水分胁迫对刺五加幼苗光合生理特性的影响

 通过对刺五加（Acanthopanax Senticosus）幼苗的盆栽实验,模拟4个土壤水分梯度（对照、轻度水分胁迫、中度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫）下,刺五加幼苗的光合色素、光合作用以及脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的变化特性。结果表明:光合色素含量随水分胁迫程度的加强呈下降的趋势,中度和重度水分胁迫组的光合色素含量较低,均显著低于对照组,而轻度水分胁迫组的光合色素含量与对照组差异不明显,且一直保持很高水平。各组的叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量比值在3.02～3.65之间波动。在轻度的水分胁迫环境下,其净光合速率未受到显著影响,保持与对照组一致的较高水平,其蒸腾速率较低,比对照组下降27.25%,而水分利用效率比对照组增加26.97%。在中度水分胁迫环境下,刺五加幼苗表现出了较低的净光合速率和蒸腾速率以及较高的水分利用效率,与对照组相比,净光合速率下降29.46%,蒸腾速率下降50.67%,水分利用效率升高33.70%;重度的水分胁迫下的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均处于最低水平,但此时水分利用效率却最大,高出对照77.51%。在整个实验期,叶片脯氨酸和丙二醛含量随着干旱胁迫强度的增加和胁迫时间的延长而持续上升。研究表明,刺五加幼苗具有一定的抗旱能力,但不适应相对干旱的土壤水分环境。研究结论为人工栽培刺五加提供了科学依据。     

不同水分条件下3种灌木幼苗的耗水及生长特征

[目的]研究岳武高速公路填方边坡3种绿化灌木幼苗在不同土壤水分条件下的耗水特征及生长表现,为该地区边坡早期植被恢复和护坡植物维护提供参考。[方法]选取马棘、二色胡枝子、紫穗槐幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽称重法测定其在不同土壤水分处理下〔田间持水量(FC)的30%~45%,45%~60%,60%~75%和75%~90%〕的阶段耗水特征及生长变化。[结果]3种灌木幼苗的日耗水变化曲线均呈单峰型特征,峰值出现在中午时分;月耗水量、总耗水量均随土壤含水量的升高而增大,且差异显著;不同水分条件下灌木幼苗的株高、地径、生物量增量差异显著,马棘长期处于30%~45%FC、二色胡枝子和紫穗槐长期处于30%~45%FC,45%~60%FC水分条件下其幼苗生长受到抑制;土壤水分含量对灌木幼苗的水分利用效率影响较大,75%~90%FC和30%~45%FC均会降低幼苗的水分利用效率。[结论]综合考虑灌木幼苗的耗水量及生长特征,认为马棘幼苗土壤含水量维持在45%~60%FC、胡枝子和紫穗槐维持在60%~75%FC时能够实现幼苗正常生长,同时又能实现水分的高效利用。     

黑果枸杞种子萌发对PEG模拟干旱胁迫的响应

[目的]研究干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为黑果枸杞人工栽培提供理论依据。[方法]通过聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)模拟干旱胁迫,测定不同干旱胁迫强度下黑果枸杞种子的萌发进程、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗的生长、幼苗渗透调节物质、叶绿素含量等指标,研究干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。[结果]干旱胁迫不利于黑果枸杞种子的萌发,重度干旱胁迫推迟其萌发的高峰期;干旱胁迫下黑果枸杞种子的发芽率、发芽势均呈下降趋势,-0.6 MPa处理下,黑果枸杞种子发芽率、发芽势相对对照分别降低72.06%和74.07%;干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞种子发芽指数和活力指数有抑制作用,其抑制程度随干旱胁迫强度的增加而增加;适度干旱胁迫有利于黑果枸杞幼苗胚根和胚芽的生长,而中度、重度干旱胁迫不利于幼苗胚芽的生长;干旱胁迫下黑果枸杞幼苗根、芽脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量均随着胁迫程度的增加逐渐增加,而幼苗叶绿素含量(Chl a+b)随干旱胁迫强度的增加逐渐降低。[结论]干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞种子萌发及幼苗生长有重要影响,适度的干旱胁迫有利于黑果枸杞幼苗的生长。     

紫穗槐幼苗叶片对不同干旱梯度胁迫的生理生态响应

研究了长期不同干旱梯度胁迫条件下紫穗槐幼苗叶片各种生理生化指标变化.结果表明:轻度、中度、重度胁迫条件下SOD、POD活性明显高于对照,而且随着胁迫时间的延长而逐渐增高.重度胁迫下SOD、POD活性与轻度、中度差异显著.胁迫前期(1～60 d)SOD、POD活性变化具有波动现象,胁迫后期(60～120 d)SOD活性下降,POD活性上升.轻度、中度、重度胁迫条件下可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量高于对照,而且随着胁迫时间的延长而增高.重度胁迫下可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量与轻度、中度差异显著,轻度、中度胁迫条件下可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量差异不显著;从第80天始脯氨酸含量下降,而可溶性蛋白质含量增高.轻度、中度、重度胁迫条件下,可溶性糖含量差异较小.轻度、中度、重度胁迫条件下MDA含量、细胞膜相对透性高于对照,且逐渐增高,重度与轻度、中度差异显著,细胞膜透性变化与MDA含量变化成明显的正相关,MDA含量变化与SOD活性变化成正相关.     

水分胁迫对设施甜椒结果期叶面积扩展及果实发育的影响

为了研究土壤水分胁迫对设施甜椒结果期叶面积扩展及果实发育动态的影响,以品种"凯瑟琳"(Catherine)为试材,于2016年在南京信息工程大学Venlo型玻璃温室内对甜椒植株进行全生育期土壤水分胁迫试验,设置正常灌溉CK(田间持水率的70%~80%)、轻度胁迫(田间持水率的60%~70%)、中度胁迫(田间持水率的50%~60%)、重度胁迫(田间持水率的40%~50%)4个土壤水分处理,采用土壤水分传感器EM50监测土壤含水率,于结果期测定甜椒单叶叶面积扩展动态、果实发育动态和产量。结果表明:1)甜椒植株叶片和果实发育均经历了缓慢生长、线性生长和稳定生长3个阶段。随水分胁迫程度的加剧,叶面积和果径明显减小,重度胁迫处理的单叶叶面积、果实横径、果实纵径的最大值分别比CK显著减小57.48%、38.83%、52.85%(P0.05)。2)水分胁迫降低了甜椒叶片、果径的最大生长速率,且叶片和果实的生长速率峰值出现时间随土壤水分胁迫程度的加剧而明显提前,轻度胁迫下的果径生长速率和叶片相对扩展速率均在果实或叶片发育的后期高于其他处理,但差异并不显著(P0.05)。3)水分胁迫延长了叶片和果实横径的迅速生长时间,轻度、中度和重度胁迫下的叶片迅速生长时间分别比CK延迟1.18 d、1.18 d、1.46 d(P0.05)。4)中度和重度水分胁迫显著降低了甜椒单株果实数、平均单果质量和产量(P0.05),但轻度胁迫下单株果实数较CK增加了23.61%,且产量与CK无显著差异(P0.05)。研究认为土壤水分胁迫致使甜椒叶面积和果径减小,但轻度水分胁迫能够锻炼甜椒对干旱逆境的耐受性,有利于叶片及果实的后期发育和果实数量的增加。研究结果为设施甜椒环境优化控制提供参考。     

干旱胁迫对窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究干旱胁迫对窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为野生种驯化和种群恢复提供参考。[方法]以窄叶鲜卑花种子为实验材料,采用不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫环境,研究干旱协迫强度对窄叶鲜卑花种子的吸胀速率、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子抗旱萌发指数及幼苗生长情况的影响。[结果]随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,窄叶鲜卑花种子的吸水过程表现出急速吸水期、缓慢上升期和吸水平稳期3个阶段;其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子抗旱萌发指数及苗高、根长,苗重与胁迫强度均呈负相关;当PEG浓度达30%时,种子萌发完全被抑制。另一方面,种子群体萌动、萌发和出苗达50%所需时间随胁迫强度的增加而越发延迟,且各阶段对环境临界水势要求不同,出苗阶段最为严格,表明种子出苗过程对环境水分胁迫较为敏感,耐旱能力较弱。[结论]干旱胁迫显著抑制了窄叶鲜卑花种子的萌发和幼苗生长,也说明水分是窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发和幼苗形成的主导因素之一,在较干旱地区种植需要考虑水分的供给。     

生长季末期干旱胁迫对刺槐幼苗非结构性碳水化合物的影响

以一年生刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)幼苗为研究对象,通过在生长季末期设置包含保持土壤含水量为田间持水量70%的对照组和停止水分补给的干旱处理组的盆栽试验,研究该时期干旱胁迫对刺槐幼苗非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的影响。随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,处理组幼苗功能叶生物量、净光合速率、气孔导度均持续降低,至第12天时分别降至对照组的10.91%,5.70%和3.63%,且整个试验期间其均显著低于基本保持不变的对照组(P0.01)。干旱处理组幼苗叶、枝、树干、粗根、细根可溶性糖含量均增加,且显著高于对照组,分别为对照组的1.12,1.05,1.13,1.26,1.29倍(P0.05);但淀粉含量均降低,并显著低于对照组,分别为对照组的84.0%,94.8%,63.3%,70.5%,89.4%(P0.05);NSC含量均降低,叶和细根NSC含量显著高于对照组,分别为对照组的1.03倍和1.01倍,枝、树干、粗根NSC含量均显著低于对照组,分别为对照组的96.6%,70.5%,78.2%(P0.05);可溶性糖和淀粉含量的比值均增加,且显著高于对照组,分别为对照组的1.33,1.10,1.79,1.82,1.44倍(P0.05)。就整株水平而言,干旱处理组幼苗NSC含量随干旱胁迫时间的延长而降低(P0.05),在第6,9,12,15天时,其分别是对照组的84.0%,79.2%,76.3%,67.5%。除枝和细根NSC含量外,不同器官NSC及其组分含量、可溶性糖与淀粉含量的比值、整株水平NSC含量均与土壤含水量、叶生物量、气孔导度和净光合速率显著相关(P0.05)。生长季末期干旱胁迫导致刺槐幼苗提前大量落叶、净光合速率降低、淀粉向可溶性糖转化增加,导致淀粉积累减少,进而NSC被提前消耗,且以树干和粗根中的消耗最显著。     

干旱胁迫下海藻活性物质对蒙古黄芪光合作用、生长及品质的影响

为探究干旱胁迫下海藻活性物质对蒙古黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus(Bunge) P. K. Hsiao]光合作用、生长及品质的影响,以蒙古黄芪种苗为材料,采用两因素裂区盆栽试验,其中干旱胁迫程度(正常水分W0、中度干旱胁迫W1和重度干旱胁迫W2,田间持水量分别为75%～80%、60%～65%和45%～50%)为主因素,海藻活性物质施用浓度(清水B0、中等浓度B1:3 g·L^-1和高等浓度B2:6 g·L^-1)为副因素,测定蒙古黄芪光合作用、抗逆能力、形态特性、内源激素以及药效成分含量等指标。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,蒙古黄芪叶片的光合作用减弱、抗逆能力提高;根系的生长、干物质量的积累和内源激素的分泌受到抑制;根系药效成分含量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。中等浓度的海藻活性物质可以促进不同干旱胁迫程度下蒙古黄芪叶片的光合作用和抗逆能力、根系的生长以及内源激素和药效成分含量的提高,而在重度干旱胁迫下高等浓度的海藻活性物质反而出现了抑制作用。综上所述,中等浓度的海藻活性物质可以促进干旱胁迫下蒙...     

模拟干旱胁迫对喀斯特森林喜钙树种伞花木生理特征的影响

在不同浓度(0、10%、20%、30%)聚乙二醇(PEG6000)的处理下,测定伞花木和油茶(对照树种)幼苗叶片相对含水量、细胞质膜相对透性(RMP)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性等指标,比较它们的抗干旱能力。结果表明:①伞花木在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下,相对含水量仍维持在较高水平,在重度干旱胁迫下相对含水量明显下降,而油茶的相对含水量在中度干旱胁迫下就明显下降;②随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,两种幼苗叶片SOD、POD活性均表现为先升后降的趋势,相比之下,伞花木在干旱胁迫下两种酶活性的增加幅度均大于油茶;③伞花木的细胞膜对干旱胁迫具有一定的耐受性,能忍受轻度和中度干旱胁迫;④伞花木在各个干旱胁迫程度下均能有效地积累脯氨酸,油茶只有在中度和重度胁迫下脯氨酸才有明显的累积。研究表明,调节酶保护系统活性和渗透调节物质含量是伞花木适应岩溶干旱环境的重要机制。     

新型复合保水剂对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

研究新型复合保水剂对于干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗的影响，为新型复合保水剂的施用提供一定的理论依据。在3种水分条件下施用不同剂量新型复合保水剂后，测定小麦幼苗的根茎长、叶片相对含水量、光合特性、光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质含量。试验结果表明，在轻度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量55%)，施用新型复合保水剂后，小麦幼苗根长50.63 cm、叶片相对含水量92.54%，与正常水分条件下(土壤相对含水量75%)无显著性差异。小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量达到最高(2.583 mg/g FW)，与其他处理存在显著性差异，显著提高了小麦幼苗的光合作用。在轻度干旱胁迫下，施用新型复合保水剂后，小麦幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别为215.8、4235、1246 U/(g·min)FW，与其他处理存在显著性差异，显著减缓了小麦的衰老。在轻度干旱胁迫条件下，施用新型复合保水剂能够降低丙二醛含量，提高叶片游离脯氨酸、可溶性多糖及可溶性蛋白含量，减少干旱胁迫对细胞膜的破坏，提高小麦的抗氧化能力，有效减缓小麦的衰老。在重度水分胁迫下(土壤相对含水量35%)，小麦幼苗的生长则受到了抑制。     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Ontogenic variation in nitrogen fixation and accumulation of nitrogen in mungbean,blackgram, cowpea,and groundnut

Ontogenic variations in N₂ fixation and accumulation of N by the mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied by a ¹⁵N-dilution technique. Pots filled with 7 kg of red yellow podzolic soil were used. Samples were taken 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after emergence which approximately corresponded to preflowering, flowering, early/mid-pod filling and late pod filling stages, respectively. During early growth (up to 40 days after emergence), the carryover of seed N accounted for a considerable fraction of the total plant N in the legumes, the highest being in the groundnut. With a correction for carryover, the groundnut derived over 45% of its N content from the atmosphere 20 days after emergence whereas the corresponding figures were 33% for the blackgram and about 28% for the cowpea and mungbean. Between flowering and early pod fill, there was a rapid increase in N₂ fixation in all legumes except in groundnut which showed highest fixation from 60 to 80 days after emergence. In the mungbean, N₂ fixation and uptake of soil N were insignificant 60 days after emergence while in other legumes these processes continued beyond this time. All legumes derived about 90% of their N from atmosphere by 80 days after emergence. However, due to considerable interspecific differences in total N yield the final amount of N₂ fixed showed an appreciable variation among legumes. It was highest in the groundnut (443 mg N plant^-1) followed by the cowpea (385), blackgram (273), and mungbean (145), respectively. The groundnut maintained nodules until the late pod filling stage while in other legumes, nodules senesced progressively following the mid-pod filling stage. During pod filling there was a net mobilization of N from vegetative tissues to developing pods in the mungbean, which amounted to about 20% of N in seeds. This mobilization was not evident in other legumes.     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

Evaluation of Paecilomyces lilacinus,chitin, and cellulose amendments in the biological control of Aspergillus flavus fungi

This study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using Paecilomyces lilacinus NRRL 13 866, chitin, and cellulose amendments, in order to reduce survival and prevent germination of sclerotia from Aspergillus flavus NRRL 6556, NRRL 13 048, and A. parasiticus NRRL 13 005, NRRL 13 539 buried in sandy soil in Georgia and Illinois (April–October, 1990). The number of sclerotia that germinated sporogenically in moist chambers following burial in Illinois was twice that of sclerotia buried in Georgia and varied among the four sclerotium-producing Aspergillus spp. strains. Sclerotium viability, as measured by Aspergillus spp. colony formation on potato dextrose agar, was high (>84%) for all strains and treatments (e.g. amendment, location). Even so, A. parasiticus NRRL 13 539 sclerotia were apparently more susceptible to P. lilacinus colonization than sclerotia from other strains. Treatment with Paecilomyces sp. caused a small but significant reduction in germination among sclerotia buried in Georgia.     

Sucrose,cytokinin, and ethylene influence formation of in vitro bulblets in onion and leek

Summary In vitro maintenance of plant organs can enhance programs in plant breeding and germplasm resources. In bulbous plants, such as onion (Allium cepa L.) and leek (A. ampeloprasum L.) induction and storage of in vitro bulblets could enable long term maintenance of special genotypes. In vitro cultivated seedlings of onion and leek were induced to form bulblets by increase in sucrose concentration (30, 50, 150 g/1), and addition of benzyladenine (BA-0, 12.5 mg/1), or ethephon (0, 5, 20 days). The highest bulbing ratios were obtained within combinations of sucrose and ethephon treatments. BA caused not only bulb swelling but also an increase of multiple adventitious shoot formation. Increasing the sucrose concentration and treatment with ethephon are used to obtain bulblets for in vitro storage under conditions of slow growth.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - BDS medium according to Dunstan & Short (1977) - BD maximal basis (bulb) diameter - BI bulbing index - BC basal callus - BS basal sprouting - ND bulb neck diameter     

Effects of mulch location on banana weevil,soil and plant nutrients,soil water and biomass in banana fields

Major constraints to banana (Musa spp., genome group AAA) production, a dietary staple for over 70 million people in sub-Saharan Africa, are pest infestations, poor nutrition and inadequate water. Although mulch can improve soil water and nutrient status, many farmers believe it also promotes the proliferation of banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus), one of the most serious banana pests. In this study, we evaluated the effects of mulch location (mulch to base of banana pseudostem; mulch recessed 1 m from the pseudostem) on banana weevil, soil and plant nutrient status, soil water, and banana growth and development. After 3 years, the fully mulched plots had significantly more soil Ca and Mg than plots that did not receive mulch. Banana foliar K concentration was significantly higher in both mulch treatments (full and recessed) than in the control (no mulch) plots. The mulched plots had greater recharge after rainfall events and higher soil water contents during dry periods due to increased infiltration in the mulched plots. However, the mulched plots also exhibited significantly higher banana weevil densities and greater plant damage than the control plots. There was no difference in weevil damage with mulch location, although weevil density was higher in the fully mulched plots throughout most of the trial. Despite greater weevil damage, the treatments that were mulched yielded significantly heavier bunches. Hence the effects of the mulch on soil water infiltration and banana foliar nutrient status outweighed the detrimental effects of banana weevil damage.     

Genetic Variation and Relationships of Pedigree-Known Oat, Wheat, and Barley Cultivars Releaved by Bulking and Single-Plant Sampling

Applications of bulking procedures have played an increasingly important role in molecular characterization of plant germplasm, but little attention has been made to address the effectiveness of detecting genetic variation and inferring genetic relationships via bulking. An analysis was performed here to compare the genetic variation detected and genetic relationships inferred via bulking and single-plant sampling of five oat (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars with known pedigrees using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Three AFLP primer pairs were applied to screen one bulk and eight single-plant samples of each cultivar and up to 140 AFLP bands were scored for each sample. Analyses of these AFLP data showed bulking revealed AFLP variation up to 21.4% less than corresponding single-plant sampling for these crop species and also introduced up to 2.2% upward and 5.1% downward biases in detecting AFLP variations for each cultivar. The genetic relationships inferred by bulking using the Dice's coefficient, the simple matching coefficient, and the Jaccard's coefficient were largely the same, but differed from those in single-plant samples employing average Dice's coefficient, average simple matching coefficient, and AMOVA-based distance method. All of the inferred genetic relationships were not congruent to the known pedigrees. Clearly, substantial biases could exist in detection of AFLP variation and in inference of genetic relationships from bulk samples, even for closely related germplasm, and more efforts to assess the effectiveness of bulking in inferring genetic variation and relationships are needed for more informative molecular characterization of plant germplasm.     

紫花苜蓿、黑麦草和狼尾草对Cu、Pb复合污染土壤修复能力的研究

随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前对于土壤重金属污染的治理主要以植物修复为主。为了寻找适宜修复Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的牧草,采用盆栽试验法,将试验的植物设置9组处理:1组对照组(CK),不添加任何重金属盐;4组单一污染,即单一Cu低(Cu1,200 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Cu2 400 mg×kg-1),单一Pb低(Pb1 300 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Pb2 800 mg×kg-1);4组Cu、Pb复合污染(Cu1Pb1、Cu1Pb2、Cu2Pb1、Cu_2Pb_2)。通过比较紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides)的适应能力和富集特征,研究了这3种常见牧草植物对受Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:1)紫花苜蓿地上部和根部生物量均在Pb1处理组时最大,显著高于其他处理组;黑麦草地上部生物量在Cu1Pb1处理组最大,根部生物量在Pb1处理组最大;狼尾草地上部生物量在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,根部生物量在Cu2处理组最大。2)Cu单一污染下,狼尾草抗性系数最大;Pb单一污染下,紫花苜蓿抗性系数最大;Cu-Pb复合污染下,狼尾草的抗性系数较大。高浓度Cu处理组3种牧草植物的地上部生物量、根部生物量和抗性系数均呈现:狼尾草黑麦草紫花苜蓿,且狼尾草显著大于黑麦草和紫花苜蓿。3)种植3种牧草植物后,土壤重金属Cu、Pb含量均有所降低。在一定浓度下,土壤Cu-Pb重金属间会相互促进对方在牧草植物中的吸收。4)3种牧草中紫花苜蓿地上部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达1.61;黑麦草根部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达3.80;3种牧草地上部和根部对Pb的富集系数只在黑麦草根部的Cu1Pb1处理组时大于1,达1.46。5)黑麦草对Pb的吸收能力较强,且主要积累在根系;紫花苜蓿对Cu-Pb复合污染综合修复效果最好。紫花苜蓿和黑麦草分别在Cu-Pb复合污染和Pb单一污染土壤中对Pb的转运系数大于1,分别为2.72和2.06,反映其对土壤中的Pb具有富集潜力。综合表明,黑麦草对重金属Pb具有较强的耐性,在Pb单一污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料;紫花苜蓿对重金属Cu、Pb均具有较强的耐性,在重金属Cu单一或Cu-Pb复合污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。     

Effect of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide on hydrolysis of urea by plant,microbial, and soil urease

Summary Comparison of the effects of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) on hydrolysis of urea by plant (jackbean), microbial (Bacillus pasteurii), and soil urease showed that whereas NBPT was considerably more effective than PPD for inhibiting hydrolysis of urea added to soil, it was much less effective than PPD for inhibiting hydrolysis of urea by plant or microbial urease. Studies to account for this observation indicated that NBPT is rapidly decomposed in soil to a compound that is much more effective than NBPT for inhibition of urease activity and that this compound is N-(n-butyl) phosphoric triamide.     

Predicting the patterns, perceptions and causes of human–carnivore conflict in and around Machiara National Park, Pakistan

Human–carnivore conflict is considered to be a major conservation and rural livelihood issue because many carnivore species have been heavily persecuted due to elevated conflict levels with communities. To mitigate such conflicts requires a firm understanding of their underlying patterns. This situation is epitomized in Pakistan, where carnivore populations have been greatly reduced, but where no research has investigated the conflict patterns of large carnivore guilds with humans. Focusing in and around Machiara National Park (MNP), Azad Jammu and Kashmir region, we conducted the first such scientific study in Pakistan. From January 2004 to May 2007, 148 people lost their livestock to four carnivore species. Leopard was responsible for the majority (90.6%) of the 363 livestock killed, mainly goats (57.3%) and sheep (27.8%). Information-theoretic evaluation of a candidate set of regression models found that leopard kills inside villages were significantly higher for areas without electricity, while leopard kills outside villages were higher for pastoralists with larger herds that were further from MNP, with no effect from several guarding strategies used. Temporal leopard attacks were significantly and positively related to temperature, but not to rainfall, for goat kills, but not for other livestock kills. While leopard kills caused the greatest overall financial loss (19.8%) amongst carnivores, which negatively affected local tolerance towards leopard, disease caused greater livestock losses (72.7%). To improve both large carnivore and local livelihood prospects around MNP and across rural Pakistan, conservation and development projects should install village electricity supplies and vaccinate livestock, while the cost-effectiveness of different conflict mitigation strategies should be trialed.