Controlling runoff under low pressure center pivot irrigation systems

A research study was conducted in commercial potato production fields irrigated by low pressure center pivot irrigation systems for three growing seasons in southern Idaho, USA. Plots were established to give several replications of both conventional and reservoir tillage under the outermost spans, where the highest application rates occur. The soil was silt loam, and the topography varied from nearly level to 5% slopes. The sprinkler devices included spray nozzles on drops (spraydrops), spray nozzles on booms (spraybooms) and rotator spray nozzles on drops (rotator spraydrops) with an operating pressure of 138 kPa.The purpose of this study was to investigate and assess the role of reservoir tillage on controlling runoff, uniformity of soil water content throughout the field, and crop yield, as compared with conventional tillage. Reservoir tillage effectively reduced runoff losses to less than 1% of the applied water, when the dike were intact and remained stable. Over the three years of this study reservoir tillage increased the average soil water content by 18%. In addition, a statistical analysis showed that reservoir tillage significantly increased the percent available water in the top 65 cm of the root zone (P=0.01). The use of reservoir tillage elevated average yield by 21%, and average percent number one tubers was increased from 64% for conventional plots to 68% for reservoirtilled plots. While reservoir tillage increased the yield significantly (P=0.01), the sprinkler type did not have a significant influence on yield.     

安装高度和工作压力对育苗喷头水力性能影响的试验研究

[目的]探究安装高度及工作压力对育苗喷头水力性能的影响,得到育苗喷头适宜工作条件,优化育苗喷头喷洒水力性能.[方法]选取育苗喷头的安装高度为0.5、0.6、0.7 m,分别测试其在200、250、300、350 kPa工作压力下单喷头的水量分布.基于水量平衡原理,建立移动喷洒水量分布计算模型,将单喷头定喷水量分布转换为...     

一种H型组合喷头的设计与试验

为优化植保器械,设计了一种H型组合喷头,对组合喷头田间作业参数对施药效果的影响进行试验研究.阐述分析了H型组合喷头的构造及工作原理,根据田间试验得到该组合喷头各部件的优选参数.结果表明:在0.3～0.9MPa压力下,H型组合喷头的流量为208.3～293.3mL/min、雾滴粒径分布跨度为0.71～0.82;常规喷头流...     

20PY2摇臂喷头掺气情况下的低压喷灌效果

20PY₂掺气喷头是以20PY₂摇臂喷头结构为基础,引入气液两相流理论得到的一种喷头.以20PY₂掺气喷头为研究对象,研究其低压下的喷灌效果,并对比摇臂喷头的喷灌效果.试验评价指标:平均喷灌强度、蒸发漂移量、喷灌均匀系数及分布均匀系数;变量:工作压力和组合间距.试验结果表明:与摇臂喷头相比,掺气喷头的射程变化不大,但掺气喷头的平均喷灌强度随工作压力递增,随着组合间距递减;低压下,掺气喷头在风速为1 m/s时的蒸发漂移量约为5%,其组合喷灌的最佳工作压力和组合间距分别为300 kPa和1.1R.掺气喷头喷灌强度峰值与谷值的阶梯性较好,同等数量测点的喷灌强度峰值区间和谷值区间平均值趋向于平均喷灌强度,峰值区间和谷值区间喷灌强度在灌溉总强度中的占比分别低于和高于摇臂喷头.因此,喷灌效果优于摇臂喷头.     

Soil management and traffic effects on infiltration of irrigation water applied using sprinklers

Zero tillage and controlled traffic have been proposed as means for more productive and sustainable irrigated farming. Both practices affect soil infiltration characteristics and, therefore, should have effects on sprinkler irrigation performance. This study compared water infiltration and runoff in three sprinkler irrigation tests performed on an alluvial loam soil at different times during a maize (Zea mays L.)–cotton (Gossypium hirstium L.) rotation under two soil managements: permanent beds with crop residue retention (PB: planting beds maintained unaltered from year to year) and conventional beds with residues incorporated with tillage (CB: disc and chisel ploughing followed by rotavator pass and bed forming every year). Traffic was controlled and two types of furrows were distinguished in both tillage systems: with (+T) and without (−T) wheel traffic. The irrigation tests were performed on maize at full cover, on bare soil just before cotton sowing and on cotton with 50% ground cover. Infiltration and runoff were affected notably by both traffic and soil management. The soil under PB infiltrated more water than under CB, and −T furrows more than +T furrows. Considering the combined treatments, −T furrows in the CB system infiltrated more water than +T furrows in the PB system. A sprinkler irrigation model for simulating water application and soil infiltration and runoff was formulated. The model was used to analyse irrigation performance under infiltration characteristic of the CB and PB systems in trafficked and non-trafficked furrows. Five irrigation performance indicators were used to assess the various combinations of tillage and traffic: Wilkox–Swailes coefficient of uniformity; application efficiency; deep percolation ratio; tail water ratio; and adequacy. The model was used to develop operation diagrams and provided guidelines for making irrigation decisions in the new controlled traffic/permanent bed system and in a standard conventional system.     

SD-03型地埋式喷头水力性能试验研究

为了研究不同压力下喷头水力性能,明确工作压力对其他参数的影响,文中对一种喷嘴出口直径为5 mm型号为SD-03的地埋式喷头进行了研究.测量出喷头在200,250,300和350 kPa工作压力下的流量、转速及径向水量分布,并计算出不同压力下的射程.结果表明:流量、射程、转速以及喷灌强度都随着喷头工作压力的增大而增大.此外,在射程计算的经验公式基础上进行了修正,得到了不同压力下,射程公式的修正系数为0.5~0.6;转速随着压力增大而增大,得到了喷头压力和喷头转速的关系多项式;分析喷灌强度的分布曲线,相比于200 kPa下的最高喷灌强度,当压力增大时最高喷灌强度同比增长15.93%~18.67%,为地埋式喷头的后续研究提供了科学的理论依据以及在工程应用中提供了理论基础.     

组合方式对喷灌均匀度的影响研究

【目的】研究喷头不同组合方式对喷灌均匀度的影响,得到最佳的组合方式。【方法】根据FYRB471 型喷头在不同工作压力下间距1 m采样所得的无风喷洒降水强度,针对喷头分别呈正三角形、正方形、正六边形等组合方式,拟合出了喷头在不同工作压力及组合间距下的降水强度,采用克里斯琴森均匀系数计算了相应的喷灌均匀度。【结果】当工作压力一定时,不同组合方式下的喷灌均匀度都随喷头间距的增大而减小;当喷头间距一定时,组合均匀度与工作压力正相关。当间距小于5.5 m时,不同工作压力下3 种组合方式的均匀度相差不大;当间距大于5.5 m时,随着工作压力或者组合间距的增大,正三角形组合方式所提供的喷灌均匀度最优,正方形组合方式次之,正六边形组合方式最低。正三角形组合方式喷头间距变大时,喷灌均匀度降低;工作压力过大或间距过小时会增加成本,因此农业生产可兼顾考虑效率和成本选择喷头的组合方式以及工作压力,制定合理的喷灌方案。【结论】当组合间距介于5.5 m和8.5 m之间,工作压力介于200 kPa 与320 kPa 时,应考虑采用正三角形组合方式,此时的喷灌均匀度最高,达80%以上;当组合间距小于等于5.5 m时,不同工作压力下的均匀度基本相同,应考虑采用正六边形组合方式,单个喷灌设备覆盖范围最广,成本最低。     

圆形喷灌机喷头选型及配置

圆形喷灌机作为典型的节水灌溉装备,具有自动化程度高、喷洒效果好、工作效率高等优点,近年来在我国得到很好的推广应用。圆形喷灌机的灌溉质量主要取决于使用的喷头类型及配置方式。分析了圆形喷灌机喷头从中压向低压方向发展演化过程,对各种类型喷头主要性能与参数特征进行了梳理与归纳。综述了各类喷头的结构特征与性能、配置方式等方面研究与应用现状。对圆形喷灌机喷头和配置方式的研究现状分析表明,目前圆形喷灌机使用的喷头普遍为低压旋转折射式喷头,且国内外对于该类喷头的设计与性能等方面的研究尚不完善,亟待展开相关领域研究,促进该类型喷头的国产化,以满足日益增长的规模化农业对大型喷灌机的巨大市场需求。      

射流式喷头水量分布动态仿真及试验

【目的】研究工作压力,喷头组合间距、组合斱式和旋转速度对射流式喷头及多喷头组合喷灌均匀性系数(CU)和分布均匀系数(DU)的影响。【斱法】采用不同工作条件下单喷头和多喷头组合喷灌水量分布的动态仿真代码,对射流式喷头开展了水力性能试验;研究了射流式喷头在不同工作压力及安装高度条件下对喷灌强度、水量分布的影响;建立了水量峰值强度与工作压力的回归关系式;模拟了单喷头在正斱形和三角形组合喷灌下的空间水量分布。【结果】喷头在1.5 m安装高度、100~300 kPa压力条件下,水量峰值集中在5 mm/h附近,标准偏差(STD)为0.23。喷头在100 kPa工作压力,安装高度为1.1、1.3 m的水量峰值强度分别可高达8.9、10.5mm/h。不同工作压力下的单喷头喷灌的DU和CU标准偏差分别为15.5%、9.3%,且DU对压力的变化相对更为敏感。【结论】在实际喷灌工程中正斱形组合喷灌的间距应小于8m,三角形组合喷头之间的间距应布置在8m附近,此时的喷灌均匀度最高,单个喷灌设备覆盖范围最广,成本最低。     

影响负压反馈射流喷头水力性能的重要参数正交试验

为了探究影响负压反馈射流喷头水力性能的重要参数对水力性能的影响程度,并选出综合水力性能最优下的重要参数组合,首先设计了4因素3水平正交试验,并根据试验要求分别加工出3种长度(4.2,5.6,7.0 cm)的喷管、3种直径(3,4,5 mm)的喷嘴,以及射流进口宽×深为4 mm×8 mm、位差1.80 mm、侧壁夹角20°、劈距28.0 mm、3种喷射仰角(20°,30°,40°)的射流机构,用于水力性能测试.采用综合评分法和极差分析法对正交试验结果进行处理,并引入了射程和喷灌均匀系数对试验结果进行评价.结果表明:影响喷头综合水力性能的重要参数,影响程度由大到小依次为喷射仰角、主副喷嘴直径、工作压力、主副喷管长度.得到了在此射流机构下的最优重要参数组合为工作压力0.35 MPa、主×副喷嘴直径5 mm×4 mm、喷射仰角30°、主×副喷管长度4.2 cm×4.2 cm.试验结果可为该型国产喷头的产品化和未来工程应用提供理论数据支撑.     

Soil texture, climate and management effects on plant growth, grain yield and water use by rainfed maize–wheat cropping system: Field and simulation study

In sub-mountain tract of Punjab state of India, maize (Zea mays, L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops are grown as rainfed having low crop and water productivity. To enhance that, proper understanding of the factors (soil type, climate, management practices and their interactions) affecting it is a pre-requisite. The present study aims to assess the effects of tillage, date of sowing, and irrigation practices on the rainfed maize–wheat cropping system involving combined approach of field study and simulation. Field experiments comprising 18 treatments (three dates of sowing as main, three tillage systems as subplot and two irrigation regimes as the sub-subplot) were conducted for two years (2004–2006) and simulations were made for 15 years using CropSyst model. Field and simulated results showed that grain yields of maize and wheat crops were more in early July planted maize and early November planted wheat on silt loam soil. Different statistical parameters (root mean square error, coefficient of residual mass, model efficiency, coefficient of correlation and paired t-test) indicated that CropSyst model did fair job to simulate biomass production and grain yield for maize–wheat cropping system under varying soil texture, date of planting and irrigation regimes.     

Wheat yield response to line source sprinkler irrigation and soil management practices on medium-textured shallow soils of arid environment

A field experiment was conducted for 3 years to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation under different soil management practices on biomass production, grain yield, yield components and water productivity of spring wheat (Triticum estivum L.). Soil management practices consisted of tillage (conventional and deep tillage) and Farmyard manure (0 and 10 t ha^?1 FYM). Line source sprinkler laterals were used to generate one full- (ETm) and four deficit irrigation treatments that were 88, 75, 62 and 46 % of ETm, and designated as ETd₁, ETd₂, ETd₃, and ETd₄. Deep tillage significantly enhanced grain yield (14–18 %) and water productivity (1.27–1.34 kg m^?3) over conventional tillage. Similarly, application of FYM at 10 t ha^?1 significantly improved grain yield (10–13 %) and water productivity (1.25–1.31 kg m^?3) in comparison with no FYM. Grain yield response to irrigation varied significantly (5,281–2,704 kg ha^?1) due to differences in soil water contents. Water productivity varied from 1.05 to 1.34 kg m^?3, among the treatments in 3 years. The interactive effect of irrigation × tillage practices and irrigation × FYM on grain yield was significant. Yield performance proved that deficit irrigation (ETd₂) subjected to 75 % soil water deficit had the smallest yield decline with significant water saving would be the most appropriate irrigation level for wheat production in arid regions.     

间作小麦留茬方式对配对玉米产量和水分利用的影响

通过大田试验,探讨了间作小麦不同留茬方式对间作玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,与单作玉米(SC)相比,间作小麦25cm高茬收割压倒处理(W/C1)、25cm高茬等量秸秆覆盖处理(W/C2)、不留茬收割处理(W/C3)间作玉米产量分别增加了12.53%、17.44%、11.27%,W/C2处理下玉米产量显著高于W/C1与W/C3处理。间作增大了玉米耗水量,小麦留茬可显著降低间作玉米的耗水量,3种间作处理玉米的耗水量较单作分别增加了12.86%、9.71%、16.95%,W/C1和W/C2处理下耗水量较W/C3处理分别降低了3.63%和6.61%。3种间作处理玉米的WUE较单作分别提高10.82%、22.92%、4.78%;其中,W/C2处理间作玉米的WUE最大,且显著高于W/C1、W/C3处理。试验条件下,小麦25cm高茬等量秸秆覆盖是该区提高间作产量和WUE的有效措施之一。     

平地向坡地转换喷灌水量分布计算模型研究

针对坡地喷灌水量分布实测困难问题,以坡地喷头射程计算公式为基础,依据喷头射流方向总水量守恒原理,构建了喷灌水量分布由平地转换到坡地的计算模型,并通过试验验证了模型的正确性。利用该模型,分析了喷头布置方式、喷头间距、工作压力和坡度等对坡面喷灌水量分布的影响,结果表明,三角形布置有利于坡地单喷头水量分布的叠加,且其组合喷灌均匀度略高于方形布置;随着喷头间距的增大,组合喷灌均匀度呈下降趋势;喷头低压运行时,组合喷灌均匀度相对较低,不能满足喷灌均匀性的要求,随着喷头工作压力的增大,组合喷灌均匀度逐渐增大;在一定坡度范围内,不同坡度对水量分布和组合喷灌均匀度的影响较小。因此,在坡地喷灌系统设计时,若选用雨鸟LF1200型喷头,建议采用三角形布置,喷头间距宜为1.0~1.2倍平地喷头射程,喷头工作压力宜选用300 k Pa。     

A particle tracking velocimetry technique for drop characterization in agricultural sprinklers

A variety of techniques have been proposed in the literature for sprinkler drop characterization. An optical particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique is proposed in this paper to determine drop velocity, diameter and angle. The technique has been applied to the drops emitted by an isolated impact sprinkler equipped with two nozzles (diameters 3.20 and 4.37 mm) operating at a pressure of 175 kPa. PTV has been previously used to determine the velocity vector of different types of particles. In this research, PTV was used to photograph sprinkler drops over a region illuminated with laser light. Photographs were taken at four horizontal distances from the sprinkler, which was located at an elevation of 1.65 m over the soil surface. Drop angle and velocity were derived from the displacement of the drop centroid in two images separated by a short time step. Centrality and dispersion parameters were obtained for each drop variable and observation point. Results derive from the analysis of 2,360 images. Only 37.5 % of them (884 images) contained drops which could be processed by the PTV algorithm, resulting in a total of 3,782 drops. A filtering algorithm just validated 1,893 valid drops, which were successfully analyzed. The proposed technique uses expensive equipment requiring continued protection against irrigation water. This methodology has proven valuable to characterize irrigation water drops. Despite its robust measurement procedure, further comparison with other techniques seems necessary before this optical technique can be recommended for practical use in sprinkler drop characterization.     

自动折叠喷洒臂的设计及运动学特性

为了解决当前卷盘式喷灌机所配套的喷灌车自动化水平较低的问题,设计了一种基于电动缸驱动的自动折叠喷洒臂,并在喷洒臂之间连接处设计了一种当喷洒臂完全展开时能够实现自密封的端面密封铰链.基于喷洒臂完全折叠时收拢于车架两侧,完全伸展时铰链左右铰合密封等特征建立各杆件参数约束方程,确定了喷洒臂的各杆件尺寸.通过矢量方程法对喷洒臂进行运动学分析,以电动杆推杆的转角、位移、速度、加速度为输入量,各杆件的角位移、角速度、角加速度为输出量,通过Simulink搭建喷洒臂的运动仿真框图并进行分析.结果表明:完全折叠时,喷管1与水平方向呈90°夹角;伸展过程中,各喷管运动平稳,且始终保持在水平直线方向;完全展开时,3个喷管转动90°,且各喷管铰接处完全闭合不发生水泄漏现象,说明设计具有一定的合理性.     

基于异形喷嘴结构的低压喷头水力性能

对2种流量相等的出口截面形状为正方形和正三角形的异形喷嘴与圆形喷嘴进行了对比研究,研究其压力、喷嘴锥角、出口截面形状对流量、射程、喷灌强度和喷灌均匀性等水力性能的影响.结合试验和Matlab软件,分析低压下异形喷嘴在矩形布置下的组合均匀性,确定了组合喷灌均匀性最好的喷嘴型号及其最佳组合间距.研究表明:锥角一定时,喷嘴的流量和射程均随着压力增大而增大;压力一定时,喷嘴的流量和射程随着锥角变大而减小.低压条件下,异形喷嘴的喷灌均匀性较圆形喷嘴有极大改善,低压组合喷灌均匀性最佳的喷嘴为锥角45°的正三角形喷嘴,最佳组合间距为一个有效喷洒半径.异形喷嘴的组合均匀性系数比圆形喷嘴的高,说明在组合喷灌时选用异形喷嘴更能体现喷灌均匀性优势.     

Effect of tillage and furrow irrigation timing on efficiency of preplant irrigation

Summary A field study to determine the efficiency of preplant irrigating with furrow irrigation and the effects of tillage and fall or spring application of preplant irrigation on this efficiency was conducted during 1983, 1984, and 1985 at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, North Plains Research Field at Etter, Texas on a Sherm, silty clay loam soil. Sorghum residue from the previous crop was shredded, gravimetric soil samples were taken, and five tillage treatments were imposed in the fall. The tillage treatments consisted of various combinations of disking, chiselling, moldboard plowing, and disk bedding. A preplant irrigation was applied in the fall to half of each tillage plot and in the spring to the other half of each plot. Soil samples were taken from each plot one month after the spring preplant irrigation. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. NC 178) was planted and irrigated similarly on all plots during the growing season. On the average, 237 mm of water were required to irrigate the tillage treatments during fall preplant irrigation and 466 mm were required during spring preplant irrigation. The additional water requirement in the spring was associated with increased water uptake by non-wheel-track furrows. Treatments with chiselling required larger water application during spring preplant irrigation. All treatments had similar soil water contents at planting time. Neither timing of preplant irrigation nor type of tillage had any effect on sorghum grain yield. Therefore, fall preplant irrigation was considerably more efficient than spring preplant irrigation. Averaged over the three years do study and five tillage treatments storage efficiency was 26% for fall application and 17% for springtime.Contribution of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Paper No. 21724     

A photographic method for drop characterization in agricultural sprinklers

The characterization of drops resulting from impact sprinkler irrigation has been addressed by a number of techniques. In this article, a new technique based on low-speed photography (1/100 s) is presented and validated. The technique permits to directly measure drop diameter, velocity and angle. The photographic technique was applied to the characterization of drops resulting from an isolated sprinkler equipped with a 4.8 mm nozzle and operating at a pressure of 200 kPa. Sprinkler performance was characterized from photographs of 1,464 drops taken at distances ranging from 1.5 to 12.5 m. It was possible to analyze separately the drops emitted by the main jet and those emitted by the impact arm. The proposed technique does not require specific equipment, although it is labor intensive.     

基于弹道理论有风条件下折射式喷头喷灌均匀度研究

为计算有风条件下折射式喷头水量分布及喷灌均匀度,以弹道轨迹理论为基础,依据风速分布模型,建立有风条件下折射式单喷头水量分布计算方法,采用该方法模拟出有风条件下Nelson D3000型喷头倒挂安装方式下水量分布特性,通过与实测资料进行对比,验证了模拟具有较高的准确度,可应用于有风条件下折射式喷头水量分布计算。在此基础上,选用4.76 mm(24号)喷嘴直径,模拟出不工况下单喷头水量分布,计算出组合情况下喷灌均匀度,分析了风速、风向、喷头间距、工作压力和安装高度5种因素对喷灌均匀度的影响,并对蒸发漂移损失进行了分析。结果表明:95%的置信区间下,喷头布置间距对喷灌均匀度的影响最显著,其次是安装高度和喷头工作压力,风速和风向对喷灌均匀度影响不显著。风速、喷头工作压力和安装高度都会对蒸发漂移损失产生影响,其中工作压力影响最大。当选用Nelson D3000型喷头在风速小于6 m/s的环境下喷灌时,应将喷头安装间距固定在2.13~3.04 m范围内。另外,该安装间距范围内,喷头安装高度和喷灌压力增大后,喷灌均匀度增大的效果不明显,因此应采用低压喷灌以降低喷灌系统运行成本;考虑到较高的喷头安装高度会产生较大的蒸发漂移损失,喷灌时还应适当降低喷头安装高度,以提高喷灌水分利用率。