渗灌土壤水分运动数值模拟软件设计方法研究

数值模拟是认识渗灌条件下土壤水分运动规律的重要方法之一,其可为渗灌工程的实施提供理论指导。为降低渗灌条件下土壤水分运动数值模拟研究的成本,在渗灌条件下土壤水分运动数值模拟软件的设计方法上进行了探讨,分析了软件实现的功能,提出了一种渗灌条件下土壤水分运动数值模拟软件的开发模型,并采用面向对象的方法和迭代-增量式的开发过程实现了该软件。本软件能够应用于渗灌条件下土壤水分运动数值模拟,能够模拟土壤初始条件、灌水压力、渗灌管特性和计算区域边界条件对土壤水分运动的影响,能模拟渗灌条件下土壤水分的再分布过程。软件运行可靠、操作方便,具有一定的通用性。     

宁夏设施与露地土壤理化性状对比

根据宁夏灌区温室的分布状况,采集设施栽培与露地栽培表层(0~20 cm)土壤,对同地域设施土壤与露地土壤进行对比分析。结果表明,宁夏设施土壤,在物理性状上与露地土壤相比水稳性团聚体显著增加,而土壤体积质量显著降低,通气孔隙度、田间持水量和自然水质量含量增加较小,未达到显著差异;在化学性状上,设施土壤有机质、全盐以及碱解氮、速效P、K质量分数均显著提高,而pH显著降低,微量元素质量分数除有效Fe显著提高外,有效B、有效Zn、有效Mn、有效Cu均升高不明显,但是土壤有效Zn和有效Cu质量分数与其背景值相比均在高指标范围内,因Zn和Cu都属于重金属元素,因此,在确定施肥量及农事操作时应重点予以考虑。     

基于土壤条件的边缘绿洲典型灌区灌溉需水研究

【目的】土壤性状是影响作物灌溉水生产力（IWP）与灌溉需水的关键因子。以土壤性状与作物灌溉水生产力及灌溉需水的定量关系为依据、结合区域土壤性状的空间分布,估算绿洲典型灌区作物灌溉需水及空间分布,为灌区尺度的合理用水分配及节水潜力评估提供科学依据。【方法】选择黑河中游临泽边缘绿洲平川灌区,对118个农田土壤进行取样分析,确定土壤性状的空间分布;通过不同土壤质地和肥力水平的农田玉米灌溉试验,确定土壤性状与灌溉水生产力及灌溉需水量的关系、进而依据土壤条件估算灌区尺度的灌溉需水及空间分布。【结果】平川灌区农田0-20 cm耕层土壤砂粒含量为29.4%-91.9%,平均53.6%,土壤有机质含量范围为1.37-17.7 g•kg-1,平均10.9 g•kg-1;20-100 cm土层砂粒平均含量51.3%。土壤质地为壤沙土和沙土的面积占农田总面积的50%以上;有机质含量低于10.0 g•kg-1的面积占26%,土壤持水性能弱;土壤性状在空间分布上存在高度的变异性。玉米IWP平均为1.11 kg•m-3（沙土）-2.44 kg•m-3（壤土）,与0-20 cm土层黏粉粒含量（CS1,%）、20-100 cm土层黏粉粒含量（CS2,%）、0-20 cm土层有机质含量（OM,g•kg-1）呈极显著正相关。依据土壤性状与灌溉水生产力的关系,得出平川灌区玉米灌溉水生产力平均为（2.36±0.77）kg•m-3,变动范围为0.75-3.92 kg•m-3,IWP小于2.0 kg•m-3的面积为970 hm2,占总面积的18.5%。灌区玉米生育期平均灌溉需水量为558 mm,总灌溉需水量为28.4×106 m3。【结论】土壤条件决定作物的灌溉需水与灌溉水生产力,在灌溉尺度农业水管理方面,应依据不同土壤性状的斑块单元进行地表水与地下水的合理分配与配置,并重视有利于土壤结构改善和肥力提升的施肥、耕作、灌溉等农业技术的应用。     

干旱区盐碱地覆膜滴灌不同年限对糯玉米生长和产量的影响

【目的】探讨糯玉米生长及产量对盐碱地改良过程中土壤环境变化的响应,以期为干旱区利用覆膜滴灌技术可持续利用盐碱地提供理论依据。【方法】通过田间试验方法,研究滴灌种植1年、2年、3年和4年的地块上糯玉米的出苗率、株高、茎周、地上部生物量和产量以及灌溉水利用效率,探讨糯玉米对盐碱地土壤环境变化的响应机理。【结果】滴灌条件下盐碱地上第一次灌水为30 mm左右,而后利用埋设在滴头下方20 cm深处的负压计调控土壤基质势在-10kPa的灌水方法能够保证较高的出苗率达到90%以上以及获得较高产量,即使是滴灌种植第1年。同时糯玉米的株高、茎周、生物量、产量和灌溉水利用效率均随滴灌种植年限的增加而增加,且不同种植年限之间存在显著差异。另外不同滴灌种植年限的地块上糯玉米生长的节律也存在显著差异。【结论】应用本文介绍的滴灌种植技术改良盐碱地,土壤环境随着滴灌种植年限延长而发生了较大变化,而糯玉米的生长指标及产量能够反映出这种变化。     

南疆无膜滴灌棉田灌溉模式及耗水规律研究

基于长远的土壤环境问题考虑,棉花无膜滴灌栽培模式将成为解决南疆棉田地膜残留污染的有效途径。为了探讨南疆地区棉花无膜滴灌栽培模式的可行性,设置27（I1）、36（I2）、45（I3）、54（I4）和63 mm（I5） 5个无膜滴灌灌水定额处理,并以膜下滴灌灌水定额36 mm（I6）作为对照处理,研究土壤水分分布、棉花耗水及产量等对不同灌水处理的响应。结果表明,相同灌水定额时,无膜滴灌棉田的土壤含水率低于膜下滴灌;无膜滴灌条件下,随着灌水定额的增加土壤含水率呈增加的趋势;其中I5处理的土壤含水率随土壤深度的增加而上升,而I1、I2、I3及I4处理的土壤含水率在60 cm深处达到峰值,之后随深度增加土壤含水量逐渐减少。相同灌水定额时,无膜滴灌I2处理的籽棉产量显著低于膜下滴灌I6处理,减产14.25%。无膜滴灌条件下,籽棉产量随灌水定额的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,水分利用效率则随着灌水定额的增加逐渐降低。其中,I4处理的籽棉产量最高,与膜下滴灌I6处理间无显著差异。因此,结合产量水平,棉花无膜滴灌的适宜灌水定额为54 mm,灌水次数以10次为宜,为棉花无膜滴灌制定科学的灌溉制度提供了理论依据。     

Study on cumulative effects of different cultivation patterns on wetland soil environment

Cumulative effects on wetland soils under different cultivation patterns were analyzed in the experimental fields of the Ecological Experimental Station of Mire-wetlands in Sanjiang Plain.The results suggested that the paddy field combined with the glebe to act on the soil environment.Under the combination of natural and anthropological factors,the cultivation of the paddy field and the glebe obviously related with different kinds of fertility factors of soil.The remarkable relation among organic matter,total nitrogen and available nitrogen reflected the fertilization of the soil at some extent.     

不同土地利用方式对陕西黄河湿地土壤水分物理性质的影响

[目的]研究不同土地利用方式对陕西黄河湿地土壤水分物理性质的影响。[方法]以陕西黄河湿地为研究区域,通过对不同土地利用方式下湿地土壤水分物理性质的比较,研究了湿地退化过程中土壤水分物理性质及其变异规律。[结果]在不同土地利用方式下,黄河湿地从河滩湿地、开垦湿地（农田）到因盐碱化最终废弃后的退化过程中,土壤容重均随着土壤深度的增加而增大,土壤容重的平均值分别为1.474、1.522、1.593g/cm3。土壤变得更紧实;土壤孔隙状况（总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度）的各项指标也随着土地利用方式的改变有所降低,其中毛管孔隙和总孔隙随着土地利用方式的改变达到极显著水平,非毛管孔隙也达到显著水平。土壤孔隙度状况的改变而改变,加剧了土壤的退化;3种不同土地利用方式下,土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量、非毛管持水量,表现出相同的规律。与湿地土壤相比,开垦湿地（农田）和废弃盐碱地的最大持水量平均值分别减少了5.7%和22.3%。毛管持水量平均值分别减少了0.2%和19.4%。最小持水量平均值分别减少6.1%和22.2%;3种不同土地利用方式中,河滩湿地的蓄水能力和排水能力均优于开垦湿地（农田）和废弃盐碱地,与河滩湿地相比,开垦湿地（农田）和盐碱化荒地总土壤蓄水能力分别降低了12.4%和15.2%。总的排水能力分别降低了2.7%和15.9%。[结论]采取合理措施安排湿地周边集体林地、农田及湿地资源开发关系对黄河湿地保护区涵养水源,调节水分循环和抵御旱涝灾害的能力具有重要作用。     

六种典型农业区域土壤污染现状监测评估

在对6种典型农业区域土壤污染状况进行调查监测的基础上,结合土壤环境质量标准,评估所监测地区土壤污染现状及其趋势。结果表明,污水灌溉区和常规农业生产区的重金属综合污染指数明显高于其他典型区域,揭示了污水灌溉和农药、化肥的施用是土壤中重金属污染的主要来源。以六六六和滴滴涕为主的有机氯农药浓度总体已远低于标准限值,污染水平总体上处于安全状态,但仍存在局部污染。持久性致癌有机物多环芳烃类在6种典型区域检出率为100%,表明土壤污染在向有机-无机复合污染的方向发展。     

The impact of various sprinkler irrigation patterns on spatial soil moisture variation in Vertisols

The objective of this research was to assess the effect of soil cracks on soil moisture distribution under various sprinkler irrigation applications and to identify the optimal irrigation strategy that enhances soil moisture distribution and reduces water drainage for the upper soil layer 0–250 mm. The assessment was made for six irrigation events: the first two were for 10 and 46 mm water applications using a hand shift-set sprinkler system. The second set was for 43 and 19 mm water applications using the lateral move system with fixed sprayer heads and the third pair of events were for 43 and 32 mm water applications using the lateral move system with rotating sprinklers. The experiments were conducted on two adjacent fields at the University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia. Each field was divided into 2 m × 2 m grids that covered 62 sampling locations. For each event, the initial soil moisture content (SMC) was measured at each sampling location before irrigation. After irrigation, catch can readings were recorded for each sampling location. After 12 h overnight, the second set of soil moisture measurements was taken at each location. The area1 distribution of SMC for the studied applications was quantified. An attempt was made to identify the relationship between the applied water uniformity using catch cans and the soil moisture uniformity using gravimetric water content measurements. The study also took into consideration variables that could affect the soil physical and hydrological properties including the field slope, the soil texture, the infiltration rate, the salt content and the soil organic matter content of the two fields. Since the soils were cracking clay Vertisols, further analyses were conducted on the crack dynamics, size and distribution using image analysis techniques. The research findings demonstrated that the cracks were the main contributors to water drainage below 250 mm soil depth due to the micro-run off from the crust surface to the cracks. The cracks ranged from a few millimeters to more than 40 mm in width. It was observed that the cracks which were wider than 15 mm remained open after irrigation for the specified application rates. Improving the irrigation system application uniformity did not always result in higher uniformity of the surface SMC (0–250 mm). The event that best enhanced soil moisture distribution and thus improved soil moisture recharging was observed after the sixth irrigation event when the field received 32 mm water application. The soil was at a relatively high initial SMC of 25%, (which represented 43.3% of the plant available water range) and the sprinkler water uniformity was rather high above 87% Christiansen coefficient of uniformity (CUc). At this SMC, the extent of soil cracking is limited.     

Evaluation of the Accuracy of a Central Iowa Soil Survey and Implications for Precision Soil Management

The movement towards precision agriculture has led to calls for soil maps that are more detailed and accurate than those offered in standard NCSS soil surveys. Studies have shown that soil variability can be greater than depicted in soil surveys; in fact, delineations that contain at least 50% of the soil mapped are considered satisfactory for soil survey purposes. Lacustrine plains are relatively flat and often have parent materials with uniform properties. Because soils are usually mapped using soil–landform relationships one might expect soil maps in these areas to be less accurate than average; it is difficult to delineate between map units using soil–landform relationships in such subtle landscapes. We grid-mapped a field containing lacustrine-derived soils in central Iowa and used the grid to evaluate the soil survey for accuracy. Two major and two minor soils, as determined by the area they occupy in the field, were present. For the field as a whole, the two major soils were correctly identified by the soil survey at least 63% of the time. The two minor soils were correctly identified 33% of the time or less by the soil survey. Large-scale soil mapping is expensive because of the time involved to create them in the field and in the office. Therefore, it is only economically beneficial to produce a detailed map if the map leads to significant alterations in the way a field is managed. In fields that may have uniform soil properties, it may be more cost-effective to conduct a reconnaissance survey first and then decide if more detailed mapping is required.     

污灌时间对土壤肥力及土壤酶活性的影响

通过时空互代、野外调查和采样分析的方法,研究了石家庄栾城县不同污水灌溉时间下(0～52 a)耕地土壤肥力及土壤酶活性特征.结果表明:与对照点相比,污水灌溉区土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量,蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性均相对较高,而土壤阳离子交换量、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性无明显的变化规律;污水灌溉区土壤全氮、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶与污灌时间之间表现出显著正相关性(P＜0.05),其他指标与污灌时间之间均无显著相关性;土壤肥力(有机质和全氮)、重金属(总Cr和总Cd)与水解酶(脲酶和磷酸酶)之间表现出显著正相关性,交换态Cr与脱氢酶活性之间呈现出显著负相关性.上述特征反映了污水灌溉时间对土壤肥力及土壤酶活性具有复杂的影响效应,而这些效应是决定污水灌溉区土地生产力能否高产的重要因素.     

The arable farmer as the assessor of within-field soil variation

Feasible, fast and reliable methods of mapping within-field variation are required for precision agriculture. Within precision agriculture research much emphasis has been put on technology, whereas the knowledge that farmers have and ways to explore it have received little attention. This research characterizes and examines the spatial knowledge?arable farmers have of their fields and explores?whether it is a suitable starting point to map the within-field variation of soil properties. A case study was performed in the Hoeksche Waard, the Netherlands, at four arable farms. A combination of semi-structured interviews and fieldwork was used to map spatially explicit knowledge of within-field variation. At each farm, a field was divided into internally homogeneous units as directed by the farmer, the soil of the units was sampled and the data were analysed statistically. The results show that the farmers have considerable spatial knowledge of their fields. Furthermore, they apply this knowledge intuitively during various field management activities such as fertilizer application, soil tillage and herbicide application. The sample data on soil organic matter content, clay content and fertility show that in general the farmers?? knowledge formed a suitable starting point for mapping within-field variation in the soil. Therefore, it should also be considered as an important information source for highly automated precision agriculture systems.     

黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤-植物系统重金属污染评价

以黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地为例,评价了淹水和非淹水区湿地表层土壤As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的污染程度及其在土壤-植物系统中的迁移、富集特征,分析了不同积水深度和土壤理化性质对研究区土壤重金属含量的影响.研究结果表明,与土壤或沉积物质量标准相比,黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤受As和Cd污染最严重,而其它重金属污染较轻;非淹水土壤Cd、Cr和Zn含量高于淹水湿地,而As、Cu和Pb则较低;而且淹水土壤As含量随积水深度增加而呈下降趋势,但积水深度对其他重金属含量的影响不明显.相关性分析结果表明,按照受土壤关键影响因子的不同重金属(除As外)可以分为两类:第一类为Cd、Cr和Zn,这些重金属含量受土壤pH值和盐分影响较大,且相互间存在显著正相关关系,表明它们可能有相同的来源;第二类为Pb和Cu,它们受土壤pH值、盐分和有机质的影响,且Pb和Cu之间存在显著正相关关系.除Cr、Cu和Zn外,重金属在盐地碱蓬的根系内一般不发生显著富集,但绝大多数重金属都表现出地上部分的含量比根系更高的现象.     

南疆滴灌棉田休闲期土壤入渗特性研究

【目的】南疆塔里木盆地是生态环境极其脆弱的极端干旱内陆河流域,是中国主要优质棉生产基地,覆膜及滴灌等节水灌溉技术的发展缓解了棉花生育期水资源短缺矛盾,但冬春灌定额较高。探索膜下滴灌棉田不同地表覆盖模式和冬灌定额对春季休闲期土壤入渗特性的影响,为合理确定春灌定额和提高灌水效率提供依据。【方法】利用双环定水头土壤入渗仪进行土壤入渗试验,设计灌溉方式为冬灌定额200 mm和免冬灌两种;地表覆盖方式分为裸地（冬灌前拔掉棉秆、揭去残膜）、留秆（冬灌时棉秆不拔除,棉秆及残膜留在地里）和玉米秸秆覆盖（冬灌后在留秆棉田覆盖长度5-10 cm、厚度5 cm的玉米秸秆）3种,合计6个处理。比较各处理土壤入渗特性、模型模拟土壤入渗过程、分析土壤入渗影响因素。【结果】冬灌可降低土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量,冬灌裸地、留秆和秸秆覆盖初始入渗率比免冬灌裸地、留秆和秸秆覆盖减少22.51%、21.49%和12.94%;稳定入渗率分别减少75.86%、27.27%和42.86%;累计入渗量分别减少61.98%、22.18%和29.31%,（免）冬灌秸秆覆盖初始入渗率比裸地和留秆分别减少14.74%、15.20%和4.20%、5.96%;（免）冬灌稳定入渗速率和累计入渗量为裸地＞秸秆覆盖＞留杆处理,稳定入渗率（免）冬灌裸地分别是秸秆覆盖和留秆的2.96、4.39倍和1.25、1.46倍,累计入渗量免冬灌裸地最大,为免冬灌秸秆覆盖的2.13倍、免冬灌留秆的2.39倍、冬灌裸地2.63倍、冬灌秸秆覆盖3.01倍和冬灌留秆3.07倍。免冬灌裸地入渗速率衰减速度最慢,冬灌裸地入渗速率衰减速度最快。通过对决定系数和均方根误差的分析,通用经验模型和 Kostiakov模型能较好模拟各处理土壤入渗过程,Horton模型次之,Philip模型拟合较差。相关分析表明,土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量与土壤初始含水量和土壤干容重成负相关关系,而与土壤温度和土壤总孔隙度成正相关关系。土壤浅层初始含水量较深层初始含水量对土壤入渗参数影响明显。初始入渗率与0-10 cm土壤初始含水量、土壤温度、土壤容重、土壤孔隙度成显著相关关系,稳定入渗率和累计入渗量与0-10 cm土壤初始含水量、土壤容重、土壤孔隙度成显著相关关系。【结论】南疆滴灌棉田冬季休闲期通过地表覆盖和灌水可降低春季土壤入渗性能,有利于减少春季灌水定额,提高灌水效率。     

焉耆盆地小麦地土壤重金属污染及生态风险

从新疆焉耆盆地采集35个小麦地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素的含量,采用内梅罗污染指数(NPI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER)对小麦地土壤重金属污染及生态风险进行评价。结果表明:焉耆盆地小麦地Cd含量平均值超出国家土壤环境质量二级标准的11.12倍,Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的55.58、1.32、1.48、3.21倍和4.47倍。小麦地Cd、Pb和Zn呈现重度污染,Cr和Ni轻度污染,As和Cu轻微污染,Mn无污染;研究区NPI平均值为7.93(呈现重度污染状态),RI平均值为342.95(属于较强生态风险水平),IER平均值为5.68(属于重警级别),土壤RI和IER从研究区北向南部呈现逐渐增加趋势。小麦地Ni、Pb与Zn主要受到人为污染源的影响,Cu、Mn和Cr主要受到土壤地球化学特征的控制,As和Cd可能受人为污染和自然因素共同影响。综上认为,Cd是焉耆盆地小麦地主要的污染因子和生态风险因子,对研究区耕地Cd污染应予关注。     

What determines irrigation efficiency when farmers face extreme weather events? A field survey of the major wheat producing regions in China

Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates irrigation efficiency with a translog stochastic frontier production function and then investigates what happens when extreme weather events occur via a Tobit model. The estimated results reveal several important features of irrigation practices: i) irrigation efficiency is lower when extreme weather events occur; ii) large variations in irrigation efficiency occur across irrigation facilities; iii) the farm plots exhibit an extreme distribution across efficiency levels; and iv) water-saving techniques, technology adoption, and the maintenance of farmers’ economic resilience are major determinants of irrigation efficiency. Based on these results we propose the following recommendations: i) farmers should balance crop yield and water use; undertake relevant training programs and adopt water-saving techniques; ii) local governments and researchers should help farmers to find the optimal level of irrigation water use based on their own circumstances and provide better water-saving techniques and training programs rather than simply encouraging farmers to invest in irrigation facilities in the most extreme weather years; and iii) the income level of farm households should be increased so as to improve their resilience to natural disasters.     

水肥调控对日光温室番茄产量、品质及土壤养分含量的影响

采用田间试验方法研究了在日光温室栽培条件下,不同水肥调控对番茄产量与品质及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,与当地农民的常规施肥处理相比,采用调整N,P,K比例并减少其用量的配方施肥处理可保持番茄产量,而且可增加番茄果实可溶性糖含量,降低硝态氮和有机酸含量,改善果实品质;同时也显著降低了硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾在土壤中的过量累积,降低了土壤盐分累积。与常规灌溉处理相比,在施肥量相同的条件下,节水灌溉处理对番茄产量与品质及土壤养分累积等指标均未产生不良影响。说明在当前日光温室栽培条件下,采取节水节肥措施具有很大潜力。     

高原湿地纳帕海退化土壤养分与酶活性研究

对滇西北纳帕海退化湿地土壤养分与酶活性的系统研究表明：人为活动干扰下不同湿地类型间土壤养分及酶活性存在明显差异；土壤有机质、全氮含量从原生沼泽向沼泽草地、草地、耕地逐渐减少；土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶的活性大小顺序也呈现出相同的趋势，多酚氧化酶则与此相反．经分析比较，土壤酶活性和土壤养分退化密切相关，且不同酶活性间也存在相关性，较好地反映了土壤退化程度，可作为评价该地区高原湿地土壤肥力的敏感指标。     

Change in properties of chernozems of the north caucasus during drip irrigation of fruit orchards

A comparative study of the effect of drip irrigation in fruit orchards in North Caucasus on the properties of chernozem soils is carried out. During local moistening of ordinary and leached chernozems with saline water, the soil absorption complex is saturated with Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ and depleted in Ca²⁺; a shift of ionic equilibrium is noted mainly at places of localization of irrigation water. The effect of drip irrigation on a change in the physicochemical properties of chernozem soils in fruit orchards is determined.