三种杀螨剂对山楂叶螨的毒力评价

为筛选出高效防治山楂叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher的杀螨剂,利用玻片浸渍法和叶片残毒法测定了3种杀螨剂对其3种螨态的室内毒力,并对不同浓度杀螨剂的田间防效进行了测定。结果表明:240 g/L螺螨酯、110 g/L乙螨唑和43%联苯肼酯中仅联苯肼酯对山楂叶螨雌成螨有毒力,其LC50为37.65 mg/L;3种杀螨剂均能毒杀卵及幼螨,毒力大小依次为乙螨唑联苯肼酯螺螨酯;同一杀螨剂对幼螨的毒力均高于对卵的毒力。240 g/L螺螨酯和110 g/L乙螨唑对山楂叶螨的总体防效较好,除螺螨酯4 000倍液处理的防效在药后30 d达到最大97.11%外,其余各处理均在药后15 d达到最大,防效为88.76%~96.14%;但二者速效性较差,药后1~7 d防效均低于对照;而螺螨酯4 000、5 000倍液处理及乙螨唑5 000倍液处理的持效性较好,药后30 d防效仍有97.11%、90.90%和93.06%,均显著高于对照。43%联苯肼酯对山楂叶螨的总体防效在3种杀螨剂中最高,其1 800、2 500倍液处理分别在药后7 d和3 d时防效达到最大99.79%和98.64%;1~7 d防效为97.45%~99.79%,显著高于其余杀螨剂和对照;30 d时防效分别达98.14%和96.19%,速效性和持效性均较好。表明螺螨酯和乙螨唑对山楂叶螨的持效性较好,联苯肼酯则有良好的速效性和持效性,可以按照其不同特点推广应用。     

球孢白僵菌与杀螨剂混配对二斑叶螨的毒力测定及其田间防治效果

为探究球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana与杀螨剂混配对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的防控作用,采用Munger cell法测定球孢白僵菌ZJU435与联苯肼酯、乙唑螨腈按照不同有效成分比混配后对二斑叶螨的室内毒力及其增效作用,并测定不同药剂组合对二斑叶螨的田间防治效果。结果表明,不同杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的室内毒力大小排序为乙唑螨腈>联苯肼酯>球孢白僵菌ZJU435,LC50分别为2.68、9.31和29.37 mg/L;球孢白僵菌ZJU435与联苯肼酯、乙唑螨腈分别以1∶9、3∶7、5∶5、7∶3、9∶1的有效成分比混配后均有显著的增效作用,其中球孢白僵菌ZJU435与联苯肼酯、乙唑螨腈均以9∶1有效成分比混配时的共毒系数最高,分别为324.61和391.80,增效作用最显著。以9∶1有效成分比混配时,12.50、9.50和8.00 mg/L球孢白僵菌+联苯肼酯混配处理后第10天的防治效果分别为84.13%、81.94%和77.96%,8.60、3.60和2.40 mg/L球孢白僵菌+乙唑螨腈混配处理后第10天对二斑叶螨的防治效果分别为89.38%...     

新型杀螨剂-乙唑螨腈对草莓二斑叶螨防效及安全性研究

以二斑叶螨为Tetranychus urticae Koch试虫,采用田间药效试验的方法,研究了乙唑螨腈等6种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的田间防效及对草莓的安全性。以期为草莓二斑叶螨防控提供高效、安全的杀螨剂。结果表明:30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂速效性与持效性最好,药后1 d的防效为91. 80%,14 d防效为95. 56%; 20%丁氟螨酯悬浮剂和100g/L联苯菊酯乳油2种药剂的速效性较好,持效性较差,药后1 d防效在83%～89%,药后14 d的防效在27%～46%; 43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂在药后3 d的防效最高,达到87. 87%; 1. 8%阿维菌素乳油在药后1～14 d防效在36%～72%之间。73%炔螨特乳油在365 mg/L浓度下对草莓叶片产生药害,其它药剂对草莓安全。     

30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对荔枝叶螨不同螨态的生物活性和田间防效

为评价新型杀螨剂30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对荔枝叶螨的活性,对荔枝叶螨的不同螨态进行了室内活性测定及田间药效试验。室内试验结果表明:采用玻片浸渍法和浸叶法测得的30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对成螨的LC_(50)分别为0.977和0.248 mg/L,其毒力分别是对照药剂43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂的0.50和7.33倍;分别采用浸叶法和浸叶碟法测定了30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对幼若螨和卵的活性,LC_(50)分别为0.094和0.380 mg/L,活性分别为对照药剂43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂的4.07和98.40倍。处理24 h后,相同浓度的30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂和43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂对荔枝叶螨的产卵抑制率和产卵抑制指数无明显差异,但处理48 h及72 h后,30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂的产卵抑制率和产卵抑制指数显著高于43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂。田间防效试验结果表明:30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂稀释4 500倍药后1 d防效达73%以上,药后20 d防效仍维持在90%以上,30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂防治荔枝叶螨的速效性和持效性均优于43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂。     

4种杀虫剂对草莓叶螨的田间药效研究

筛选有效防治草莓叶螨的药剂,本文开展了4种杀虫剂对草莓叶螨的田间药效研究。试验结果表明:30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂对草莓叶螨的防效最理想,速效性较快,持效期长。防效次之的是40%联肼·螺螨酯悬浮剂,而后是45%联肼·乙螨唑悬浮剂和20%丁氟螨酯悬浮剂。综合来看,建议使用30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂56. 25～75g/hm~2、40%联肼·螺螨酯悬浮剂100～150g/hm~2、45%联肼·乙螨唑悬浮剂56g/hm~2、20%丁氟螨酯悬浮剂150g/hm~2对草莓叶螨进行防治。     

两种非化学药剂对草莓二斑叶螨的田间防效初探

以化学药剂40%联肼·螺螨酯悬浮剂为对照,初步探索了两种非化学药剂——99%矿物油乳油和49%生物肥皂对草莓二斑叶螨的田间防治效果。施药1 d后,99%矿物油乳油和49%生物肥皂处理防效分别为54.92%和43.85%,对照药剂处理防效为65.73%。药后10 d最后1次调查发现,99%矿物油乳油和49%生物肥皂处理防效分别升至85.31%和82.16%,对照药剂处理防效升至91.47%。两种非化学药剂对田间草莓二斑叶螨的防效表现良好,校正防效在总体上与对照化学药剂无显著性差异。     

8种杀螨剂对马铃薯朱砂叶螨的防治效果

为了筛选在西北旱作区针对马铃薯朱砂叶螨的最佳防治药剂, 选择了8种杀螨剂进行两年的田间药效试验。结果表明, 24%螺螨酯悬浮剂(SC)处理下的马铃薯单株块茎数最高, 螨株率最低, 并且叶片SPAD值及光合参数值最高, 8种药剂中, 24%螺螨酯SC、43%联苯肼酯SC、2%阿维菌素SC、11%乙螨唑SC和73%炔螨特乳油(EC)对马铃薯朱砂叶螨防效高于80%, 可作为防治马铃薯朱砂叶螨的药剂。     

杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨的毒力测定和对加州新小绥螨的安全性评价

为评价杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨的毒力和对加州新小绥螨的安全性，本文采用玻片浸渍法、叶片残毒法和浸叶法测定了乙唑螨腈、丁氟螨酯、乙螨唑、哒螨灵、螺螨酯和联苯肼酯对朱砂叶螨的毒力，并对这6种杀螨剂对加州新小绥螨卵孵化率和雌成螨存活率进行了测定。结果表明，6种杀螨剂用叶片残毒法测定的毒力大于玻片浸渍法测定的毒力。朱砂叶螨雌成螨对螺螨酯和乙螨唑不敏感，其余4种杀螨剂都表现出较高的毒性。哒螨灵田间使用剂量显著降低加州新小绥螨雌成螨存活率，10倍田间使用剂量处理24 h后死亡率达100%。乙螨唑和哒螨灵田间使用剂量处理后加州新小绥螨卵仅有1%和0.33%的孵化率。因此，建议应用加州新小绥螨防治害螨时，应尽量避免哒螨灵和乙螨唑的施用。     

40%联苯肼酯·乙螨唑悬浮剂防治柑橘红蜘蛛田间药效试验

为筛选高效低毒的杀螨剂防治柑橘红蜘蛛,本试验采用不同浓度的40%联苯肼酯·乙螨唑SC进行柑橘红蜘蛛的田间药效试验。结果表明,40%联苯肼酯·乙螨唑SC 12 000倍液、10 000倍液时,速效性一般,持效性良好,在施药后3 d,防效分别达到64.47%和74.59%;在施药后30 d,防效分别达到73.45%和81.98%。40%联苯肼酯·乙螨唑SC可作为防治柑橘红蜘蛛的轮换或替换药剂。建议在柑橘红蜘蛛发生高峰前期,田间柑橘红蜘蛛种群密度达到5头/叶左右时,使用40%联苯肼酯·乙螨唑SC 10 000～12 000倍液进行防治。     

捕食螨与杀螨剂防治草莓二斑叶螨及杀螨剂安全性研究

为筛选对草莓上二斑叶螨控制效果较好的捕食螨,以及对二斑叶螨毒力较强而对捕食螨安全性较高的杀螨剂,通过测定智利小植绥螨、巴氏新小绥螨、加州新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食能力,测定阿维菌素、联苯肼酯、丁氟螨酯、乙螨唑和螺螨酯对二斑叶螨的毒力以及对其雌成螨日均产卵量的影响,分析比较了供试的5种杀螨剂对3种捕食螨的毒力、选择性毒力和安全性。结果表明,3种捕食螨对二斑叶螨均有较强的捕食能力,智利小植绥螨表现最为突出,其对二斑叶螨螨卵、若螨和成螨的捕食能力值分别为23.69、25.92、9.14。在供试杀螨剂中,螺螨酯对二斑叶螨的毒力较高,联苯肼酯对其产卵量的影响较大;联苯肼酯、丁氟螨酯、螺螨酯对智利小植绥螨,联苯肼酯、螺螨酯对巴氏新小绥螨,螺螨酯对加州新小绥螨的毒力低于其对二斑叶螨的毒力。本研究得出智利小植绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食能力强、螺螨酯对二斑叶螨的毒力较高且对智利小植绥螨较安全的结果,可为防治实践提供参考。     

吉林省截形叶螨与二斑叶螨卵的发育起点温度和有效积温

在自动控制温度和光照长度的实验室内 ,采用直线回归法对截形叶螨与二斑叶螨卵的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究和分析 ,结果表明:在18～30℃范围内 ,截形叶螨与二斑叶螨的发育起点温度分别是14.86℃和10.78℃ ;有效积温分别是48.84、76.45日度。当温度在发育起点温度至22℃范围内二斑叶螨卵的发育速率大于截形叶螨 ,而当温度高于22℃时截形叶螨卵的发育速率大于二斑叶螨     

间作大蒜对茄子截形叶螨的防控效果

为明确间作大蒜对茄子截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus Ehara种群的防控效果,于室内测定了大蒜提取液对截形叶螨卵的毒杀活性及对雌成螨的驱避和产卵选择性影响,并研究了田间不同比例间作大蒜对茄子截形叶螨自然种群的影响。结果表明,用0.05 g/mL和0.10 g/mL大蒜提取液处理后,截形叶螨卵死亡率分别为44.53%和63.53%,均显著高于空白对照;大蒜提取液处理蔬菜叶片72h后,截形叶螨雌成螨和卵的数量分别为16头和141粒,均显著低于空白对照组的23头和236粒;田间茄子和大蒜按1∶1、2∶1或4∶1间作均可降低截形叶螨自然发生数量,其中1∶1和2∶1间作对截形叶螨种群控制显著升高。研究表明,大蒜提取液对截形叶螨雌成螨取食及产卵具有显著的驱避活性;且间作大蒜可以对截形叶螨种群起到明显的抑制作用。     

玫烟色虫草和球孢白僵菌对朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨的致病力评价

为探寻具有杀螨潜力的生防真菌,采用喷雾法测定分析玫烟色虫草Cordyceps fumosorosea IF-1106菌株和球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana BB-1339菌株对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae卵、幼螨及雌成螨的致病力。结果表明,感染玫烟色虫草IF-1106菌株和球孢白僵菌BB-1339菌株后螨类的形态特征不一致,感染IF-1106菌株后形成棉絮状菌丝,而感染BB-1339菌株后则形成羊毛状菌丝。IF-1106菌株和BB-1339菌株对朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨卵的LC₅₀分别为2.38×10⁷、8.26×10⁷CFU/mL和4.48×10⁷、1.21×10⁸CFU/mL,对朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨幼螨的LC₅₀分别1.97×10⁷、8.26×10⁷CFU/mL和7.65×10⁶、8.99×10^5...     

Acaricide toxicity and resistance in larvae of different strains of Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The toxicities of eight structurally different acaricidal compounds to six‐legged larvae (first motile stage) of three laboratory strains of the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi, were evaluated following spray application. The larvae of five field‐derived strains of T urticae originating from France, Italy, Brazil, California and Florida were also tested for their susceptibilities to discriminating concentrations of several acaricides resulting in 95% mortality when applied to the organophosphate‐resistant laboratory reference strain WI. The spray bioassay used was robust and gave repeatable results with a wide range of acaricidal compounds, irrespective of their mode of action (ovo‐larvicides or primarily acting on motile life stages). Compounds tested were abamectin, azocyclotin, chlorpyrifos, clofentezine, deltamethrin, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox and pyridaben. Larvae of one of the laboratory strains of T urticae, AK, originally collected in Japan in 1996 and maintained without further selection pressure, exhibited 2000‐ and >4000‐fold resistance to the mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors pyridaben and fenpyroximate, respectively. Another strain of T urticae, AU, obtained from Australia and maintained in the laboratory under selection with hexythiazox and clofentezine since 1987 showed >770‐ and >1000‐fold resistance to clofentezine and hexythiazox, respectively. The same resistance pattern was observed against larvae of a laboratory strain of P ulmi, CE, also selected with hexythiazox. Larvae of one of the field‐derived strains of T urticae, BR, showed a lower susceptibility to a number of compounds, whilst the others were susceptible to all compounds except the organophosphates. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Greenhouse and field‐based studies on the distribution of dimethoate in cotton and its effect on Tetranychus urticae by drip irrigation

BACKGROUND

The two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch is an important pest of cotton. We investigated the efficacy of dimethoate in controlling T. urticae by drip irrigation. Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out to determine the efficacy of dimethoate to T. urticae and the absorption and distribution of dimethoate in cotton.

RESULTS

Greenhouse results showed that cotton leaves received higher amounts of dimethoate compared with cotton roots and stems, with higher amounts in young leaves compared with old leaves and cotyledon having the lowest amounts among leaves. Field results showed the efficacy of dimethoate to T. urticae by drip irrigation varied by volume of dripping water, soil pH and dimethoate dosage. Dimethoate applied at 3.00 kg ha^–1 with 200 m³ ha^–1 water at weak acidic soil pH (5.70–6.70) through drip irrigation can obtain satisfactory control efficacy (81.49%, 7 days) to T. urticae, without negatively impacting on its natural enemy Neoseiulus cucumeris. The residue of dimethoate in all cotton seed samples were not detectable.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate the effectiveness of applying dimethoate by drip irrigation for control of T. urticae on cotton. This knowledge could aid in the applicability of dimethoate by drip irrigation for field management of T. urticae populations. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Transovarial biotransference of etoxazole through a terrestrial trophic web

BACKGROUND: Transovarial transport is defined as the passage of chemicals from the maternal body to eggs within the ovaries. Little is known about the effects of transovarial transport on non‐target species. This study evaluates etoxazole (a transovarial acaricidal compound) on a terrestrial trophic web consisting of a ubiquitous phytophagous mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and three species of predatory mites. RESULTS: Predatory mite females that consumed eggs laid by etoxazole‐treated T. urticae also produced infertile eggs. There was a negative relationship between the proportion of etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females and the instantaneous rate of predatory mite increase at the population level (r² = 0.86). Reduced fertility of etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females continued for 18 days following application. Eggs laid by etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females remained toxic to predatory mite females for 42 days after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Transovarial transport could lead to magnification in the ecosystem by enhancing both bioavailability and movement of an active ingredient. The potential for enhancement of residual activity by terrestrial organisms and its significance once reaching the food web should be taken into account for new classes of acaricides and insecticides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

大环内酯类新化合物天维菌素杀螨活性及田间防治效果

为明确新化合物天维菌素的杀螨活性,采用叶碟喷雾法测定了在室内天维菌素对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus、柑橘红蜘蛛Panonychus citri及二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的毒力,并研究了其制剂对螨类害虫的田间防治效果。结果表明,天维菌素对朱砂叶螨若螨和雌成螨均具有较高的毒力,其LC50分别为0.011、0.11 mg(a.i.)/L,杀螨活性优于弥拜霉素、阿维菌素,但杀卵活性较差。田间试验中2%天维菌素微乳剂具有良好的速效性且具有一定的持效期,在有效成分8~40 mg/kg剂量下,对朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨药剂处理14 d的防治效果分别为83.22%~92.77%和85.49%~92.64%,有效控制期在14 d以上;在有效成分75 mg/kg剂量下,对柑橘红蜘蛛防治效果最好,处理1、3、7、14 d的防治效果分别达96.53%、97.72%、98.05%和91.42%。表明天维菌素具有作为杀螨剂的潜力。     

河北省和山东省黄瓜霜霉病菌对氟吡菌胺的抗性及常规药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效

为明确黄瓜霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis对氟吡菌胺的抗性时空动态,2011—2016年从河北省和山东省黄瓜主产区采集1 821株霜霉病菌,采用叶盘漂浮法检测供试菌株对氟吡菌胺的敏感性,并以茎叶喷雾法评估5种常规药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效。结果表明,河北省和山东省黄瓜主产区的黄瓜霜霉病菌对氟吡菌胺已普遍产生了低度抗性,平均抗性倍数为5.86;所有供试菌株的抗性频率为51.89%,其中低抗菌株及中抗菌株分别占36.18%和15.71%;平均抗性指数为0.34,每年检测的抗性频率、抗性倍数及抗性指数呈增长趋势,且随着监测区域的变化而变化。在河北省定兴县和山东省寿光市进行的田间防效试验结果显示,按推荐剂量喷施,687.5 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐SC对黄瓜霜霉病防效显著高于常规对照药剂68%精甲霜灵·代森锰锌WG、58%甲霜灵·代森锰锌WP、80%代森锰锌WP及250 g/L嘧菌酯SC的防效,但防效明显下降,由2011年的92.58%～93.31%降至2016年的80.07%～80.82%。表明需要制定和实施抗药性治理对策,如限制山东和河北2省黄瓜的每个生长季节中687.5 g/L氟菌·霜霉威SC的使用不超过2次,而且要与不同作用机理的卵菌杀菌剂交替使用防治黄瓜霜霉病。     

植保无人机飞防助剂与杀虫剂配伍方式对其防治稻纵卷叶螟效果的影响

为探究不同类型飞防助剂与杀虫剂配伍方式对其防治稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis效果的影响,以杀虫剂、飞防助剂和施药液量为因素设计3因素4水平的正交试验,通过方差分析(analysis of variance,ANOVA)对各因素的显著性水平进行分析,确定对稻纵卷叶螟具有理想防效的配伍方式。结果表明,杀虫剂和飞防助剂对防治稻纵卷叶螟的效果均有极显著影响,施药液量对防治稻纵卷叶螟的效果无显著影响。施药后第15天,杀虫剂选择10%甲维·茚虫威悬浮剂、飞防助剂选择有机硅、施药液量选择30.0 L/hm²的配伍方式对稻纵卷叶螟的防效较好,达84.32%。飞防助剂并非对所有杀虫剂都具有同等增效,其中聚合物助剂对5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂的增效显著高于对其他3种杀虫剂的增效,植物油助剂对12%甲维·虫螨腈悬浮剂的增效显著低于对其他3种杀虫剂的增效,有机硅助剂对4种杀虫剂的增效均较好。     

Effect of apple cultivar and of temperature on the biology and life table parameters of the twospotted spider mite<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis>

Development duration and reproduction rate of the twospotted spider miteTetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) were studied on five different apple cultivars (‘Amasya’ (local cultivar), ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Starking Delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson Delicious’) at 25°C, 65±10% r.h. and 16:8 L:D. In addition, the same parameters were determined on Golden Delicious leaves at three constant temperatures (20°, 30° and 35°C, 65±10% r.h. and 16:8 L:D) in the laboratory.T. urticae performed better on Granny Smith than on the other cultivars, due mainly to high daily egg production (4.6 eggs/♀/day) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m , which was 0.243 ♀/♀/day). The lowestr _m was observed on Amasya variety (0.231 ♀/♀/day). Development periods of immature stages ofT. urticae varied from 6.5 to 15.5 days at 35° and 20°C, respectively, for females, and from 5.9 to 14.5 days at 35° and 20°C, respectively, for males. The development thresholds of the eggs and pre-adult stages, respectively, were 10.78° and 8.43°C, and total effective temperatures were 57.80 and 172.41 degree-days. Mean generation time (T _o ) of the population ranged from 9.94 days at 35°C to 25.99 days at 20°C. The net reproduction rate increased from 66.99 ♀/♀ at 20°C to 92.19 ♀/♀ at 25°C, and decreased to 84.34 ♀/♀ at 30°C and to 12.04 ♀/♀ at 35°C. The highest r _m occurred at 30°C (0.302 ♀/♀/day) and the lowest at 20°C (0.161 ♀/♀/day). http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003.