胶东果园果蝇发生动态调查

2015年6—8月对胶东地区樱桃、苹果、枣、桃、葡萄5种果园的果蝇进行调查研究,结果表明,主要为害种类有黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)、铃木氏果蝇(Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)、海德氏果蝇(Drosophila hydei Sturtevant)和伊米果蝇(D.immgrans),分别占果蝇发生总量的93.97%、4.59%、0.64%和0.80%。5种果园中,均以黑腹果蝇为优势种,发生高峰期在6月下旬至7月下旬,占调查期内黑腹果蝇发生总量的91.38%。5种果园中樱桃树、葡萄树为果蝇的主要寄主,占5种果树上果蝇发生总量的77.03%。     

果树新害虫叔白颜果蝇Drosophila triauraria在山东省的发生规律

正果蝇属双翅目果蝇科果蝇属昆虫,多数种类仅以腐烂果实为食物,少数可为害健康果实。已报道的为害多种水果的果蝇有斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii、黑腹果蝇D. melanogaster等(任路明等,2014)。2017年用装有糖醋酒液的诱捕器在山东省烟台市、泰安市、济南市、日照市4个市的樱桃园和葡萄园收集果蝇,调查发现一种新的果蝇——叔白     

寄生蜂RNA病毒研究进展

本文概述了寄生蜂体内RNA病毒的研究进展。迄今,在寄生蜂中已鉴定获得17种RNA病毒,分属7个科、3种基因组型,其中冠状病毒科、传染性软腐病病毒科、双顺反子病毒科和杯状病毒科等属正义单链RNA病毒;弹状病毒科和尼亚玛尼病毒科等属负义单链RNA病毒;呼肠孤病毒科属分段双链RNA病毒等。就不同寄生蜂RNA病毒的形态与基因组特征、传播途径以及与寄生蜂及其寄主间的相互关系作了比较,并就RNA病毒在寄生蜂成功寄生中的作用以及对寄生蜂的致病性等作了探讨,旨在为促进寄主-寄生蜂-病毒三者互作机制研究以及用于害虫协同防控提供参考。     

山东临朐不同品种樱桃上果蝇发生种类及种群动态调查

为了解不同品种樱桃果蝇的发生情况,于2019年在山东临朐应用糖醋液诱捕器监测果蝇成虫发生动态,并调查了不同品种樱桃受果蝇为害情况及相关品质指标。结果表明,不同樱桃品种间果蝇成虫发生量及发生高峰期不同,以黄蜜和美早上果蝇的发生数量最多,监测成虫发生高峰期较先锋、红灯、拉宾斯晚。樱桃果实成熟期,美早和黄蜜上果蝇幼虫数量和蛀果率最高,幼虫量分别为128.3头/百果和131.3头/百果,蛀果率分别为65.3%和69.0%。当地樱桃园中果蝇为黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)、斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)和伊米果蝇(Drosophila immigrans),以黑腹果蝇为主。果实品质测定结果发现美早和黄蜜的总糖、固酸比、可溶性固形物的含量均较高。     

昆虫免疫及五种重要入侵昆虫免疫机制研究进展

我国入侵昆虫种类繁多、为害范围广,在植物检疫与入侵生物学领域备受关注。昆虫免疫是指昆虫识别"自己"和"异己"成分、破坏或排斥外来有害物质,从而维持自身健康并延长寿命的反应机制,在入侵昆虫的传入、定殖和为害过程中发挥着重要作用。本文综述了模式昆虫黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的免疫机制,并在此基础上分析了5种代表性入侵昆虫红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Oliver)、烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)、意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera lingustica Spinola、日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green和舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar(L.)的免疫机制以及该机制在其生物入侵过程中发挥的作用,提出了加强重要入侵昆虫免疫机制研究的展望,一方面要加强研究更多种入侵昆虫的免疫机制,另一方面应将关注点逐步从免疫现象的发现深入至分子机制。     

6种植物精油对黑腹果蝇行为影响及活性成分研究

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster 是多种水果生产中为害最为严重的害虫。植物精油可影响多种昆虫的行为。本试验提取了辣椒Capsicum annuum、小香葱Allium cepiforme、韭菜A.tuberosum 、洋葱A.cepa 、薄荷Mentha canadensis及大黄Rheum officinale 的精油,测试了各精油对黑腹果蝇行为的影响并分析了主要化学成分,在此基础上,测试了5种精油中主要化合物对黑腹果蝇行为的影响。结果表明:6种植物精油均对黑腹果蝇表现出一定的驱避活性,活性次序为:薄荷＞洋葱＞韭菜＞大黄＞小香葱＞辣椒。各精油中所含的主要化合物为长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑、茴香脑、大黄酸、3-甲氧基苯酚。长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑及茴香脑对黑腹果蝇表现出显著的驱避活性,当浓度为62.5 mg/L时,它们对黑腹果蝇的驱避率均高于90%,15.62 mg/L的大黄酸和3-甲氧基苯酚表现出显著的引诱活性,驱避率分别为-87.50%和-117.76%。长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑、3-甲氧基苯酚具有开发为昆虫驱避剂和引诱剂的潜力。     

果蝇毛锤角细蜂对黑腹果蝇蛹不同龄期的选择性

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen是浆果类水果的果实害虫之一，对葡萄果实为害严重。毛锤角细蜂Trichopria drosophilae是黑腹果蝇的蛹寄生蜂之一。本文在温度26℃、相对湿度50%、光周期14L：10D的室内条件下，研究了毛锤角细蜂对不同日龄黑腹果蝇蛹的选择性。结果表明：毛锤角细蜂可寄生黑腹果蝇各日龄的蛹，但偏爱寄生预蛹。在寄主预蛹时，毛锤角细蜂的出蜂量、寄生率和选择系数分别为14.00头、35%和0.13，均显著高于1～3日龄蛹；不同日龄的黑腹果蝇蛹对毛锤角细蜂后代发育历期和雌蜂比没有显著影响。综上所述，黑腹果蝇的预蛹是毛锤角细蜂寄生的最佳时期。以黑腹果蝇为寄主时，研究毛锤角细蜂的寄生规律对于黑腹果蝇及其他果蝇的生物防治具有重要的指导意义。     

两种昆虫生长调节剂对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇的生物活性

为探讨昆虫生长调节剂氟铃脲和虱螨脲对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster和斑翅果蝇D.suzukii的毒性机制,采用室内生测法测定氟铃脲、虱螨脲对2种果蝇2龄幼虫的毒力,以及其在亚致死浓度LC_(10)、LC_(20)下对2种果蝇体内几丁质酶活性的影响。结果显示,经不同浓度的氟铃脲和虱螨脲处理后,随着时间的延长和浓度的增加,2种果蝇的死亡率均明显增加,氟铃脲处理可使2种果蝇的死亡率最高达到83.33%,明显高于虱螨脲处理后黑腹果蝇(65.00%)和斑翅果蝇(66.66%)的死亡率。亚致死浓度LC_(10)和LC_(20)的虱螨脲处理果蝇2龄幼虫24 h后,黑腹果蝇2龄幼虫体内的几丁质酶活性呈下降趋势,而斑翅果蝇2龄幼虫体内的几丁质酶活性则呈上升趋势。另外,亚致死浓度的氟铃脲可明显抑制黑腹果蝇体内几丁质酶的活性。表明昆虫生长调节剂氟铃脲和虱螨脲对果蝇有较强的毒力,氟铃脲的毒力高于虱螨脲,且果蝇体内几丁质酶的活性与氟铃脲和虱螨脲密切相关。     

中国植物弹状病毒研究进展

弹状病毒含有单链负义RNA基因组,寄主范围比较广泛,能侵染无脊椎动物、脊椎动物以及植物等寄主,对人类的健康、农作物产量和自然生态系统造成严重威胁。植物弹状病毒主要根据复制场所分为细胞质弹状病毒属Cytorhabdovirus和细胞核弹状病毒属Nucleorhabdovirus,其基因组由单股负链RNA组成。此外,Dichorhavirus和Varicosavirus病毒属是两个新鉴定的植物弹状病毒属,其特征是具有二分体基因组。本文着重介绍危害我国农作物的几类植物弹状病毒,对它们的病理学、病害流行、基因组信息以及传播媒介进行概述,为中国植物弹状病毒病害的研究提供理论依据。     

沃尔巴克氏体感染对黑腹果蝇头部转录组的影响

为明确沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia对果蝇神经行为影响的分子机制,采取转录组测序技术对感染沃尔巴克氏体和未感染的黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster头部样本进行转录组测序、组装、注释,筛选感染沃尔巴克氏体wMel和未感染黑腹果蝇头部转录组间的差异表达基因,并选择差异表达基因中差异倍数较大或与神经行为相关的基因进行qPCR验证。结果表明,感染沃尔巴克氏体wMel和未感染黑腹果蝇头部差异表达基因有679个（差异倍数≥2,P<0.05）,其中,由于感染沃尔巴克氏体wMel而上调表达的基因有566个,下调表达的基因有113个。GO功能注释分析显示,差异表达基因与代谢过程、催化和结合功能相关。KEGG通路注释分析发现,差异表达基因主要富集在蛋白消化与吸收、内分泌、神经活性配体-受体互作以及激素合成等通路中。从差异表达基因中筛选出11个基因进行qPCR验证,有9个基因的表达趋势与RNA测序结果一致。表明沃尔巴克氏体可广泛影响果蝇头部基因的表达水平,暗示可能由此影响宿主的神经行为。     

Differentiation of three whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses from the Republic of Yemen

Three viruses collected in southern Yemen in 1990, infecting watermelon, tobacco and tomato were shown to be transmitted by the whiteflyBemisia tabaci and to have particle morphologies typical of geminiviruses. Colonies ofB. tabaci collected from different locations and from different hosts were used in virus transmission tests with the same host range of plants. Colonies established from both watermelon and cotton in the Yemen were identified as the squash silverleaf-inducing B biotype. The culture host of the colony did not influence virus acquisition and transmission efficiencies to and from other hosts. The tobacco and tomato geminiviruses had a similar host range, but differed in their severity in some hosts. Both these viruses differed from the watermelon geminivirus in host range and symptoms.Datura stramonium, an alternative host for all three viruses, could be co-infected by the watermelon and tobacco viruses.B. tabaci was able to acquire both viruses from the co-infectedD. stramonium and infect seedlings of either original host plant species with their respective viruses orD. stramonium with both. The viruses were identified as watermelon chlorotic stunt virus, tobacco leaf curl virus and tomato yellow leaf curl virus and were distinguished by cross hybridisation.     

Genetic engineering of insect viruses for insect biological control

Insect viruses can be exploited for the biological control of insect pests and serve as well as vehicles for the introduction of ‘foreign genes’ into insect cells and insects. The present work describes some of the molecular events that take place during the replication of theGalleria mellonella densonucleosis virus in the insect host. Viral RNA and protein synthesis were monitored. An understanding of the virus biology is essential for further implementation of these viruses for biological control purposes.     

Genetic engineering of insect viruses for insect biological control

Insect viruses can be exploited for the biological control of insect pests and serve as well as vehicles for the introduction of ‘foreign genes’ into insect cells and insects. The present work describes some of the molecular events that take place during the replication of theGalleria mellonella densonucleosis virus in the insect host. Viral RNA and protein synthesis were monitored. An understanding of the virus biology is essential for further implementation of these viruses for biological control purposes.     

Characterization of a pothos (Scindapsus aureus) virus with unusual properties

A virus for which the name of pothos latent virus (PoLV) is proposed, was isolated by inoculation of sap from symptomless plants ofScindapsus aureus. PoLV had isometric particlesc. 30 nm in diameter, a monopartite genome consisting of a non polyadenylated, single-stranded RNA moleculec. 4,300 nucleotides in length, constitutingc. 17% of the particle weight, and a single type of coat protein subunit with aM _r ofc. 40,000 Daltons. The biological properties (host range reactions) of PoLV resembled those ofTombusviridae for it infected most of the artificial hosts locally, inducing symptoms recalling those elicited by several species of the above family. Like tombus- and carmoviruses, PoLV had two subgenomic RNAs which, however, differed in size from those of both genera. The dsRNA pattern was also distinctly different. Cytopathological features recalled those of tombusviruses except for the lack of multivesicular inclusion bodies. PoLV was serologically related to, but distinct from twoCarmovirus (i.e., galinsoga mosaic and Ahlum waterborne viruses) and threeTombusvirus species (i.e. eggplant mottled crinkle, Sikte waterborne and Lato river viruses). Thus, PoLV had properties somewhat intermediate between those ofTombusvirus andCarmovirus genera but bridged the two taxa through the serological relationship with some of their species. The taxonomic position of PoLV is still undetermined. It must await the results of molecular investigations now underway.     

Lettuce chlorosis virus — A new whitefly-transmitted closterovirus

A previously undescribed viras disease of lettuce, sugarbeets, other crop and weed hosts was found in the southwest desert regions of U.S.A. Affected lettuce and sugarbeet hosts exhibited interveinal yellowing, stunting, rolling, and brittleness of affected leaves. Since 1990, yellowing symptoms on desert lettuce and sugarbeet were shown to be induced by a mixture of lettuce infectious yellows viras (LIYV) and this previously undescribed viras termed lettuce chlorosis viras (LCV). LCV is a closterovirus with flexuous, filamentous particles 800–850 nm long. The viras is transmitted efficiently by bothBemisia biotypes. LCV differs significantly from LIYV and other previously described viruses in host range (LCV does not infect the Cucurbitaceae), insect transmission, and serology.     

斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体侵染昆虫的生物标志物

昆虫病原线虫是一类专性侵染和寄生昆虫的病原线虫,是非常重要的生防资源。斯氏线虫属Steinernema和致病杆菌属Xenorhabdus通过形成共生体在侵染昆虫过程中共同完成生活史,其中致病杆菌释放效应物质引发昆虫败血症是其重要机制。该文对斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体的侵染策略和在侵染过程中产生的免疫调节因子、释放的毒素蛋白和活性代谢物进行概述,其中,苯乙酰胺作为免疫抑制因子促进自身定殖,脂多糖作为内毒素引起寄主血细胞裂解,Tc毒素蛋白作为外毒素导致寄主中肠上皮细胞溶解,活性代谢产物如xenematides、fabclavine和PAX肽等具有抑菌、诱导细胞凋亡等活性。而斯氏线虫本身也能够产生表皮/分泌蛋白来抑制寄主免疫,与共生菌协同致死寄主。因此,通过对斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体产生的致病物质进行汇总分析,为研究昆虫病原线虫致病机制提供理论参考,同时也为新型绿色杀虫剂的开发和应用提供证据支持。     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.