南黄海小型底栖动物分布及其与环境因子的关系

本文利用2004年1月在南黄海28个站位所采集的沉积物样品,对小型底栖动物的丰度和生物量及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,共鉴定出自由生活线虫、底栖桡足类、多毛类、动吻类、双壳类、介形类等20个小型底栖动物类群,小型底栖动物的平均丰度和平均生物量分别为(1186.12 ±486.07) ind/10cm2和(1120.72 ±487.21) μg/10cm2,其中海洋线虫占绝对优势,其平均丰度为(1063.97 ±469.98) ind/10cm2,占小型动物总丰度的89.702%;其次是底栖桡足类,占4.193%。小型底栖动物的水平分布呈镶嵌式分布,沿岸站位小型底栖动物的丰度和生物量较高;垂直分布上,小型底栖动物分布于沉积物0-2、2-5cm和5-8cm的数量比例分别为74.33%、22.31%和3.36%。与环境因子相关分析表明,Chl-a的含量是影响小型底栖生物分布的主要因子。     

胶州湾典型站位小型底栖生物丰度和生物量的季节变化研究

2003年-2004年对胶州湾B2站小型底栖生物进行了7个航次的调查,结果表明B2站小型底栖生物的平均丰度是1889±609 ind.10cm-2,其中5月丰度值最高,为2721.5±776.7 ind.10cm-2,最低值出现在2003年9月,其丰度为1094.2 ±497.4 ind.10cm-2;平均生物量和生产量分别为1292.3±534.4μg dwt?10cm-2和11630.4±4809.5μg dwt?10cm-2?a-1。One-Way ANOVA分析表明,B2站小型底栖动物丰度和生物量存在显著的季节变化。共鉴定出17个小型底栖动物类群,其中线虫占绝对优势,其平均丰度是1801.82 ind.10cm-2,占小型底栖动物总丰度的95.4%。小型底栖生物数量与环境因子的相关分析表明,影响小型底栖生物数量发生季节变化的主要因子0-2cm表层Chl-a含量。     

湟水河上游大型底栖动物多样性及水体理化因子调查分析

为研究青藏高原农牧交错地带水生生物与环境指标的关系,于2015 年5 月（枯水季）和8 月（丰水季）,调查分析了湟水河上游47 个样点水体的理化指标和大型无脊椎底栖动物。水体物理指标现场采用多参数水质检测仪和FP311 杆式流速仪检测;采集水样带回实验室测定化学指标,总氮和总磷采用过硫酸钾氧化紫外分光光度法测定;NH4 -N含量采用纳氏试剂光度法测定。底栖动物采用索伯网和D形网采集。结果显示：支流各项理化指标数据均优于干流,尤其以浊度、细砂淤泥比例、NH4 -N、TN和TP 最为显著。底栖动物共鉴定出28 科57 属59 种,其中昆虫纲7 目54 种,占所有底栖动物种类的91.5%,个体数4444 头,占所有底栖动物数量的76.4%,甲壳纲、软体动物类、寡毛类等底栖动物个体数占底栖动物总量的23.6%。湟水河上游支流底栖动物平均分类单元数(6.76)基本与干流相当(8.04),对水质敏感的EPT平均分类单元数支流(3.36)也与干流相当(2.48),但干流底栖动物耐污染种类比例明显高于支流,而支流敏感种类比例明显高于干流。从底栖动物群落结构和水体理化指标来看,湟水河上游支流总体优 于干流,其差异源于干流受污染较重。     

民勤沙区典型一年生植物沙米构件特征研究

[目的]为掌握沙区一年生植物个体形态和构件特征,[方法]通过样地调查、室内测定和统计分析,对民勤沙区自然分布的典型一年生植物沙米个体形态特征及构件特征进行了观测研究,并分析了构件生物量与植株高度的关系。[结果]结果表明,沙米个体形态指标值变异系数大,尤其根长和侧根数变异系数大于50 %,反映出沙米对生长环境的良好适应性和调节能力；沙米个体生物量干重介于24.55 g～138.09 g之间,各构件生物量干重分配值的大小顺序是果穗(36.51±26.07 g)>枝条(31.00±20.26 g)>叶(24.09±12.97 g)>根(6.63±3.75 g),沙米生长中将生物量尽可能多地分配到繁殖构件中；沙米单株的含水率70.89±1.61 %,构件的含水率在64.91 %～74.97 %之间,且不同构件的含水率存在差异；沙米各构件生物量分配随植株高度的增加以幂函数关系增加,是沙米个体生长发育能力调节策略的表现。[结论]沙米对生长环境的适应性选择差异造成个体形态特征的差异,生长中将尽可能多地把生物量分配到繁殖构件中以确保种的延续,可以用株高通过模拟模型来衡量出各构件的生物量分配值,为荒漠生态系统中一年生植物的研究提供支撑依据。     

海藻液对玉米苗期生长的影响

为了比较不同海藻液对作物生长效果的影响,利用3种类型的海藻液在玉米苗期进行水培试验,测定玉米硝酸还原酶和根系活力等指标。结果表明：3种类型海藻液均能增加玉米干物质积累,发酵海藻液、普通海藻液处理与对照相比均达差异显著水平;硝酸还原酶活性以发酵海藻液中量最高,达74.42 μg/(g?h),其次为普通海藻液的中量处理[72.32 μg/(g?h)];中量的发酵海藻液的根系活力最高达1.576 mg/(g?h),高量发酵海藻液与中量普通海藻液的根系活力次之分别为1.505 mg/(g?h)、1.503 mg/(g?h),海藻酸钠的效果不如发酵海藻液和普通海藻液。     

CHE饲料发酵过程中氨基酸及还原糖变化的在线检测

为了有效检测饲料复合酶制剂产品中的必需氨基酸含量。对CHE饲料中赖氨酸、色氨酸、脯氨酸和还原糖进行了提取和测定,结果表明,在CHE饲料发酵前后,样品赖氨酸含量最高值1.82 μg/g,色氨酸含量最高值309.26 μg/g,脯氨酸含量为428.61 μg/g;并且发酵后期还原糖含量最终稳定在3.03%左右;并将CHE饲料的发酵周期优化至108 h,此时必需氨基酸含量最高,还原糖含量稳定,有利于家畜的营养吸收。     

大气污染影响下凯里植物、土壤氟含量特征

为了解大气氟污染对植物、土壤的影响,采用氟离子选择电极法对凯里的植物和土壤的氟含量进行了测定并对其特征进行了分析。结果表明：该区植物的氟含量在135.62~1420.97 μg/g之间,平均含量为513.99 μg/g;土壤氟含量在240.50~340.36 μg/g之间,平均含量为279.60 μg/g。植物、土壤的氟含量都超过了背景值,该区植物和土壤都受到了不同程度的氟污染。不同植物的氟含量存在较大差异,油茶的氟含量最高,马尾松的氟含量最低。不同类型植物的氟含量不同,灌木>藤本>草本>乔木;常绿植物>落叶植物。不同研究点植物和土壤的氟含量存在差异,但有些植物差异较大,有些差异不明显。     

青海湟水河大型底栖动物群落结构及生态系统健康评价

为研究湟水河大型底栖动物的群落结构及河流健康状况,于2016年5月和8月,在湟水河上游选取20个样点,分别归入草地、农地和城市用地三种土地利用类型中。并按样点和土地利用类型对大型底栖动物群落结构及功能摄食类群组成进行了研究。结果表明:湟水河各样点大型底栖动物密度和生物量都较低,主要优势类群为青海钩虾(Gammarus suifunensis Urno)、幻石娥(Apataniidae sp.)、四节蜉(Baetis sp.)、霍普水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)和多足摇蚊(Polypedilum sp.),各样点间物种组成和功能摄食类群组成差异较大,其中集食者占绝对优势。草地优势类群以青海钩虾为主;农地以四节蜉为主;城市用地中则以耐污的水丝蚓为主,四节蜉在3种土地利用类型中均为优势类群。通过河流健康综合评价指数对其生态系统健康状况进行了评价。结果显示:从河流源头到西宁段,湟水河受水利工程干扰逐步增大,河岸带植被覆盖度递减,水土流失逐步递增,大型底栖动物生物多样性降低,河流总体处于亚健康状态。     

不同蔬菜对重金属汞、铬、砷、镉、铅积累效应的研究

为了对辽宁省葫芦岛龙岗区蔬菜生产基地蔬菜生产结构的调整提供科学的参考,采用原子吸收的方法,对该生产基地的土壤与蔬菜中重金属(Hg、Cr、As、Cd、Pb)的含量进行检测。结果表明：该蔬菜基地土壤中Hg的含量平均为0.42 mg/kg,Cr的含量平均为52.20 mg/kg,As的含量平均为34.92 mg/kg,Cd的平均含量为0.93 mg/kg,Pb的含量平均为98.49 mg/kg,说明该地区的土壤中重金属含量基本符合农业生产的要求;该蔬菜基地蔬菜中Hg的含量平均为0.92 μg/kg,Cr的含量平均为120.09 μg/kg,As的含量平均为13.80 μg/kg,Pb的含量平均为94.17 μg/kg,Cd的平均含量为15.65 μg/kg,并且所测定的蔬菜样本中甘蓝在5种重金属的含量上均比其他蔬菜的含量高,但也能符合国家卫生标准。此实验可为该蔬菜区蔬菜生产结构的调整提供一定的参考。     

不同前处理对苹果渣中酚类含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

以酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性为测定指标,研究不同前处理方法对苹果渣中酚类含量及其抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明,苹果渣用0.1%柠檬酸浸泡抑制酚酶活性后,干燥和提取条件与烫漂处理的相同,类黄酮的含量为6 127(μg芦丁/g干重),黄烷醇的含量为3 481(μg儿茶素/g干重),抗氧化活性抑制率88.461%.     

Structure and energy demand of the benthic soft-bottom communities in the Java Sea and around the islands of Madura and Bali,Indonesia

In July 1984 benthic research was carried out in the Java Sea and around the islands of Madura and Bali.The aim was to describe the structure of the benthic communities in terms of numerical density (numbers of dominant macrofaunal groups and meiofauna per square metre) and biomass (g ashfree dry weight (AFDW) per square metre), and in relation to geographical position and main ambient factors, i.e. water depth, bottom temperature and sediment characteristics.In addition attempts were made to estimate the activity of these benthic ecosystems, and to show their relation to the pelagic.Box-core samples, collected along west-east axis in the Java Sea and in the Strait of Madura, showed relatively poor benthic communities. The average densities of macrofaunal organisms (> 1 mm) did not exceed 250 specimens·m⁻²; the total biomass was below 1 g AFDW·m⁻²; small polychaetes and crustaceans were the dominant groups.A number of larger organisms have developed very remarkable adaptations to the muddy environment. Meiofaunal organisms (nematodes being the dominant group) numbered 0.06·10⁶ to 0.46·10⁶ specimens·m⁻². In general there is a trend from west to east towards somewhat richer communities. The actual carbon demand of the benthic ecosystem in the area investigated is tentatively estimated at an average of 38 g C·m⁻²·y⁻¹, which amounts to about 40% of the primary production.Both the very soft fluid-mud bottoms in the central Java Sea and in Strait Madura, and the relatively low amount of energy available for growth, probably prevent the establishment of well developed benthic communities.     

Effect of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon L. on endobenthic macrofauna,meiofauna and meiofaunal grazing rates

The effect of natural densities (50 and 100 ind·m⁻²) of juvenile (<20 mm) Crangon crangon on abundance of endobenthic macrofauna and meiofauna and on meiofaunal grazing rates was investigated in two experiments using an outdoor flow-through system with sandy sediment. The experiments differed in duration (3 wk and 7.5 wk), and in time of the year (August – September and July – August). Macrofaunal biomass differed by a factor of 10 between the experiments, and was depressed by shrimp in both experiments. Neither total meiofaunal biomass, nor the biomass of the dominant taxon (nematodes), was significantly affected by the presence of Crangon in the shorter experiment. However, harpacticoid copepods and other meiofauna taxa (mainly ostracods, foraminiferans and juvenile bivalves) decreased in the presence of Crangon. In the longer experiment, no significant effect of Crangon on meiofauna was seen, and the biomass of most meiofaunal groups increased in all treatments. Meiofaunal grazing rates in microalgae and bacteria, measured with a dual-labelling method, using ¹⁴C-bicarbonate and [methyl-³]]-thymidine as tracers, were 0.7 to 4.7% of algal biomass per day, and 0.8 to 7.9% of bacterial biomass per day. Generally, grazing rates were lower in the presence than in the absence of Crangon. In terms of carbon ingested, microalgae constituted a more important food source than bacteria for all three meiofaunal groups (nematodes, harpacticoids and other meiofauna). No individual growth of Crangon was found in the high-density treatment in the longer experiment, suggesting that intraspecific competition occurred. The difference between the two experiments in the effect of Crangon on meiofauna is thought to be caused by the large difference in macrofaunal biomass between the experiments; the shrimp ate mainly juvenile macrofauna in the longer experiment. Overall, the effect of Crangon on the sediment system was weak, suggesting that other factors (physical and chemical) are more important than epibenthic predation in setting the overall limits for production in this sediment.     

Path analyses of the influence of substrate composition on nematode numbers and on decomposition of stranded seaweed at an Antarctic coast

Large amounts of seaweed are deposited along the coast of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. The stranded seaweed partly decomposes on the beach and supports populations of meiofauna species, mostly nematodes. The factors determining the number of nematodes found in the seaweed packages were studied. Seaweed/sediment samples were collected from different locations, along the coast near Arctowski station, covering gradients of salinity, elevation and proximity of Penguin rookeries. On the same locations decomposition rate was determined by means of permeable containers with seaweed material. Models, including the relations between location, seaweed and sediment characteristics, number of nematodes and decomposition rates, were postulated and verified using path analysis. The most plausible and significant models are presented.The number of nematodes was directly correlated with the height of the location, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and the salinity of the sample. Nematode numbers were apparently indirectly dependent on sediment composition and water content. We hypothesize that the different influences of melt water and tidal water, which affect both salinity and water content of the deposits, are important phenomena underlying these results.Analysis of the relation between decomposition rate and abiotic, location-related characteristics showed that decomposition rate was dependent on the water content of the stranded seaweed and sediment composition. Decomposition rates were high on locations where water content of the deposits was high. There the running water from melt water run-off or from the surf probably increased weight losses of seaweed.     

Community structure and biomass distribution of seagrasses and macrofauna in the flores sea,Indonesia

In several locations in the Flores Sea region the community structure and the biomass distribution of seagrasses were studied along transects perpendicular to the shoreline. The share of each species within a sample plot was estimated, divided in above- and below-ground biomass. Statistics regarding substrate coverage, shoot density and leaf-area index were sampled. A standard relation was calculated between seagrass dry weight, ash-free dry weight and organic carbon content.The biotic data were related to environmental factors: DOC and nutrients in the water, salinity, tidal amplitude, sediment composition. A relation was estimated between bottom coverage of seagrasses and standing stock. Further calculations of biomass-production ratios allow a quick and rough estimate of seagrass productivity. Maximum above-ground biomass values (500–700 g AFDW·m⁻²) together with qualitative data indicate resource (= space) partitioning among the component seagrasses within a community, and suggest a carrying capacity of the reefflat habitat for seagrass density and biomass.A tentative model was constructed, starting from a constant, non-distributed multispecies vegetation in the lower intertidal and subtidal zone on sand and coral rubble, and moving into several suboptimal situations. The upper shore carries an impoverished, constrained vegetation (irregular tides, desiccation, harvesting). Sediment reworking by animals and physical displacement of sand disturbs the vegetation and favours pioneer species. Muddy habitats bordering mangroves carry monospecific stands showing extremely high biomass (e.g. below-ground Enhalus acoroides 3500 g AFDW·m⁻²). Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus acoroides are the most constant species in all habitats mentioned.Macrofauna biomass within the seagrass beds fluctuated widely (maximum values 50–70 g AFDW·m⁻² in mixed seagrass vegetations) and only a weak relation between benthic macrofauna biomass and seagrass community structure and biomass was found.     

黑龙江省高寒地区微藻的分离鉴定以及能源藻株的筛选

为了获得油脂高产的优良藻株,探究不同藻株的生长情况及产油情况。本研究以黑龙江省大庆地区湖泊作为研究对象采集水样,共分离筛选获得8株藻株,通过形态学与分子生物学手段对藻株进行种属鉴定;同时利用RDA分析藻株种类与采样湖泊理化因素之间的关系;对藻株的生长情况、脂质合成以及副产物含量进行了研究。结果表明HDL01、HDL04、HDL05和HDL07的生物量与某些环境因子之间呈正相关。单针藻(Monoraphidium convolutum) HDL08的生物量增长率和脂质增长率仅次于HDL01,为0.077±0.006 g/(L·d)和5.994±0.003 mg/(L·d)。结合微藻的脂质组成、副产物含量分析,发现HDL08有作为生产生物柴油供试藻株的潜力,这对丰富中国藻种资源和利用微藻生产生物柴油提供一定的支撑。     

不同碳、氮源对优势藻株Hhw总脂含量及脂肪酸成分的影响

为了寻找适合用于开发生物质能源的优势藻株,对分离得到的藻株Hhw进行深入研究,分析其生长情况,不同碳、氮源对其总脂含量及脂肪酸成分的影响。结果表明,Hhw生长速度快、生物量高、适应性广;硝态氮、碳源的添加促进Hhw中性脂的积累,Hhw总脂含量高达干重的36.45%;Hhw脂肪酸成分较为单一,以棕榈酸、亚麻酸、EPA等9种脂肪酸为主;不同碳、氮源对其脂肪酸组成成份的影响不大,但对各组分的含量有一定影响,如铵基氮对EPA的积累有一定促进作用。综合分析认为,Hhw是一株极具开发潜力能源微藻。     

Quantitative trait loci mapping for biomass yield traits in a Lolium inbred line derived F2 population

Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) is the principle forage grass species in temperate agriculture. Improving biomass yield still remains one of the most important aims of current forage breeding programmes. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) study investigating biomass yield traits in perennial ryegrass was carried out in greenhouse and field environments. The study is based on an F₂ population consisting of 360 individuals derived from two inbred grandparents where the F₁ has a large biomass yield phenotype. For both experimental environments co-localized QTL for biomass yield traits including fresh and dry weight and dry matter were identified on linkage groups 2, 3 and 7. A major QTL for fresh and dry weight was identified on LG 3 which explained around 30% of the phenotypic variance in the field experiment. The findings of this study are discussed with regard for their potential in research and breeding.