我国北方益鸟招引防治害虫现状

鸟类是昆虫的主要天敌之一,能够捕食大量农林害虫。益鸟招引就是通过人工悬挂鸟巢等途径为鸟类的栖息和繁殖创造有利条件。符合鸟类生态习性的招引、保护措施,不仅有利于增加招引益鸟的种类和数量,增强其防治害虫的效果,而且也促进了鸟类和生物多样性保护,维护生态平衡。本文综述了我国北方益鸟招引防治害虫现状,以期更好的促进益鸟招引防治技术的深入研究和应用。     

董寨鸟类自然保护区招引益鸟效果显著

罗山县董寨鸟类自然保护区自60年代开始鸟类研究工作,迄今累计悬挂人工鸟巢1万多个,招引率70％。目前该区有鸟类233种,占河南省鸟类种类     

2144个鸟巢箱呵护万余亩森林

目前，乌尔旗汉林业局通过人工招引食虫鸟类控制林业有害生物取得较大成功。据统计施业区内共悬挂各类鸟巢箱2144个，食虫鸟筑巢率最高达45％，控制林业有害生物面积1．15万亩。     

人工鸟巢箱防治落叶松鞘蛾的研究

通过对内蒙古大兴安岭林区落叶松鞘蛾发生区悬挂的鸟巢箱招引到食虫鸟的种类、取食量、筑巢率等基础性工作开展研究。研究结果显示,内蒙古大兴安岭林区落叶松鞘蛾的主要食虫鸟的种类有大山雀等8种,其中大山雀、沼泽山雀、普通?的筑巢率超过4%。甘河和乌尔旗汉年度食虫鸟平均筑巢率分别为32.7%和29%。每只益鸟每天取食落叶松鞘蛾30头,在一个育雏期间能消灭害虫约93 120头。首次证实了人工巢箱在自然状态下可有效使用6年。人工鸟巢箱防治区与未防治对照区相比,落叶松鞘蛾虫口减退率在14.53%~70%之间,平均达48.95%,经方差分析差异达5%显著水平。     

乌尔旗汉林业局悬挂2千个鸟箱呵护1万亩森林

内蒙古大兴安岭乌尔旗汉林业局森防站人工招引食虫鸟类控制林业有害生物取得较大成功。目前，施业区内共悬挂各类鸟巢箱1944个，食虫鸟筑巢率最高达45％，控制林业有害生物面积1．15万亩。     

杨树林人工招引的大斑啄木鸟营巢特性的研究

2001年至2003年，作者对朔城区杨树人工林内人工招引的大斑啄木鸟营巢的特性进行了研究，提出了人工鸟巢悬挂的合理时间、高度、位置、密度及间隔距离等，为该区大斑啄木鸟的保护和人工招引工作提供理论依据。     

朝阳地区油松人工林鸟类招引技术研究

以鸟治虫的最大特点是不污染环境,为了研究鸟类招引技术的应用,2016-2018年,对朝阳地区油松人工林采用人工巢箱方法进行了鸟类招引。结果表明,朝阳地区有28种食虫鸟类,其中新增了13种。鸟类招引率平均为68.2%,研究区的虫口密度降低了15%。经3年的招引试验发现,人工巢箱的位置、悬挂方向、巢箱颜色、巢口直径等均会影响鸟类招引的效果。因此,通过人工巢箱制作工艺的改良和招引关键技术的提高,可以大大地提高森林害虫防治效果,也为鸟类招引技术的推广应用和规程制定提供科学依据。     

西安世园会林业有害生物无公害防治工程正式启动

近日，西安市林业局和西安市泸灞生态委员会联合开展了世园会周边林业有害生物无公害防治工程。西北农林科技大学有害生物防治专家李孟楼教授对全程释放工程提供技术指导。工程计划释放天敌昆虫花绒坚甲10万头，以虫治虫；悬挂人工鸟巢招引益鸟，以鸟治虫；架设频振式杀虫灯，灯诱杀虫；     

生物防治 以鸟治虫

近年来，甘河林业局森林防疫站实施生物防治工程，即悬挂人工鸟巢招引、保护益鸟，防治森林害虫，取得了较好的社会效益和生态效益。并连续3年被评为自治区森林病虫害防治先进单位。这个森防站承担甘河林业局35.7万公顷森林的病虫害防治任务。他们从1997年开始实施生物防治工程，将益鸟治虫作为一项重要的防治手段。与以往采用化学防治相比，既减少了环境污染，还降低了防治费用。生物防治 以鸟治虫@郭林城     

提高森林鸟类招引率应注意的生物学问题

森林鸟类招引是森林害虫生物防治和鸟类保护的重要技术措施之一。作者在借鉴过去我国开展森林鸟类招引工作经验的基础上,结合多年来的实践,以人工巢箱招引为例,从鸟类生态、生物学原理角度出发,阐述了提高鸟类招引率,在招引对象、巢箱设计、招引区选择及巢箱布放等环节上应把握的主要技术问题。     

Effects of management regime on the abundance and nest survival of shrubland birds in wildlife openings in northern New England, USA

Many shrubland bird species are declining in eastern North America and as a result forest managers have used a variety of techniques to provide breeding habitat for these species. The maintenance of permanent “wildlife openings” using prescribed burns or mechanical treatments is a widely used approach for providing habitat for these species, but there have been no studies of the effects of treatment regime on bird abundance and nest survival in managed wildlife openings. We studied shrubland birds in wildlife openings on the White Mountain National Forest (WMNF) in New Hampshire and Maine, USA, during 2003 and 2004. We analyzed bird abundance and nest survival in relation to treatment type (burned versus mowed), treatment frequency, time since treatment, and patch area. We found that wildlife openings provided habitat for shrubland birds that are not present in mature forest. There was relatively modest support for models of focal bird species abundance as a function of treatment regime variables, despite pronounced effects of treatment on habitat conditions. This probably was attributable to the combined effects of complex site histories and bird site fidelity. Overall nest success (52%) was comparable to other types of early-successional habitats in the region, but there were few supported relationships between nest survival and treatment variables. We conclude that wildlife openings provide quality habitat for shrubland birds of high conservation interest as long as managers ensure treatment intervals are long enough to permit the development of woody vegetation characteristic of the later stages of this sere. Also, wildlife openings should be large enough to accommodate the territory sizes of all target species, which was ≥1.2 ha in this study.     

不同坡位对油茶林地土壤养分及生长量的影响

通过对上坡、中坡、下坡和平坡油茶林地土壤养分、微生物数量和林分生长量的调查研究,得出如下结论:(1)上坡、中坡、下坡的土壤养分状况差别不大,没有形成显著性差异;上坡的土壤养分含量除全钾含量外,其它指标均显著高于平坡。(2)下坡的土壤微生物数量明显高于其它坡位,不同坡位的微生物数量从大到小为下坡>中坡>上坡>平坡。(3)上坡的生长量指标除结果数外,其它指标均显著高于平坡,与中坡、下坡未形成显著性差异。试验结论将为油茶的科学种植提供理论依据。     

微山湖喜鹊和池鹭巢址选择的研究

2011年3～5月使用直接观察法对微山湖新薛河湿地内的鸟类巢穴进行调查,共发现鸟类巢穴90个,其中喜鹊Pi-ca pica巢36个,池鹭Ardeola bacchus巢54个,其他鸟类的巢穴2个。对影响鸟类巢址选择的因素进行了分析,结果显示距水源的距离、营巢树高和营巢树是影响喜鹊巢址选择的主导因子,次要因子是巢距地面高度、距公路的距离和人为干扰状况,再次是巢分支数;距公路的距离、巢距地面的高度、营巢树胸径和营巢树高是影响池鹭巢址选择的主导因子,次要因子是距水源的距离、人为干扰状况和巢分支数。     

Time to rethink the management intensity in a Mediterranean oak woodland: the response of insectivorous birds and leaf-chewing defoliators as key groups in the forest ecosystem

? Context

The Iberian cork oak Quercus suber montados are dynamic agro-silvo-pastoral systems, contrasting with the abandonment trend of other Mediterranean forested areas.

? Aims

We aimed to identify the effect of management type and vegetation features on breeding insectivorous birds and leaf-chewing defoliator insects.

? Methods

In central Portugal, we selected two groups of 20 sites: dense montados (DM, high cover of cork oaks and low cattle impact) and sparse montados (SM, low cover of oaks and high cattle impact). We collected variables associated with vegetation features, bird community and chewing defoliators.

? Results

The two systems differed significantly in oak trunk diameter, oak and shrub cover, tree and shrub diversity. Ground bird densities were higher in SM with fragmented shrub cover. In DM, higher woody vegetation cover and diversity can promote shrub birds and leaf warblers. Oak defoliation was mainly attributed to the sawfly Periclista andrei. Sawfly defoliation was significantly higher in SM and negatively correlated with shrub cover.

? Conclusions

Our results highlight (1) the relevance of management activities conducted at the shrubby layer, (2) the need of an increase in tree diversity and density and (3) the maintenance of a mosaic landscape in order to improve the bird community richness and reduce the defoliation impact in montado system.     

不同浓度氯氰菊酯防治榆紫叶甲成虫药效试验

榆紫叶甲是黑龙江省榆树重要食叶害虫之一,榆树幼树及大树均受其危害。文章通过试验研究了3%高效氯氢菊酯微囊悬浮剂不同稀释浓度室内及野外对榆紫叶甲的杀虫药效,结果表明:高效氯氢菊酯微囊悬浮剂对榆紫叶甲具有较好的防治效果,300～800倍液防治效果无明显差异,1 000～1 500倍液,室内杀虫效果略高于野外。生产上推荐使用浓度为500～800倍液。     

Drei Jahre Vogelschutzstatistik im saarländischen Staats- und Gemeindewald

Summary View of bird protection measures in Saarland Bird protection measures are carried out in the public and communal forests of Saarland since many years. From 1971 to 1973 the results of controlling the nest boxes in autumn were evaluated centrally. 12.6% of the boxes were damaged or stolen, 16.9% were unoccupied and 65,1% hatched. The rest were boxes containing died eggs or broods as well as wasps and other inquilines.Titmice were the most frequent breeding birds (68,1%), followed byMuscicapa spec. (14.1%) andSitta europaea (6.7%). This shows that nest boxes are for the benefit of common birds only. They don't show an advancement of rare species. Therefore a reorientation is planned with regard to the advancement of more rare bird species.     

Avian population and community processes in forest ecosystems: Long-term research in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

Long-term studies in relatively undisturbed forest ecosystems, such as occur in many of the USFS’ Experimental Forests, provide valuable insight into bird population and community processes, information pertinent to forest management and bird conservation. Major findings from 40 years of research in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in north-central New Hampshire reviewed here show that the distributions and abundances of bird species are dynamic, even within well-developed and mature forests, and that species respond differently to habitat (vegetation) structure, food availability, and other features of the forest environment. At the local scale, bird population demography is most affected by factors that influence fecundity and recruitment, mainly food availability, weather, nest predators, and density dependent processes. Fecundity is strongly correlated with subsequent recruitment and is critical for maintaining breeding population size. Events in the non-breeding season, however, also influence the abundance and demography of breeding populations, indicating the need to assess factors operating throughout the species’ annual cycle. At the landscape scale, populations in temperate forests are spatially structured by each species’ response to habitat and environmental patterns, but also by social interactions such as competition and conspecific attraction. Settlement patterns and ultimately reproductive performance depend on habitat quality, based on vegetation structure, food availability and nest predator effects that vary across the landscape. Results from these long-term studies centered at Hubbard Brook provide a mechanistic understanding of avian population dynamics and community responses. The results provide a framework for predicting how future changes in habitat quality, climate, and other environmental threats may influence bird populations and communities in north-temperate forests.     

旅游干扰对鸟类多样性及取食距离的影响评价——以普达措国家公园为例

依据普达措国家公园内旅游活动形式的不同分别在公园的步道、观光公路以及不受旅游干扰的村庄进行调查研究。通过在不同的时段内记录鸟的种类、数量、取食距离及对应的客流量和车流量,分析旅游干扰与鸟类多样性及鸟类取食距离之间的关系。研究结果显示:干扰程度不同的3种生境下鸟类多样性也不同,最高为村庄,观光公路次之,旅游步道的鸟类多样性最低;客流量对鸟类多样性的影响很大,而车流量对鸟类多样性的影响较微弱;客流量与鸟类取食距离之间的关系因鸟种的不同而异,对鹬类及白鹡鸰(Motacilla alba)的取食距离的影响大于鸦科鸟类和游禽类。通过不同旅游干扰对鸟类多样性及取食距离的研究,为普达措国家公园的经营和管理提供参考。     

Habitat use and nest success of scrub-shrub birds in wildlife and silvicultural openings in western Massachusetts,USA

Many conservationists are concerned about reports of declining populations of scrub-shrub birds. Wildlife opening management, involving repeatedly burning or mechanically treating early-successional stands, is one strategy for creating habitat for these species, but this practice is costly. Some silvicultural treatments also create scrub-shrub habitat and have the advantage of potentially generating revenue, but the relative effectiveness of wildlife opening management and silviculture for creating bird habitat is not known. During 2004 and 2005, we compared scrub-shrub bird abundance, nest success, and habitat characteristics between wildlife and silvicultural openings in western Massachusetts to determine whether the habitats created by these practices are equivalent for birds. We recorded 1927 detections of 31 scrub-shrub bird species during the course of the study and monitored 368 nests. We found that although most species were present in both treatments, many differed in abundance between wildlife and silvicultural openings, including several species of high conservation concern. These differences were attributable to differences in habitat characteristics between treatments. The overall probability of a nest surviving to fledging was 0.43, and did not differ between wildlife and silvicultural openings. Our results indicate that the habitat quality of wildlife and silvicultural openings is not equivalent for scrub-shrub birds, but the two management approaches serve as complementary strategies for maintaining these declining species.