Characterization of ectophosphatase activities in trypanosomatid parasites of plants

ABSTRACT In the present work ectophosphatase activities of three trypanosomatid parasites of plants were characterized using intact cells. Phytomonas fran?ai, Phytomonas mcgheei, and Herpetomonas sp. hydrolyzed p-nitro-phenylphosphate at a rate of 5.40, 7.28, and 25.58 nmol Pi/mg of protein per min, respectively. Experiments using classical inhibitors of acid phosphatases such as sodium orthovanadate (NaVO(3)) and sodium fluoride (NaF) showed a decrease in phosphatase activities. Lithium fluoride (LiF) and aluminum chloride (AlCl(3)) were also used. Although AlCl3 had no effect, LiF was able to promote a decrease in the phosphatase activities. Interestingly, the inhibition caused by LiF was enhanced by the addition of AlCl3 during the reaction, probably due to the formation of fluoroaluminate complexes. This effect was confirmed by cytochemical analysis. In this assay, electron-dense cerium phosphate deposits were visualized on the external surface of the three parasites.     

Effect of GRAS compounds on Aspergillus rot of wood-apple (Feronia limonia)

Fruit rot caused by Aspergillus niger is a major postharvest problem in wood-apple, Feronia limonia Swingle (syns. F. elephantum Correa; Limonia acidissima L.; Schinus limonia L. [Rutaceae]). The effect of four Generally Recommended As Safe (GRAS) compounds—sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, citric acid and sodium benzoate—in different concentrations was evaluated on mycelium growth and spore germination. The effectiveness of the compounds was investigated on inoculated and naturally infected fruits. Sodium bicarbonate (4%) completely inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination. Fruits that were first inoculated and then treated with 4% sodium bicarbonate, or the reverse, gave 53.6% and 98.4% disease reduction, respectively. Non-treated control fruits were diseased completely 3 days after inoculation. Sodium bicarbonate treatment on naturally infected fruits controlled the disease by 100% and extended the storage life up to 28 days at 27?±?2°C and 65–70% r.h. Sensory attributes of the treated fruits did not change during storage.     

几种中药提取物对二斑叶螨的生物活性及其对主要解毒代谢酶活性的影响

用3种不同有机溶剂对蛇床子Cnidium monnieri、白头翁Pulsatilla chinensis、百部Stemona japonica、半夏Pinellia ternata、紫丁香Syringa oblate进行了提取,获得15种植物粗提物,并采用玻片浸渍法对二斑叶螨进行室内药效测定。结果表明,当各粗提物浓度为5.00mg/mL时,蛇床子丙酮提取物A-SCZ和蛇床子氯仿提取物C-SCZ在处理24h后,二斑叶螨的校正死亡率为100%,具较好的杀螨活性。室内毒力试验表明,A-SCZ、C-SCZ、百部乙醇提取物E-BB、白头翁乙醇提取物E-BTW、白头翁氯仿提取物C-BTW对二斑叶螨的LC50分别为2.68、1.68、4.14、11.91、5.93mg/mL。测定施药后4h和24h二斑叶螨体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、多功能氧化酶(MFOs)等解毒代谢酶的活力变化情况,结果表明,白头翁、紫丁香、蛇床子的活性成分主要抑制二斑叶螨体内AchE、GSTs、ACP和CarE而发挥杀螨作用,而百部粗提物主要抑制的是害螨体内GSTs和MFO。A-SCZ、C-SCZ提取率达19.83%和21.62%,表明这两种中药提取物有较高的提取率和杀螨活性,具有很大的开发潜力。     

Influence of Soil Moisture on Long-Term Sorption of Diuron and Isoproturon by Soil

Long-term sorption of diuron and isoproturon by a clay loam soil was investigated for nine weeks at two herbicide doses (0·6 or 3 mg kg⁻¹) and two soil moisture contents (35 or 62% w/w, i.e. 3·16 or 1 kPa) by measuring changes in herbicide concentrations in the soil solution sampled by means of glass microfibre filters in presence of sodium azide (200 mg litre⁻¹) which inhibited biodegradation for more than four weeks. After the first day equilibration period, where adsorption mainly occurred (>70% adsorbed), herbicide concentrations in the soil solution decreased (about 50% for diuron; up to 38% for isoproturon) for two weeks but equilibration required about one month. Small amounts of herbicides were sorbed during this process (<10% of the initial (24-h) adsorption). These were similar for both herbicides, although diuron was initially more adsorbed. Values of the partition coefficients of herbicides between soil and soil solution were increased (75–125% for diuron; 29–67% for isoproturon). High soil moisture enhanced sorption speed for both herbicides and increased final sorption only for diuron. Sodium azide inhibited long-term sorption of the more stable diuron and this effect was reversed by low temperature only at the low soil moisture. Sodium azide action might be complex (competition, effect on soil micro-organisms) and was not elucidated.     

蓖麻提取液对甜菜夜蛾幼虫解毒酶活性的影响

为探讨植物提取液对甜菜夜蛾解毒酶系活性的影响效应,采用浸渍法测定了不同浓度蓖麻碱(3.80、1.90、0.95、0.48和0.24g/L)对甜菜夜蛾幼虫碱性磷酸酯酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性的影响。结果表明:与清水对照组相比,不同浓度处理48h和72h对AKP的抑制作用均达到显著水平,而3.80g/L处理24h即可显著抑制AKP活性;与对照组相比,不同浓度蓖麻碱处理72h均会显著降低其ACP活性,而浓度大于0.24g/L时处理24h和48h即可显著降低ACP活性;蓖麻碱处理组GSTs活性在处理后24、48和72h都显著低于对照组,但不同浓度间无显著差异;本研究揭示了蓖麻碱对这3种解毒酶均有较强的抑制作用,且抑制作用随蓖麻碱浓度升高和作用时间延长而增强。     

Action of the fungicide tridemorph on the glucose,lactate and succinate dehydrogenase activities of some tridemorph-sensitive and -resistant bacteria

The systemic morpholine fungicide tridemorph, which is known to exert its antifungal action through inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis, can also inhibit the growth of organisms which are incapable of sterol biosynthesis. It was found to inhibit strongly glucose and lactate dehydrogenase activities in cultures of four Gram( +) bacteria, Rhodococcus sp. AK 1, Bacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland, Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn, Nocardia asteroides and a Gram(?) bacterium, Rhizobium leguminosarum. Growth of these bacteria was inhibited by tridemorph at concentrations between 7 and 60 mg litre^?1. In contrast, similar dehydrogenase activities in other Gram(?) organisms, Escherichia coli Cast. & Chalm. and Azotobacter vinelandii, which showed no growth inhibition at 200 mg litre ^?1 tridemorph, were either not inhibited or inhibited only slightly. Similarly, succinate dehydrogenase activity in Rhodococcus sp. AK 1 was more strongly inhibited by tridemorph than that in E. coli. In cell-free extracts of Rhodococcus sp. AK1 and E. coli, lactate dehydrogenase activity was also inhibited by tridemorph to a much greater extent in the sensitive strain (63%) than in the resistant ones (8%).     

2种昆虫病原线虫共生菌的代谢产物对苹果病原菌真菌的抑菌作用

嗜线虫致病杆菌(Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310)和发光杆菌(Photorhabdus luminescens HB140)是分别从小卷蛾斯氏线虫和异小杆线虫中分离到的2株昆虫病原线虫共生菌。为了明确这2种共生菌的抑菌活性,分别测定了其对苹果上6种主要病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,这2种共生菌对6种苹果病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株发酵液对苹果轮纹病病原菌抑制效果最好,抑制率达76.9%,对其他病原菌的抑制作用依次为苹果树腐烂病病原菌(74.1%)>苹果斑点落叶病病原菌(60.9%)>苹果灰霉病病原菌(46.7%)>苹果青霉病病原菌(44.5%)>苹果炭疽病病原菌(23.0%);发光杆菌HB140菌株发酵液对苹果灰霉病病原菌的抑制作用最好,抑制率达到86.7%,对其他病原菌的抑制作用依次为苹果树腐烂病病原菌(76.6%)>苹果轮纹病病原菌(58.8%)>苹果斑点落叶病病原菌(46.0%)>苹果青霉病病原菌(44.2%)>苹果炭疽病病原菌(39.9%)。2种共生菌发酵液对苹果轮纹病菌均有较强的抑制作用,其EC50分别为42.28和42.92 mL/L。     

Measurement of phytotoxicity of commercial and unformulated soil-applied herbicides

The relative potencies of analytical-grade lenacil (99% ai) and its commercial formulation, Venzar® (80% ai), technical-grade ethofumesate (96%) and its commercial formulation Nortron® (21% ai) were evaluated using oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Selma) as test plant. In all experiments the dose-response curves of the pure herbicide and its commercial product were parallel. The average potency of Venzar relative to lenacil, assayed twice in a sandy loam, was 0?80 and thus equal to the expected 0?80. The average potency of Nortron relative to ethofumesate, assayed in a sandy loam and a loamy sand, was 0?25 and close to the expected value of 0?21. The implication of using the technique of parallel-line assay in herbicide studies is discussed and its potential use in other contexts than the present one is suggested.     

豇豆与锈菌互作中的多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性及其与抗性的关系

测定了具有不同抗性水平的5个豇豆Vigna sesquipdalis Wight品种在受锈菌Uromyces vignae Barcl侵染前和侵染后的若干阶段中的多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,并分析其与抗性的关系.结果表明,在接种后24h内,免疫和抗病品种的PPO比活性及其变化率均高于感病品种,且前者PPO比活性变化率高峰出现早,后者出现迟.在接种后,各品种的POD比活性及其变化率均上升,但中抗和感病品种的高峰出现早,免疫和高抗品种出现晚.此外,中抗和感病品种的POD比活性及其变化率在接种12h左右出现高峰后立即下降,而高抗品种的则持续上升至24h左右出现高峰,免疫品种的POD比活性也在24h左右出现高峰,但其POD比活性变化率则持续到48h左右达到高峰,且免疫和抗病品种的峰值明显大于感病品种.     

Weed Control Efficacy: Response of Chickpea to Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicides

Lack of control options for cool-season broadleaf weeds is a major deterrent to autumn-sown chickpea. Weed control and chickpea tolerance to PRE (pre-emergence) and POST (post-emergence) application of isoxaflutole and oxyflurofen, PRE metribuzin, POST pyridate, and flumetsulam were investigated at three locations, including Kermanshah, Kurdistan, and Hamedan provinces during 2017–2018. Untreated and weed-free checks were added for comparison. Pyridate and PRE oxyflurofen 125?g ai ha^?1 caused the minor visual crop injury according to EWRS score (1–1.8), while the highest crop injury occurred with metribuzin (EWRS score 3.5–8.5) in whole locations. The most effective herbicides for weed reduction were pyridate (70–75%), PRE oxyfluorfen (69–76%), and POST oxyfluorfen (65–73%) at Kermanshah, PRE oxyfluorfen at 125 and 175?g ai ha^?1 (70–78%), POST oxyfluorfen (70–76%) and pyridate (70–78%) at Kurdistan, PRE oxyfluorfen at 125 and 175?g ai ha^?1 (88–96%), metribuzin (91–100%) and Pyridate (80–97%) at Hamedan. Pyridate and PRE oxyfluorfen at 125?g ai ha^?1 resulted in the highest chickpea grain yield at the three locations. In general, PRE oxyfluorfen (125?g ai ha^?1) was similar to pyridate in terms of efficacy in weed control and grain yield enhancement.

     

Gill parasites of Cephalopholis argus (Teleostei: Serranidae) from Moorea (French Polynesia): site selection and coexistence

The distribution and coexistence of gill ectoparasites of 121 specimens of Cephalopholis argus Bloch et Schneider, caught between October 1994 and October 1995, were investigated. Adults of the monogenean Benedenia sp. and copepod Hatschekia sp., the larval caligid copepod Caligus sp. (copepodite and chalimus stages), and praniza larvae of the isopod Gnathia sp. were found. All species were aggregated within the host population. Infracommunities were poor, with only 40.5% of fish infected by two parasite species. Only two individual fish harboured all the parasite species observed at the component community level. Prevalences were less than 50% and mean intensities were low (less than 6 parasites/host). No dominant parasite species were observed in the host population. The spatial distribution of each parasite species was studied on different partitions of the gill arches. Adult parasite stages that are mobile showed much overlap in their distribution, whereas temporarily attached larvae of Caligidae were more site specific. Copepodite and chalimus larvae showed niche restriction that is probably due to gregarious behaviour. Positive associations between caligid larvae reflected intraspecific interaction for site and/or resources. Each of the Caligus sp. larval stages prefers specific sites, as do the adults, which occur exclusively in the buccal cavity of the host. Infracommunities were too poor and too few to induce processes of interspecific competition.     

Inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi of extracts from Myoporum bontioides A. Gray and indentification of active ingredients

BACKGROUND: In order to understand the bioactivity of Myoporum bontioides A. Gray against plant pathogens and determine its active ingredients, the inhibitory activities of methanol extracts from M. bontioides against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (E. F. Smith) Snyder & Hansen, Pestalotia mangiferae P. Henn., Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) v. Hohnel, Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) v. Arx, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Mycosphaerella sentina (Fr.) Schroter and Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenk. were evaluated using a growth rate method, and the active ingredient was isolated by activity-directed isolation and identified by determination and analysis of IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectra and correlative physical constants. RESULTS: The results showed that the extracts from stems and leaves of M. bontioides exhibited inhibitory activity against the seven fungi, with > 58% inhibition at 10 g L(-1) after 72 h. The active compound was isolated and identified as (-)-epingaione, and showed inhibitory activity against the above seven fungi. The inhibitory activity against P. mangiferae was the highest, with an EC(50) value of 77 mg L(-1). The EC(50) values against the other six fungi were 147-245 mg L(-1). (-)-Epingaione also inhibited spore germination of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, T. paradoxa and S. fawcettii.CONCLUSION: (-)-Epingaione demonstrated broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi and is promising for exploitation as a fungicide.     

Suppression of Septoria tritici and Puccinia recondita of wheat by an antibiotic-producing fluorescent pseudomonad

A fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. (strain LEC 1) isolated from soil suppressed Septoria tritici by 88% and Puccinia recondita by 98% when applied to wheat seedlings 3 h prior to inoculation with the pathogens. Fractionation and analysis of two inhibitory compounds from cultures of strain LEC 1 on thin-layer chromatography plates yielded the phenazine antibiotics 1-hydroxyphenazine (phOH) and chlorora-phin. 1-hydroxyphenazine reduced the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. rolfsii on a denned medium, with greatest activity against P. aphanidermatum and least against S. rolfsii. Application of 160 mg/l phOH to wheat seedlings reduced S. tritici by 61% and P. recondita by 75%. Lower concentrations of the antibiotic were less effective. Growth of 5. tritici in liquid medium was reduced by phOH at 5–20 mg/l and prevented at 40 mg/l. When phOH was added to the medium 48 h after inoculation (logarithmic growth phase), growth was interrupted but later recovered with phOH concentrations up to 40 mg/l; there was no recovery at 60 mg/l. Chlororaphin inhibited the growth of S. tritici on malt agar medium.     

杠柳新苷类化合物对东方黏虫的杀虫活性及对中肠细胞刷状缘膜囊泡3种特征酶活性的影响

为了研究和阐明杠柳新苷类杀虫活性化合物对东方黏虫的杀虫活性及作用靶标，采用载毒叶片饲喂法测定比较了6个杠柳新苷类化合物 (PSA、PSD、PSE、PSF、PSP和PST) 对3龄东方黏虫Mythimna separata Walker幼虫的毒力；应用MgCl₂沉淀差速离心法制备东方黏虫中肠细胞刷状缘膜囊泡 (BBMV) 基础上，测定了6个化合物对东方黏虫幼虫中肠细胞BBMV中3种特征酶——氨肽酶、碱性磷酸酶及V-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明:杠柳新苷P (PSP) 和T (PST) 对3龄东方黏虫幼虫表现出较高的杀虫活性，其24 h的致死中浓度(LC₅₀值) 分别为1.60和1.23 mg/mL，杠柳新苷A (PSA)、D (PSD) 和F (PSF) 仅表现出微弱的杀虫活性 (LC₅₀ > 20 mg/mL)，而杠柳新苷E (PSE)则无明显杀虫活性。酶活性测定结果表明，6个杠柳新苷类化合物对氨肽酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均没有明显的抑制作用，而高杀虫活性化合物PSP和PST则可浓度依赖地抑制V-ATP酶活性。推测杠柳新苷类杀虫活性化合物的作用靶标与V-ATP酶有密切关系。     

耕作制度对胡麻土壤酶活性的影响

采用“轮作、休闲、连作、间作、休闲1年-种植”5种耕作模式，结合通径分析，研究不同耕作制度对胡麻土壤酶活性变化特征的影响，以及土壤养分对土壤酶的影响效应。结果表明：（1）胡麻枞形期，研究区表土层4种土壤酶活性各处理间无显著差异（P＜0.05）,说明不同耕作制度在胡麻生长前期对土壤酶影响不明显；盛花期，蔗糖酶活性T1、T2、T3和T4分别较T5提高44.6%、53.3%、61.9%和34.9%，脲酶活性T5、T1和T2分别较T4提高266.0%、157.0%和140.0%，碱性磷酸酶活性T3较T2提高54.0%；硕果期，过氧化氢酶活性T2 和T3分别为1.41 mL·g^-1·h^-1和1.51 mL·g^-4·h^-1，显著高于T1、T4和T5；（2）胡麻盛花期，亚土层土壤脲酶活性T2和T5分别为1.74 mg·g^-1·d^-1和1.70 mg·g^-1·d^-1，显著高于T1、T3和T4；过氧化氢酶活性T1较T5提高212.0%，碱性磷酸酶活性T5较T4提高了21.6%；（3）蔗糖酶与碱性磷酸酶间显著负相关，与脲酶间正相关，其余酶为负相关；（4）耕层不同土壤酶活性受土壤养分因子影响的多重效应不同，pH、全磷含量能够促进蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性提高，有机质、pH含量促进碱性磷酸酶活性提高；亚土层不同土壤酶活性受土壤因子影响的多重效应增加，主要为限制因子，且限制因子数要远大于表土层。     

Improving Control of Green and Blue Molds of Oranges by Combining Pantoea Agglomerans (CPA-2) and Sodium Bicarbonate

The potential of using Pantoea agglomerans (strain CPA-2) alone, or in combination with sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate solutions, for control of Penicillium digitatum (green mold) and Penicillium italicum (blue mold) on oranges was investigated under ambient (20 °C) and cold storage (3 °C) conditions. P. agglomerans controlled both pathogens on oranges at 2 × 10⁸ cfu ml^-1. The biocontrol agent was found to be completely tolerant to 2% sodium bicarbonate at room temperature, although its culturability was reduced by > 1000-fold after 30 min in 2% sodium carbonate. The efficacy of P. agglomerans for control of green mold was improved when combined with sodium bicarbonate, resulting in complete and 97.6% reduction of decay incidence at 3 °C and 20 °C, when compared to untreated controls. Satisfactory results were also obtained with the combined treatment for control of blue mold. P. agglomerans grew well inside wounds on oranges at both 20 °C and 3 °C. In contrast, it showed a reduced growth on the surface of intact fruit. Sodium bicarbonate at 2% concentration did not noticeably affect antagonist population development. Thus, use of bicarbonate treatment at 2% followed by the antagonist P. agglomerans CPA-2 could be an alternative to chemicals for control of postharvest diseases on oranges.     

施用氮磷钾对黄土丘陵区山地红枣林土壤酶与土壤肥力的影响

采用野外试验与室内分析,研究了连续4 a施氮磷钾肥对黄土丘陵区山地枣园土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:连续4 aNPK1施肥处理能够明显增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;在土壤剖面中总的趋势是土壤酶活性和土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随土层深度加深而降低。土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,在0~20 cm土层,磷酸酶与有机质、速效磷,过氧化氢酶与有机质、全氮呈显著或极显著性正相关。在20~40 cm,脲酶与有机质、全氮、速效氮,磷酸酶与速效钾,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、速效钾呈显著或极显著性正相关。在40~60 cm,脲酶与全氮、速效磷,磷酸酶与有机质、速效氮,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、全氮、速效磷呈显著或极显著正相关。     

辐射对亚洲玉米螟体内几种水解酶活力的影响

研究了亚洲玉米螟Ｏｓｔｒｉｎｉａｆｕｒｎａｃａｌｉｓ（Ｇｕｅｎ．）不同虫成３－４龄幼虫、１－２ｄ龄蛹,当天羽化成虫）体内羧酸酯酶（ＣａｒＥ）、酸性磷酸酯酶（ＡＰ）和碱性磷酸酯酶（ＡｌＰ）的活力在不同＾６０Ｃｏγ辐照条件下的变化,结果表明,亚洲玉米螟不同虫态的ＣａｒＥ活力顺序为：幼虫     

三峡地区5种中国特有植物的杀虫和抗菌活性

测定了三峡地区5种中国特有植物的杀虫和抗菌活性,结果表明：10 mg/g的狭叶金粟兰（Chloranthus angustifolius）和裸芸香（Psilopeganum sinense）甲醇提取物对家蝇（Musca domestica）成虫24 h的致死率分别为90.30 %和62.22 %;10 mg/mL的疏花水柏枝（Myricaria laxiflora）、裸芸香和狭叶金粟兰的甲醇提取物对斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）3龄幼虫24 h的拒食率分别为96.74 %、83.56 %和76.74 %;10 mg/mL狭叶金粟兰甲醇提取物对荔枝霜疫霉（Peronophythora litchii）、黄瓜疫霉（Phytophthora melonis）、稻瘟菌（Magnaporthe oryzae）和稻纹枯菌（Rhizoctonia solani）的抑菌率均为100 %,对香蕉炭疽菌（Colletotrichum musae）和西瓜枯萎菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum）的抑菌率分别为83.67 %和74.97 %;裸芸香对稻瘟菌、荔枝霜疫霉和黄瓜疫霉的抑菌率分别为100 %、95.36 %和89.01 %。     

甲磺隆和草甘膦对空心莲子草乙酰乳酸合酶活性和莽草酸含量的影响

为研究甲磺隆和草甘膦对空心莲子草的作用机理,探索其最佳的使用技术,采用有效成分为30 g/hm2和60 g/hm2 的甲磺隆处理空心莲子草,能明显抑制其茎和根乙酰乳酸合酶的比活性;有效成分为1537.5g/ hm2和3075g/ hm2 的草甘膦处理则能明显抑制空心莲子草莽草酸含量的积累;施用甲磺隆和草甘膦对空心莲子草生长的抑制作用随药剂浓度的提高而增大.二次施用草甘膦(间隔30天)的结果表明,低剂量处理对抑制空心莲子草根组织莽草酸含量的积累更明显.