical (shear resistance, τ) properties showed a significantly higher value in compost and integrated fertilization plots. The biomass application to the soil influences the sorption B behavior, which is related to the soil shear strength and the compaction susceptibility; the Langmuir maximum adsorption for B was positively related with plastic deformation (De) and dry bulk density (Db) and negatively related to water infiltration (Wi), τ, and compressibility index (Cs).

The B desorption was not modified by the variation on soil mechanical resistance; no correlation was found between B desorption index and physical–mechanical parameters of the soil. The B fractions, not readily available for plants, occluded in aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) oxyhydroxides (Ox‐B) and organically bound (OM‐B), were negatively correlated with colloid index (Ic), Wi, τ, and moisture content (U), and were positively correlated with De, Db, and compressibility index (Cp, related to organic‐matter content of the soil).     

Flow and deformation behavior at the microscale of soils from several long‐term potassium fertilization trials in Germany

The effect of K fertilization on microstructural soil stability is rarely analyzed until now although the ambiguous impact on bulk soil structure was reported quite often, e.g., with regard to higher erodibility on the one hand and higher water storage on the other. Soil material from different long‐term fertilization trials in Germany was examined rheologically by means of an amplitude sweep test where the samples were subjected to oscillating shearing with increasing deflection. The resulting shear stress was recorded, and the maximum stress denoted the maximum shear strength of the sample. Results showed an ambiguous influence of K which depends strongly on the soil properties. On the one hand, an increased ion concentration in the soil solution leads to increasing attractive forces as defined by the DLVO theory and therefore higher shear resistance. With increasing desiccation, K⁺ like other salts can precipitate at the contact areas between particles and lead to cementation. On the other hand, K⁺ as a monovalent ion impedes covalent and ionic bonding between clay minerals which holds true for most of the examined soil types while only sandy soils showed an increase in soil strength due to K fertilization. Potassium depletion further resulted in increased interaction of fertilization with other impact factors, e.g., climate and soil properties. Thus, the destabilizing effect of K⁺ was more pronounced under liming as without liming. Subsequent modeling with selected soil parameters confirmed the high influence of matric potential. The modeling also revealed the interactions with other soil parameters, e.g., pH, oxides, texture, exchangeable cations as well as lack or surplus of K in relation to recommended K content. In conclusion, microstructural stability of soil depends on several soil parameters and requires the inclusion of many chemical and physical soil properties.     

The mechanical behavior of structured and homogenized soil under repeated loading

Soil deformation is increasingly important in crop production since nowadays weights of agricultural machines exceed the bearing capacity of most soils. Often this is counteracted by distributing the weight over more axles leading to an increase in wheeling frequency. Machine passages during one year can, depending on the crop and equipment used, range between two and five times for the majority of the field and up to twenty times and more for a wheeling track. These add up to hundreds of loading events for a crop‐rotation period. In this study, we investigated the effect of multiple loading with the same load in a cyclic‐compression test on soil‐pore‐volume change. The tests were conducted on homogenized soil samples with varying texture and undisturbed soil samples from a field experimental site comparing conventional and conservation‐tillage systems. Of particular interest was the question whether there is significant plastic soil deformation for soil stresses that remained sufficiently below the precompression stress, which is commonly neglected. Our results show that especially for cohesive soils, the assumption of fully elasticity in the recompression range may not be justified since those soils show distinct cyclic‐creep behavior. We found that deformation under cyclic loading follows a logarithmic law. We used the slope of the logarithmic fit of void‐ratio changes vs. loading cycles as a parameter to characterize the sensitivity of soils to cyclic compression. The results suggest that for characterizing the mechanical stability of soils that show cyclic creep, we have (with respect to long‐term deformation effects) to consider both precompression stress and cyclic compressibility.     

Zur Bedeutung des Aggregierungsgrades für die Spannungsverteilung in strukturierten Böden

The effect of soil aggregation on stress distribution in structured soils The mechanical compressibility of arable soils can be described by preconsolidation load value and by the shear resistance parameters of the bulk soil and single aggregates. In order to quantify the effective stress equation must be also known the hydraulic properties of the soil in dependence of the intensity, kind, and number of loading events. The soil reacts as a rigid body at very fast wheeling speed inclusive a very pronounced stress attenuation in the top soil while stresses will be distributed in the soil threedimensionally to deeper depths at slower speed. These variations can be explained by the mechanical as well as by the hydraulic parameters of the bulk soil and single aggregates. Thus, the pore water pressure value of the bulk soil as a parameter of the effective stress equation further depends on the hydraulic properties of the inter- and intraaggregate pore system and continuity. As can be derived from the results the pore water pressure values are identical irrespective of the predessication for clayey polyhedres at high load while in coarse textured prisms the pore water pressure value depends on load and predryness. The consequences for soil strength under dynamic loading are shortly discussed.     

长期施肥对红壤有机碳矿化及微生物活性的影响?

为评价不同施肥条件下红壤有机碳矿化和微生物活性及两者之间的关系,对长期定位试验施有机肥（M）、施用氮、磷、钾化肥（NPK）、有机肥配合化肥（NPKM）、秸秆配合化肥（NPKS）和不施肥（CK）共5个处理的红壤进行室内培养,分析不同施肥处理下红壤有机碳矿化的CO2释放量﹑微生物数量及微生物碳源代谢特征。结果表明,不同施肥处理的土壤有机碳矿化释放CO2量差异显著,由一级反应动力学方程拟合计算出土壤潜在有机碳矿化释放CO2–C量的大小顺序：M > NPKM > NPK ≈NPKS > CK,其值分别为180.3﹑88.5﹑47.6﹑43.4和34.5 mg/kg 。培养初期微生物活性较弱时CO2的释放速率最高,微生物数量的增长落后于有机碳矿化速率变化,但培养14﹑35和69 d 时3种微生物数量大小顺序为M > NPKM > NPK≈NPKS≈ CK,处理间差异显著且与CO2释放量显著相关。不同施肥处理间微生物群落结构差异显著,其趋势与有机碳矿化相符合。说明长期施肥特别是长期施用有机肥能影响微生物的群落结构,提高红壤微生物活性,进而促进微生物对有机碳的矿化。     

不同施肥条件下旱地红壤磷素固定及影响因素的研究

以Langmuir曲线测出的Xm值（最大吸磷量）为指标，对不同施肥条件下红壤旱地土壤的吸磷能力变化特征及影响磷素吸附的主要因素进行了研究。结果表明：施用磷肥能显著降低土壤的最大吸磷量，其中。施用厩肥的土壤Xm值最小。有机质是影响土壤吸磷能力的一个重要因素，随着有机质含量的升高，土壤吸磷能力减小；活性铝也是影响磷素吸附的重要因素，随活性铝含量增加，磷素吸附能力增加；活性铁的影响不显著；pH对红壤旱地吸磷能力影响也不显著。通过因子分析得到，有机质含量对土壤吸附磷素的能力影响最大。在生产上，磷素最大吸附量Xm值可以作为初步判断土壤需施磷肥量大小的依据。这些可为红壤地及的褴毒施用研有档供理论依据和实践指导。     

长期不同施肥方式对砷在典型壤质潮土及作物中累积的影响

本文研究了长期(1989—2009年)不同施肥方式对砷在黄淮海地区典型壤质潮土及作物中累积的影响。田间试验设置7个处理:有机肥(OM)、OM+无机化肥氮磷钾(NPK)、NPK、NP、PK、NK和不施肥(CK),OM+NPK处理为有机肥和无机化肥氮磷钾各施一半。结果显示,长期不同施肥方式下砷在表层(0~20 cm)及亚表层(20~40 cm)土壤中的含量均有明显累积,但含量较低(<25 mg.kg 1),对农田生态环境安全的影响较小。土壤中砷的累积主要与灌溉及沉降有关,受施肥方式的影响相对较小。磷肥中砷的含量明显高于氮肥、钾肥及有机肥,磷肥的长期施用促进了砷在PK处理土壤中的累积,但在作物产量较高的情况下,对其在土壤中累积趋势的影响较小,而有机肥的添加则会减缓这种累积趋势。砷在小麦和玉米两种典型作物组织中的含量分布表现为:根系>茎叶>籽粒,其中籽粒中砷的含量显著低于根系及国家食品安全相关标准。经过长期不同方式的施肥处理,砷在小麦组织中的含量表现为:PK>OM>OM+NPK>NPK>NP>NK>CK,与土壤中有效磷含量的变化基本一致,并间接受到土壤有机质的影响。在OM、OM+NPK、NPK和NP施肥处理下,土壤有机质含量及作物产量均较高,土壤有机质含量的提高促进了砷在小麦体内的富集,但对其在玉米根系中含量的影响不明显;玉米生长期较短且产量较高,对砷的需求量较大,土壤中有效态砷含量的不足抑制了其在玉米根系中的分布,但玉米通过加强组织对砷的转移能力提高了其在茎叶中的含量。     

Effects of 17-year fertilization on soil microbial biomass C and N and soluble organic C and N in loessial soil during maize growth

As labile organic pools, soluble organic matter and soil microbial biomass are sensitive to changes in soil management and therefore good indicators of soil quality. Effects of a 17-year long-term fertilization on soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN), soluble organic C, and soluble organic N during the maize growing season were evaluated in a loess soil (Eum-Orthic Anthrosol) in northwest China. The fertilization treatments included no fertilizer (CK), inorganic N, P, and K fertilizer (NPK), cattle manure plus NPK fertilizer (MNPK), and straw plus NPK fertilizer (SNPK). Our results showed that C storage in the 0–20 cm soil layer was 28% to 81% higher in the fertilized treatments compared to the unfertilized treatment. In the 0–10 cm soil layer, SMBC and SMBN in the three fertilized treatments were higher than in the unfertilized treatment on all sampling dates, while microbial biomass C and N in the 0−10 cm soil layers were the highest at grain filling. In the same soil layer, soil-soluble organic C generally decreased in the order MNPK > SNPK > NPK > CK, while soluble organic N was the highest in the MNPK followed by the SNPK treatment. There was no significant difference in soluble organic N in the NPK and CK treatments throughout most of the maize growing season. Changes in soluble organic N occurred along the growing season and were more significant than those for soluble organic C. Soluble organic N was the highest at grain filling and the lowest at harvest. Overall, our results indicated that microbial biomass and soluble organic N in the surface soil were generally the highest at grain filling when maize growth was most vigorous. Significant positive relationships were found between soluble organic C and SMBC and between soluble organic N and SMBN.     

砂姜黑土强筋小麦施肥技术研究

通过田间试验研究了施用不同肥料和不同施肥方法等对强筋小麦养分吸收和产量品质的影响。结果表明:在氮肥用量相同时,氮肥后移小麦产量和品质均好于全部基施(习惯施肥)处理;高氮和硫酸铵处理能提高强筋小麦的品质。磷酸二铵提高小麦产量效果好于过磷酸钙,而对子粒品质影响则过磷酸钙好于磷酸二铵;高量磷肥虽然不能进一步提高小麦产量,但能改善小麦的品质。增施有机肥和钾肥可促进小麦对N、P、K养分的吸收,显著提高小麦产量和品质,是砂姜黑土区优质高产强筋小麦重要施肥技术。锌肥能提高小麦产量和品质,含硫肥料有改善小麦品质的作用。试验表明,在砂姜黑土上,施用有机肥,稳定磷肥用量,加大氮、钾肥用量,配施锌肥和硫肥,分期施用氮肥(追肥量占总氮量比例在40%以上)有利于强筋小麦的优质高产。     

Laboratory measurement of soil mechanical parameters for an annually mouldboard ploughed versus unploughed soil

Shear tests is a common way of measuring the soil’s cohesion and angle of internal shearing resistance. Especially, for annular shear devices the result may, however, be somewhat erroneous due to the soil escaping in radial direction from below the annulus. This paper describes experiments with shear tests on large samples of undisturbed cores brought into the laboratory from experimental plots in the field. The shear tests were performed by means of a ring shear device of a new design. The shear head was constructed in such a way that the normal stress against the soil surface was maintained not only below the shear ring, as conventionally, but also inside and outside the annulus. During the tests, the soil was under controlled water tension of 6 kPa. Two soil treatments were considered: annually mouldboard-ploughed and unploughed.

The results showed no significant difference between the two treatments concerning cohesion and angle of internal shearing resistance. Likewise, no significant difference was found regarding the shear deformation modulus. Concerning this parameter it was, in addition, found to be independent of the normal stress. The annually ploughed soil was found to be more compressible than the unploughed.     

长期不同施肥模式对日光温室土壤硝态氮时空分布及累积的影响

通过连续7 年的定位试验, 研究了日光温室生产中不同施肥模式(常规模式、无公害模式和有机模式)对土壤NO₃^--N 时空分布及累积的影响。结果表明, 随着种植年限的增加, 3 种施肥模式土壤剖面各层次NO₃^--N含量均呈上升趋势, 年增加量顺序为常规施肥模式＞无公害施肥模式＞有机施肥模式。受氮素输入量(施肥)的影响, NO₃^--N 主要分布在0~40 cm 土层, 0~60 cm 土层NO₃^--N 含量总体呈作物生长前期低、中期高、后期低的趋势; 与上层土壤相比, 100 cm 以下土层NO₃^--N 含量有不同程度的增加。0～200 cm 土体NO₃^--N 平均累积量有机施肥模式比无公害施肥模式低33.8%, 比常规施肥模式低45.9%; 无公害施肥模式比常规施肥模式低18.3%。3 种施肥模式下, NO₃^--N 都有向2 m 以下土体淋洗的趋势。与施用化学肥料相比, 施用有机肥能明显降低土壤剖面NO₃^--N 含量, 控制其累积峰的下移, 但不合理施用有机肥也会产生NO₃^--N 淋洗而污染环境。     

我国不同地区土壤肥力监测报告(1988～1997)二、南方二熟制稻田区土壤肥力变化趋势及原因分析

通过 10年土壤监测数据分析表明 ,在常规施肥和管理水平下 ,南方二熟制稻田区三种种植制度中 ,施肥区麦 -稻与蚕豆 -稻两种种植制度的冬作产量上升趋势明显 ,夏作水稻和冬水田水稻产量 75 0 0 kg/ hm2左右 ,比较稳定。三种种植制度的土壤有机质和全氮基本稳定 ,有上升趋势 ;有效磷稳中有升 ;速效钾除麦 -稻外下降趋势明显。主要原因是施肥的影响。农田养分平衡状况是氮磷有余而钾不足。     

A New Method to Study Simple Shear Processing of Wheat Gluten‐Starch Mixtures

This article introduces a new method that uses a shearing device to study the effect of simple shear on the overall properties of pasta‐like products made from commercial wheat gluten‐starch (GS) blends. The shear‐processed GS samples had a lower cooking loss (CL) and a higher swelling index (SI) than unprocessed materials, suggesting the presence of a gluten phase surrounding starch granules. Pictures of dough micro‐structure by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) showed the distribution of proteins in the shear‐processed samples. This study revealed that simple shear processing could result in a product with relevant cooking properties as compared with those of commercial pasta. Increasing gluten content in GS mixtures led to a decrease in CL and an increase in maximum cutting stress of processed samples, whereas no clear correlation was found for SI values of sheared products. It was concluded that the new shearing device is unique in its capability to study the effect of pure shear deformation on dough development and properties at mechanical energy and shear stress levels relevant to industrial processing techniques like pasta extrusion.     

Soil fertility in a long‐term fertilizer trial with different tillage systems

The presented results originate from a field experiment established in 1972 on an Eutric cambisol with two main factors: soil tillage (conventional‐, reduced‐, and no‐tillage) and NPK fertilization. The test plants were maize and winter wheat in two years rotation.

The long‐term soil fertility without and with optimum fertilization, the influence of fertilization, tillage and crop sequence on grain yields, the organic carbon content (C_org) and the nitrate infiltration are discussed.

In the course of years without any NPK fertilization grain yields of maize and winter wheat decreased significantly and reached a minimum level which was modified however by the actual climatic conditions. The analogous yield level of optimum NPK fertilization at maize showed a growing tendence while at wheat it remained mostly constant.

The method of soil tillage influenced grain yield of winter wheat to a lesser extent than the yield of maize. Grain yields of maize and winter wheat were consistently lower with no‐till as compared to reduced or conventional tillage, however the differences with w. wheat were much smaller. The effect of tillage was especially high at N₀ P₀ K₀. Crop rotation had a positive effect on the yields of maize. For winter wheat at N₀ P₀ K₀ oneself was the better forecrop, while at optimum N and PK maize performed a little better. C_orgcontent of soil slightly increased in the course of 25 years not only on the fertilized plots but on the nil plots too. Increasing N‐doses showed only a little effect on the C_org. There was a little positive effect of no‐till on C_org content of soil as well as compared fall ploughing. Soil tillage did not much influence the total amount of nitrate in the soil profile. The distribution of nitrate‐N in the soil profile was more affected by the actual climatical circumstances than by the system of tillage. However big nitrate accumulations were found in the subsoil according to different soil tillage systems at some other times, as well as lack of it, which suppose the possibility of a relative quick nitrate infiltration.     

Aggregate strength and mechanical behaviour of a sandy loam soil under long-term fertilization treatments

Current concern for soil quality has stimulated research on soil biological and chemical properties. In contrast, the mechanical behaviour of soil is somewhat neglected. We have examined the effects on soil mechanical properties of more than 100 years of contrasting fertilization employing three treatments from the Askov long‐term experiment: UNF (unfertilized), NPK (mineral fertilized) and AM (animal manured). We have measured tensile strength of aggregates when air‐dry and when adjusted to ?10, ?30 and ?100 kPa pressure potential. Four aggregate size classes were investigated (1–2, 2–4, 4–8 and 8–16 mm diameter). Soil fragmentation was characterized in the field using a drop‐shatter test. Bulk soil strength was determined in the field using a shear vane and a torsional shear box. Soil texture, pH, cation exchange capacity and microbial biomass were measured. The unfertilized soil has little soil organic matter and microbial biomass and is dense. Its aggregates were strong when dry and weak when wet. In contrast, the manured soil had strong aggregates when wet and rather weak ones when dry. The NPK soil generally had intermediate properties. The differences between the soils when dry seem to be related to differences in dispersible clay content, whereas the differences when wet are related to differences in the amount of organic binding and bonding material. The optimal water content for tillage as well as the tolerable range in water content was largest in the manured soil and smallest in the unfertilized soil. Our results indicate that soil mechanical properties should be measured over a range of water regimes to determine the effects of various long‐term fertilization treatments.     

长期定位施肥对棕壤钾素垂直分布状况的影响

通过26年棕壤肥料长期定位试验,研究化肥与有机肥长期定位施用对棕壤钾素垂直分布状况的影响,结果表明,从1979年到2004年不论施钾与否各处理0~20 cm土层土壤中各形态钾素含量均高于20~40 cm土层,长期施肥对土壤钾素的垂直移动影响不大。长期不施钾各处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤中各形态钾均表现出明显的下降趋势;有机肥的长期施用能维持棕壤速效性钾的平衡,缓解非交换性钾的下降趋势,促进矿物钾的有效化进程。     

太湖地区黄泥土水稻适宜施氮量研究——长期定位试验

在长期定位试验的基础上,研究了黄泥土(太湖地区主要土壤类型)不同肥料配施土壤N供应、植株N吸收及产量之间的关系。结果表明,土壤N供应和植株N吸收、植株N吸收和产量之间呈显著正相关关系。在本试验条件下,稻季N施入161.00~241.00kg/hm2,产量达7285~8172kg/hm2,与该地区大面积产量基本一致;长期不施肥,能维持一定的产量;长期仅施入有机肥,不能满足水稻对N的需要,产量较低;长期不施入P、K,对产量影响不大。     

黑垆土长期轮作培肥土壤有机质氧化稳定性的研究

以黄土旱塬长期定位试验为研究材料,分析了不同轮作与施肥对土壤有机质的含量及氧化稳定性的影响。在轮作系统引入豆科作物后,有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量增加,且豆科作物茬口的氧化稳定性低于小麦茬口,利于养分的释放和肥力的持续供给。培肥对氧化稳定性的影响表现在:长期不施肥或单施化肥氧化稳定性升高,促进了土壤有机质的老化。有机肥或有机无机配施能明显提高易氧化有机碳的含量,降低有机质的氧化稳定性,提高土壤肥力水平。苜蓿连作土壤剖面Kos的变化显示:随土层深度的增加,氧化稳定性也逐渐增加。     

土壤容重和含水率对紫色土坡耕地耕层抗剪强度的影响

土壤抗剪强度既可评价土壤侵蚀敏感性,也是反映耕层土壤耕作性能的重要参数。不同剪切方式下土壤抗剪强度指标存在一定差异,以紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤为研究对象,采用室内重塑土三轴及直剪试验方法,研究容重和含水率对紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤抗剪强度的影响,并分析了2种试验方法的差异性。结果表明:(1)紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤黏聚力(c)总体随容重(ρd)增大而增加,随含水率(w)增加而减小,三轴及直剪试验条件下黏聚力最大值均出现在容重1.4 g/cm^3、含水率10%水平下,分别为32.33,21.78 kPa。耕层土壤内摩擦角(φ)随容重增加而增大,随含水率增大而减小,三轴及直剪试验条件下内摩擦角最大值均出现在容重1.4 g/cm^3、含水率10%水平下,分别为22.67°,29.11°。(2)在同一围压下,耕层土壤最大主应力差随容重增加而增大,随含水率增加而减小;在同一容重和含水率水平下,耕层土壤的最大主应力差随着围压升高而增大。(3)耕层土壤容重、含水率的交互作用对黏聚力和内摩擦角影响显著(P<0.05),对坡耕地耕层土壤抗剪强度抵抗侵蚀作用的最优土壤容重-含水率条件为1.4 g/cm^3—10%。(4)不同剪切方式影响了土体抗剪强度指标,耕层土壤黏聚力在三轴试验条件下大于或接近直剪试验结果,而土壤内摩擦角则明显小于直剪试验结果,这主要与两种剪切试验原理差异有关。