宁夏盐池县不同荒漠化治理措施植物多样性研究

 分析不同荒漠化治理措施下植物多样性变化,可以为制定防沙治沙对策和措施提供基础数据。采用α多样性指数(ShannonWiener指数、Simpson指数、群落均匀度指数Jsw和Js)和β-多样性指数(相似性系数Cs),研究宁夏盐池县草原群落在不同荒漠化治理措施(人工封育、退耕还林、撂荒地)固定样地植物多样性变化。对比2002和2003年不同类型固定样地植物多样性观测数据表明,到2003年,各实验样地的α-多样性指数均有不同程度的提高;β-多样性的研究结果同样表明,不同治理措施实验样地的种类组成,已经发生了一定的变化。此外,还进一步分析了引起植物多样性变化的主要原因。     

宁夏盐池县不同荒漠化治理措施植物群落稳定性分析

分析不同荒漠化治理措施下植物群落的稳定性,可以为制定防沙治沙对策和措施提供基础数据。以植物α-多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener指数Sw、Simpson指数SD、群落均匀度指数Jsw和Js）和β-多样性指数（相似性系数Cs）、生物量变动系数为指标,从空间和时间2个尺度上分析宁夏盐池县不同荒漠化治理措施下的植物群落稳定性。结果表明：从α-多样性一群落稳定性分析,退耕还林措施下的植物多样性指数和群落均匀度指数较高,人工封育各指数年际间波动较小;从β-多样性一群落稳定性分析,人工封育措施下的植物群落相似性系数较大,且各年间波动较小,群落最稳定,退耕还林地次之;从功能指标分析,人工封育措施下的各年生物量值最高,退耕还林措施下的生物量波动最小。     

城市化进程中撂荒地植被恢复方式对植物多样性的影响

通过野外调查,研究鄱阳湖生态经济区城市化进程中农田生态系统撂荒后,自然更新和人工更新2种方式下的植物多样性和群落物种结构.结果表明：1）在撂荒地共发现42种植物,隶属22科42属,其中自然更新群落样地有10科20属,人工更新群落样地有19科34属;2）2个群落的科、属、种数在统计上差异不显著,只表现出人工更新群落稍高于自然更新群落,植物丰富度、多样性指数在统计上差异不显著,但是呈上升趋势;3）自然更新和人工更新2个群落间的植物种相似系数为0.44,自然更新和人工更新2个群落中的共有植物种类为12种,以一年生草本居多;4）应用除趋势对应分析排序方法（DCA）分析表明,2个群落结构间已形成梯度,在人工更新群落增加了多年生草本、多年生草质藤本和小灌木,人工更新减缓了植物多样性丧失的速度.在城市化圈地过程中,建议在撂荒期栽植乔木树种,有利于生物多样性的保护.     

水土保持生态自我修复中的植物多样性恢复研究

以植物群落调查样地为基础,从物种多样性指数、生态优势度、群落均匀度和林下植被生物量,对辽东地区水土保持生态修复区的几种典型土地利用方式下植物多样性恢复效应研究表明:天然次生生态系统(天然栎林与撂荒地)的植物多样性和林下植被生物量均表现为随着修复时间的延长而增加,人工针叶林生态系统与之相反,表现为下降趋势。不同土地利用方式下,植物群落的物种多样性表现为:天然次生栎林>撂荒地>落叶松人工林>红松人工林,其中,退耕落叶松人工林的植物多样性指数高于连植落叶松人工林。     

盐池县四儿滩湿地及其周边植物多样性研究

采用α-多样性指数即Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、群落均匀度指、和丰富度指数对盐池县四儿滩湿地周边的植被与盐池县天然草场、人工封育区和撂荒地的植被进行比较研究,得出湿地周边的植被多样性指数和丰富度指数都大于天然草场,大于撂荒地,人工封育区植被多样性指数最小.均匀度指数撂荒地最大,其次分别是天然草场和湿地,人工封育地均匀度指数最小.     

宁夏盐池县植被恢复过程中的植物多样性研究

通过聚类方法分析了盐池县天然草地、撂荒地、人工封育区和湿地4种样地的植被组成和群落特征,同时应用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、群落均匀度指数和丰富度指数对植物多样性进行了研究分析,以了解植被恢复的状况.结果表明,四儿滩保护区湿地由于水分充足,其植物多样性明显高于其它样地,柳杨堡人工封育区的多样性高于天然草地及撂荒地,另外,降水量对植被恢复影响明显,由于降水量减少,2008年的植被特征值和多样性指数均比2006年和2007年有所减小,其中,2008年总的植被盖度相比减少50%～60%,无量殿天然草地和四儿滩保护区湿地的生物量都减少约50%,撂荒地减少60%,而柳杨堡人工封育区相比减少了70%,2008年4种类型样地的多样性指数均有小幅度的减小,而丰富度指数有明显的降低,封育区丰富度指数比2007年减少了约46%,四儿滩湿地比2006年减少12%,比2007年减少22%,另外,四儿滩湿地的均匀度指数受影响较大,2006年为0.905,2007年为0.836,而2008年降低到0.467.     

科尔沁沙地防风固沙林踏郎稳定性研究

以科尔沁地区半流动沙丘地上6a生踏郎人工灌木防风固沙林为对象,选取立地质量相近的撂荒地作为对照,通过样地种群结构统计、土壤理化性质测定、群落物种多样性测度等研究.对踏郎稳定性进行了综合评价.研究表明:不同生境下的踏郎人工灌木防风固沙林的各项指标存在差异,坡下踏郎人工固沙林土壤的物理性质、化学性质、种群结构、群落物种多样性及稳定性均达到最好,其中物种丰富度S达到8;Simpson多样性指数D为0.58;Shannon多样性指数H'为1.35;Pielou均匀度指数Jw为0.74;Alatalo均匀度指数Eα为0.64;M指数达到0.666 7.撂荒地的立地质量、物种多样性均最差,物种丰富度为4;Simpson多样性指数D为0.29;Shannon多样性指数H'为0.67;Pielou均匀度指数Jw为0.36;Alatalo均匀度指数Eα为0.32.综合评价不同生境的踏郎人工灌木防风固沙林稳定性结果为:坡下>坡上>坡中撂荒地.     

干旱荒漠区封育沙地植被群落特征变化研究

以天然植被围栏封育和人工种植+围栏封育措施下沙地植物群落为对象,以无封护的流动沙地做对照,研究了不同恢复措施对沙地群落物种组成及结构变化的影响.结果表明,(1)封育15 a后,人工种植+围栏封育区侵入物种的丰富度随演替的进展已达12种,其中猪毛菜7.562株/m~2,碟果虫实3.233株/m~2,雾冰藜3.017株/m~2,沙米1.615株/m~2,狗尾草1.112株/m~2.种类组成及生活型结构在向天然植被围栏封育区植物群落靠近,但两者间仍表现出较大差异.(2)在类型组成上,两种封育措施区差异主要表现在优势科及各科种类数量上.(3)在综合多样性特征上,两种措施区草被层的Shannon指数和丰富度指数存在显著差异,而其余各指数两者差异均不显著,但天然植被围栏封育区灌木层的生态优势度指数较高.(4)群落的相似性指数表明,两种封育措施间的植物群落差距较大,且2种封育措施下的植物群落与植被呈零星状分布的无封护措施的流动沙地相比,生态差距均十分显著,这表明封育可明显促进沙地植被的多样性恢复,其中人工种植对沙地植物群落物种多样性恢复的作用是相对缓慢而渐进的.     

侵蚀环境撂荒地植物群落恢复动态研究

以侵蚀环境不同退耕撂荒年限样地为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列的方法调查植物群落特征,分析植物恢复过程。结果表明：植物群落覆盖度和地上生物量随退耕撂荒年限的增加,恢复演替的推进逐渐增大;群落物种多样性指数与撂荒年限呈正相关,而群落优势度指数与撂荒年限呈负相关;物种多样性指数能极好地反映群落物种丰富度,并能客观表达物种的动态变化,其演变呈升—降—升的趋势,退耕撂荒3、10和25 a左右时为物种多样性指数的高峰。植物群落结构稳定性与物种多样性、群落生物量、覆盖度和优势度关系密切,随着退耕撂荒地植被恢复演替的进展,植被结构稳定性呈阶梯式增强,从而为侵蚀环境生态恢复提供了基础保障。     

盐池不同保护及恢复措施对植物多样性的影响

该文以位于我国西北半干旱区的宁夏盐池县为研究对象,研究不同植被保护及恢复措施下植物群落结构及物种多样性。选取4类样地类型:分别为老封育区草地、新封育区草地、退耕地、天然草地。老封育区草地各项植物多样性指数均为4类样地类型中最低,可见,并不是封育年限越长,植被恢复生长效果就越好。退耕地的综合多样性指数及均匀性指数在4类样地类型中均较高,退耕还草是一种非常可取的植被恢复措施。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.