表面活性剂对东北黑土中苯并[a]芘的增溶洗脱作用

研究了4种常见表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、Tween80和TritonX-100对东北农田黑土土壤中苯并[a]芘的洗脱修复效果。增溶试验结果表明,非离子表面活性剂Tween80和TritonX-100对苯并[a]芘的增溶能力显著高于阴离子表面活性剂SDBS和SDS。4种表面活性剂在单一和混合处理条件下均能不同程度地洗脱土壤中的苯并[a]芘,且洗脱率随着表面活性剂浓度的增加而增大。各表面活性剂洗脱能力大小顺序为Tween80-SDS(3:1)Tween80-SDS(1:1)Tween80-SDS(10:1)Tween80TritonX-100SDSSDBS,当Tween80和SDS质量比为3:1时对两受试土壤中苯并[a]芘的去除率分别达到最高的42.3%和44.8%,可见阴-非离子混合表面活性剂对土壤苯并[a]芘的洗脱效果好于单一表面活性剂。土壤老化70 d后,Tween 80和Tween 80-SDS(3:1)处理对苯并[a]芘的洗脱率相比老化仅14 d的土壤分别下降了20.5%和12.9%,表明土壤老化时间的增加可降低表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘的洗脱去除效果。     

表面活性剂与EDTA对雪菜吸收镉的影响

采用表面活性剂与螯合剂处理,强化雪菜吸收土壤镉的盆栽试验表明,影响植物吸收镉的主要因子是表面活性剂类型。阴离子型与非离子型表面活性剂的强化修复效果要优于阳离子型表面活性剂,其中以十二烷基硫酸钠和Tween80为好。表面活性剂与EDTA复合使用,可以降低土壤对镉的吸附(顺序依次为EDTA/DBSSEDTA/TX-100EDTA/CTABEDTADBSSTX-100CTAB),增加土壤对镉的解吸,进而促使土壤镉向植物转移,有利于强化镉污染土壤的植物修复。     

化学强化洗脱修复硫化铜矿区周边农田污染土壤中的铅锰

研究了非离子型表面活性剂辛烷基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚(Triton X-100)、聚氧乙烯失水山梨糖醇单油酸酯(Tween-80)与螯合剂二乙三胺五醋酸(DTPA)强化洗脱污染土壤中的铅和锰。单一洗脱实验结果表明,当DTPA浓度为26.7 mmol L-1时,DTPA对污染区的供试土壤中铅的去除率达到52.49%,锰的去除率达到21.94%;而Triton X-100和Tween-80单独洗脱时对铅锰的洗脱效果不佳,洗脱率均小于3%。复配洗脱实验结果表明,DTPA的浓度较低时,Triton X-100和Tween-80对DTPA洗脱重金属铅的作用表现为协同增溶。当DTPA浓度为3.3 mmol L-1时,当Triton X-100与DTPA复配时,污染土壤中铅的去除率由2.68%增加到83.35%;当Tween-80与DTPA复配时,污染土壤中铅的去除率由2.68%增加到24.72%。但当DTPA的浓度为6.7mmolL-1时,加入Triton X-100或Tween-80抑制了DTPA对铅的洗脱,表现为拮抗作用。Triton X-100、Tween-80分别与DTPA复配实验结果表明,Triton X-100和Tween-80不适合与DTPA复配洗脱供试土样中的锰。     

不同类型表面活性剂对1,2,4—三氯苯的增溶作用

研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠，阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和非离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚ＬＡＥ对１，２，４－三氯苯（ＴＣＢ）的增溶作用。讨论了表面活性剂类型对增溶作用的影响。比较发现，非离子型表面活性剂的增溶能力高于离子有面活性剂。其原因主要是疏水有机物在非离子表面活性剂胶束中的增溶方式不同造成的。３种表面活性剂ＴＣＢ的增溶数据还表明，增溶作用不仅在临界胶束浓度以上发生，而且在     

多环芳烃污染土壤表面活性剂清洗及生物柴油强化

针对某焦化厂内高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤,以烷基苷（APG）、十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和曲拉通X-100（TX100）为表面活性剂代表物,采用静态平衡法和高效液相色谱分析,探索采用单一及混合表面活性剂清洗修复多环芳烃污染土壤,并考察生物柴油对多环芳烃去除效果的影响。结果表明,单一表面活性剂对土壤中多环芳烃去除率顺序为SDBS〉APG〉TX100。APG／SDBS混合处理及TX100/SDBS为9：1混合处理提高了土壤中多环芳烃去除率,而APG／TX100混合处理没能提高多环芳烃去除率。生物柴油对TX100及TX100／SDBS去除多环芳烃效果没有明显提高,对APG及APG/TX100去除多环芳烃略有提高。当APG／SDBS为9：1时,生物柴油可以使多环芳烃去除率从（63．3±2．0）％提高到（75．6±2．0）％。单一表面活性剂、混合表面活性剂、及表面活性剂-生物柴油乳液对多环芳烃各组分去除率比较类似,对菲的去除率最高,茚并[1,2,3-d]芘次之,其余相对较低。因此,建议采用APG／SDBS＋生物柴油的混合体系对高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤进行修复。     

土壤表面活性剂对土壤水分特性影响的研究

试验评估4种土壤表面活性剂Wet-Sol#233(Ⅰ)、WaterMaxx(Ⅱ)、Ad-Sorb(Ⅲ)和Fornula One(Ⅳ)对粉砂土和沙土水分特性的影响。在α=0.05水平下,表面活性剂处理和对照的渗透率、保水能力没有显著差异,仅在沙土样品中,处理问不饱和水力传导系数(P=0.009)和毛管上升(p=0.048)表现出显著差异。Ⅳ的不饱和水力传导系数显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅰ,和对照差异不显著,Ⅰ最低。毛管上升试验中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ样品的上升高度显著低于对照。通过土壤物理水分特性的数据统计,单一地使用阴离子型、非离子型、嵌段聚合物等4种土壤表面活性剂没有提高试验中亲水土壤的水分渗透分配和保水功能。     

表面活性剂强化过硫酸钠氧化修复石油烃污染土壤

为了提升石油烃污染土壤的修复效率，考察了不同表面活性剂(吐温-80 (Tw-80)、曲拉通X 100 (TX 100)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS))对过硫酸钠氧化土壤中石油烃的强化效果，并分析了表面活性剂SDS强化修复效果较优的原因。土壤中石油烃的去除率遵循如下趋势：SDS>SDBS>TX 100>Tw-80。SDS强化修复效果较优可能与其在土壤中吸附量较小对石油烃的增溶效果好、上清液中过渡态金属含量较高及对过硫酸钠分解消耗少有关。通过优化反应参数，可以进一步提高SDS强化过硫酸钠氧化修复石油烃污染土壤的效率，对采自武汉和盘锦的两种石油烃污染土壤都具有较好的修复效果。     

塿土对阴-非离子表面活性剂的吸附特征研究

以平衡吸附法研究了塿土对阴离子表面活性剂（SDS）、非离子表面活性剂（TritonX-100、Tween80和Brij35）的吸附特征,考察了pH、阴-非离子表面活性剂混合对塿土吸附表面活性剂的影响。结果表明,非离子表面活性剂在塿土上吸附等温线均呈L型,且均符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程;塿土对SDS的吸附等温线呈LS型,可用Freundlich方程来描述;塿土对4种表面活性剂吸附量的大小顺序为Tween80〉SDS〉Brij35〉TritonX-100。当阴-非离子表面活性剂一起进入土壤中,SDS-Brij35之间的相互影响不大;TritonX-100与SDS相互作用较大,无论二者以何种方式混合都会使TritonX-100在塿土上的吸附量增加,SDS的吸附量下降;SDS与Tween80之间的相互作用最大,混合后吸附量均下降,但Tween80吸附量降低的幅度最大。pH对非离子表面活性剂的吸附影响不大,而随着pH的增加,塿土对SDS的吸附百分率明显下降;在pH为8.0时,塿土对非离子表面活性剂的吸附百分率达到80以上。因此在选择合适的表面活性剂进行有机污染土壤修复和治理时,考虑土壤的特性和表面活性剂的结构是非常重要的。     

Tween 80对DDTs污染场地土壤的增溶洗脱效果研究

以苏南某滴滴涕类化合物（DDTs）污染场地土壤为研究对象,进行实验室批量洗脱试验,研究了环境友好型表面活性剂Tween 80对土壤中DDTs的增溶洗脱效果及其影响因素。结果表明,Tween 80显著地增加了DDTs表观溶解度,在临界胶束浓度（CMC）以上对DDTs的增溶曲线呈指数衰减函数关系,DDTs各组分洗脱量顺序为4,4′-DDT〉4,4′-DDD〉2,4′-DDD〉2,4′-DDT。Tween 80的浓度、洗脱次数及土壤吸附作用共同影响其对DDTs的洗脱效果。去离子水能有效去除土壤中残留Tween 80,Tween 80解吸附率最高可达72.66%,大大降低了Tween 80二次污染土壤的风险。Tween 80增溶和去离子水解吸附联合过程对DDTs洗脱效果产生显著的协同作用。10 000 mg·L^-1浓度条件下Tween 80对DDTs的去除率最高为72%,其次为8 000 mg·L^-1 的Tween 80水溶液,去除率为66.72%。采用8 000 mg·L^-1的Tween 80溶液进行土壤洗涤处理,结合其他修复技术,可能会是修复DDTs污染土壤的有效技术方案之一。     

阴-非离子表面活性剂对黑土中DDTs的洗脱研究

采用室内序批试验研究了几种非离子及阴离子表面活性剂,以单一和组合2种方式对人工污染黑土中滴滴涕(DDTs)的洗脱特性及影响因素进行了对比分析。结果表明:非离子表面活性剂对DDTs的洗脱效果优于阴离子表面活性剂,其中Tween 60和Tween 80的洗脱效果最佳,最高洗脱率达33.2%~37.2%。将Tween 60与阴离子表面活性剂SDS按一定质量比例组合可提高洗脱效果,尤其在质量比为3∶1时的洗脱率比Tween 60单独处理时高20%以上。表面活性剂对DDTs洗脱率随土壤老化时间的延长而降低,而土壤老化时间对Tween 60-SDS组合洗脱能力的抑制程度小于对Tween 60洗脱能力的抑制程度。无机助剂Na2SiO3或Na2CO3的添加可显著促进DDTs的表面活性剂洗脱效果,其中1 000mg/L的Na2SiO3使单一及混合表面活性剂对DDTs的洗脱率提高至1.4倍左右。3种有机助剂的添加同样对4,4’-DDT洗脱率起到一定的强化作用,但强化效果略低于无机助剂,对洗脱效果的促进作用大小顺序为:正丙醇正丁醇正己醇。     

Effect of SDBS–Tween 80 mixed surfactants on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil–water system

Purpose

Enhancing desorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants from soils is a promising approach for the effective remediation of soils contaminated with organic compounds. The desorption efficiency of chemical reagent, such as surfactant, should be evaluated. In this study, the effect of mixed anionic–nonionic surfactants sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)–Tween 80 on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil–water system was evaluated.

Materials and methods

Batch desorption experiments were employed to evaluate the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and surfactants in soil–water system. PAHs and SDBS were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, Tween 80 by spectrophotometry, and total organic carbon with a carbon analyzer.

Results and discussion

Sorption of PAHs to soil was increased at low surfactant concentration due to the effective partition phase on soil formed by sorbed surfactants. The mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants decreased the sorption of surfactants to soil, increasing the effective surfactant concentration in solution and thus decreasing the sorption of PAHs on soil. Anionic–nonionic mixed surfactant showed better performance on desorption of PAHs from soil than single surfactant. The greatest desorption efficiency was achieved with low proportions of SDBS (SDBS/Tween80?=?1:9).

Conclusions

SDBS–Tween 80 mixed surfactant showed the highest desorption rate with low proportion of SDBS, which indicated that the addition of relative low amount of anionic surfactant could significantly promote the desorption efficiency of PAHs by nonionic surfactants. Results obtained from this study did provide useful information in surfactant-enhanced remediation of soil and subsurface contaminated by hydrophobic organic compounds.     

过碳酰胺对土壤中非离子表面活性剂的修复研究

过碳酰胺是一种新型精细化工品,也是一种新型N肥,其应用和开发在国外已得到广泛的研究,而在我国还刚刚起步.为考察过碳酰胺作为一种N肥去除土壤中有机污染物的作用和潜力,将修复与施肥结合,为过碳酰胺应用于环境污染修复提供新的理论依据,特进行了本研究.本文采用室内土培试验等手段,研究了1种酸性土壤中施入过碳酰胺后对2种非离子表面活性剂TritonX-100和Tween80的降解效果.试验结果表明:过碳酰胺对2种非离子表面活性剂都有明显的降解效果,降解速度均是在第2周时较快,此后.随着降解时间的延长,降解速率逐渐下降.8周后1000mg/kg Tween80的残留浓度仅有195.46mg/kg土,降解率高达80%以上.5 mmol/kg的过碳酰胺降解2周后已有明显降解效果,但继续增加过碳酰胺浓度.其降解效果并非相应增加.     

Influence of surfactant charge on antimicrobial efficacy of surfactant-stabilized thyme oil nanoemulsions

Thyme oil-in-water nanoemulsions stabilized by a nonionic surfactant (Tween 80, T80) were prepared as potential antimicrobial delivery systems (pH 4). The nanoemulsions were highly unstable to droplet growth and phase separation, which was attributed to Ostwald ripening due to the relatively high water solubility of thyme oil. Ostwald ripening could be inhibited by incorporating ≥75% of corn oil (a hydrophobic material with a low water solubility) into the nanoemulsion droplets. The electrical characteristics of the droplets in the nanoemulsions were varied by incorporating ionic surfactants with different charges after homogenization: a cationic surfactant (lauric arginate, LAE) or an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). The antifungal activity of nanoemulsions containing positive, negative, or neutral thymol droplets was then conducted against four strains of acid-resistant spoilage yeasts: Zygosaccharomyces bailli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Brettanomyces bruxellensis, and Brettanomyces naardenensis. The antifungal properties of the three surfactants (T80, LAE, SDS) were also tested in the absence of thymol droplets. Both ionic surfactants showed strong antifungal activity in the absence of thymol droplets, but no antimicrobial activity in their presence. This effect was attributed to partitioning of the antimicrobial surfactant molecules between the oil droplet and microbial surfaces, thereby reducing the effective concentration of active surfactants available to act as antimicrobials. This study shows oil droplets may decrease the efficacy of surfactant-based antimicrobials, which has important consequences for formulating effective antimicrobial agents for utilization in emulsion-based food and beverage products.     

Surfactant Enhanced Desorption of TNT from Soil

Surfactant enhanced desorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from contaminated soils at a military site was investigated. Anionic (SDS and DOWFAX 8390), cationic (CTAC and CTAB), and nonionic (Tween 80 and Brij 35) surfactants were first tested at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1%. The anionic and nonionic surfactants were further tested at concentrations of up to 10%. Anionic surfactants, particularly SDS, provided the best desorption of TNT from the soil. There was not any increase in TNT desorption for both the nonionics and cationics at concentrations ranging between 0.1 to 1% and the extent of desorption was found to be lower than the TNT desorption only by water. The competition of the negatively charged soil surfaces for the positively charged cationics and the neutral nonionic surfactants may constitute the underlying reason. TNT was significantly desorbed when the concentrations of Tween 80, DOWFAX 80 and SDS were increased up to 10%.     

Surfactant-Enhanced Removal of Cu (II) and Zn (II) from a Contaminated Sandy Soil

Batch tests were conducted to know the effectiveness of using surfactants only and surfactants with a complexing agent to remove Cu (II) and Zn (II) from an artificially contaminated sandy soil. SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), AOT (alpha-olefin sulfonate) and Tx-100 (Triton X-100) were the surfactants selected as the washing liquids. Complexing agent EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) was also selected for washing the soil. To avoid external factors from interfering with the cleaning process, artificial soil formed by a mixture of clean sand and bentonite was used to form contaminated soil samples. The amount of organic matter present was insignificant. Compared to extraction by distilled water, tests indicated that a six-fold increase in copper extraction occurred due to the presence of surfactants and/or the complexing agent EDTA. Compared to extraction by distilled water, zinc extraction by surfactants and or the complexing agent EDTA was nearly 1.2 to 1.3 times more. Effects of competition as well as interference associated with the adsorption and desorption of these metals are also very briefly reported.     

表面活性剂对植物修复有机污染土壤的增效作用及原理

Phytoremediation is becoming a cost-effective technology for the in-situ clean up of sites polluted with hydrophobic organic contaminants （HOCs）. The major factors limiting phytoremediation are the mass transfer, rate of plant uptake, and microbial biodegradation of HOCs. This article discusses the potential of surfactants to enhance desorption, plant uptake, and biodegradation of HOCs in the contaminated sites. Positive effects of surfactants on phytoremediation have been recently observed in greenhouse studies. The presence of some nonionic surfactants including polyoxyethylene sorbltan monooleate （Tween 80） and polyoxyethylene（23）dodecanol （Brij35） at relatively low concentrations resulted in significant positive effects on phytoremediation for pyrene-contaminated soil. However, the anionic surfactant （sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS） and the cationic surfactant （cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTMAB） were not useful because of their phytotoxicity or low efficiency for surfactant-enhanced phytoremediation （SEPR）. The mechanisms of SEPR for HOC-contaminated sites were evaluated by considering experimental observations. In view of concerns about the cost effectiveness and toxicity of surfactants to plants, more research is needed to enhance the use of SEPR technology.     

Assessment of selected surfactants for enhancing C mineralization of an oily waste

A laboratory incubation experiment to assess (a) the effectiveness of six surfactants as emulsifiers in enhancing oily waste carbon mineralization rates (CMR), (b) the influence of ion charge of the surfactants on CMR, and (c) the biodegradation of the surfactants in soil, is described. The CMR and the net cumulative C mineralization (CCM) data indicated that among the six surfactants evaluated two were significantly effective in enhancing CMR through emulsification. They were CEDEPHOS FA-600, an anionic surfactant mixture of mono- and di- organo phosphate esters and IGEPAL CO-603, a nonionic ethoxylated alkylphenol.     

Effectiveness of the Iodide Ligand Along with two Surfactants on Desorbing Heavy Metals from Soils

Used with one of two surfactants (SDS, an anionic surfactant, and Triton X-100, a nonionic surfactant), the ligand, I^? was evaluated as a washing agent for the desorption of Cd from naturally and artificially contaminated soils. Increasing amounts of the ligand, I^?, with a surfactant, specifically removes higher levels of Cd but not Cu, Zn and Pb. After seven washings, the ligand, I^? with the nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, removed 65 and 90% of the Cd from soils I and II, containing respectively, to 15 and 1275 mg of Cd/kg. The ligand, I^?, and the anionic surfactant, SDS, removed 35 and 70% of the Cd from soils I and II, respectively. Before washing, the carbonate fraction of soil I contained the most Cd (48%) while the exchangeable and carbonate fractions of soil II contained 29 and 33% of the total Cd, respectively. For soil I, SDS with/ without the ligand desorbed Cd mainly from the carbonate and oxide fractions, while only Triton X-100 with ligand I^? could remove Cd from the exchangeable fraction. For soil II, Cd was desorbed from the exchangeable fraction only when either surfactant was used in combination with the ligand. Thus, a surfactant with ligand can extract specific heavy metals from soils and selective sequential extraction is useful in identifying which fraction can be targeted by the surfactant – ligand agent.