西藏上麦及半野生小麦异染色质分化的C—带研究

以ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ－带技术研究了西藏小麦、西藏半野生小麦和中国春的异染色质分化。它们之间的带型没有很大的差异，但出现了Ｃ－带多生，多生主要表现在Ａ、Ｂ组染色体和分布于染色体臂的中部及端部，以中国春Ｃ－带为标准的比较表明，半野生小麦的多态性所属染色体主要为Ａ组的２Ａ，６Ａ和７Ａ，Ｂ组的２Ｂ、３Ｂ、４Ｂ和７Ｂ，西藏小麦为２Ａ、７Ａ５ ７Ｂ。推测它们同属一个类群，西藏半野生小麦比西藏小麦和中国春原始，并非     

四倍体小麦矮杆基因对胚芽鞘生长的影响

胚芽鞘长度决定了籽粒的最大播种深度,是影响小麦产量的一重要因素.本研究测定了矮杆番麦,硬粒小麦Langdon,以及以矮杆番麦为母本,Langdon为父本通过一粒传法得到的重组自交系群体(RILs)的胚芽鞘长度和胚芽鞘表皮细胞的长度,并对矮杆番麦胚芽鞘的组织结构进行了观察.结果表明,矮杆植株具有短的胚芽鞘,高杆植株具有长胚芽鞘,且胚芽鞘的长度是由于表皮细胞的长度所决定.因此推断矮杆番麦的短胚芽鞘是矮化基因的多效性.     

日本普通小麦品种萨达姆27染色体易位的鉴定

日本普通小麦品种萨达姆２７,因为它含有特殊的半矮杆基因,对小麦育种具有重要的应用价值,用中国春双具端二价体杂种,验明了萨达姆２７两个独立的相互易位,一个可能是减数分裂时,Ｔ３ＡＳ·７ＡＳ和３ＡＬ·７ＡＬ引起单价染色体的断裂合成,从而形成３Ａ和７Ａ之间的着丝点易位,另一个是Ｂ染色体组中,除１Ｂ、２Ｂ和５Ｂ外的其它染色体和Ａ之间小片段的易位,因此,这些易位对萨达姆２７中的半矮杆基因导入其它小麦中是所必     

偏凸山羊草的核型和C-带研究

通过对偏凸山羊草的核型和C-带分析研究表明,偏凸山羊草的D染色体组与节节麦的D染色体组很相似,其可能来自于节节麦;M^V染色体组臂比较大,有2对普通小麦所没有的近端着丝粒染色体,且所显C-带带型与普通小麦的染色体组有明显区别。     

超数小穗小麦的细胞遗传学研究

超数小穗是一种具有额外小穗的异常穗形态。采用Ｃ带技术及减数分裂观察方法对普通小麦超数小穗品系－玉皮分枝麦进行了分析,未见染色体重排。利用中国春单体系列对玉皮分枝的超数小穗基因（ｂｈ）的多效性作了分析,结果表明当植株呈普通穗形态时,ｂｈ基因的载体－４Ａ、４Ｂ和５Ａ梁色体对种子充实指数和最大吸胀体积没有影响;但当植株呈超数小穗形态时,ｂｈ基因对种子育实指数及最大吸胀体积均有负效应。基于本研究结果及前人的结论,对超数小穗材料在小麦改良中的价值作了评价。     

燕麦染色体C—分带研究

以二倍体燕麦Ａｖｅｎａ ｓｔｒｉｇｏｓａ为材料，进行染色体Ｃ－分带方法研究，确定了最佳分带流程。以Ｇｉｅｍｓａ与Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ混染效果最好，Ａ．ｓｔｒｉｇｏｓａ的７对染色体Ｃ－带差异明显，各对染色体带型互异，但都有两条端带，对每要色体的Ｃ－带特征作了分析。最后讨论了影响Ｃ－分带效果的因素及燕麦染色体Ｃ－分带的意义。     

异源三倍体水稻原生质体培养及植株再生

本试验利用二倍体栽培稻品种８２０４，染色体组型为ＡＡ，２ｎ＝２４作为母本，四倍体小粒野生稻染色体组型为ＢＢＣＣ，２ｎ＝４ｘ＝４８作父本杂交，获得异源三倍体杂交种，染色体组型为ＡＢＣ。Ｆ１根尖检查，染色体数目为２ｎ＝３ｘ＝３６。用该异源三倍体杂交种的纪穗诱导愈伤组织，经长期继代培养进行原生质体游离，获得了再生植株白化苗。试验结果表明，用琼脂糖包埋法保进原性质体再生愈伤组织。分化培养基用玉米素，激动素     

节节麦-黑麦双二倍体的染色体C-带分析

通过对节节麦-黑麦双二倍体及其亲本节节麦、黑麦的C-分带研究,表明节节麦-黑麦双二倍体含有其双亲完整的染色体组,其C-带带型与亲本的C-带带型基本一致,从细胞学水平上证实了该种质是人工合成的一种新的异源多倍体。     

提莫菲维小麦染色体的C-带分析

对提莫菲维小麦的根尖细胞染色体进行C-带分析,以明确提莫菲维小麦的染色体C-带带型特点。结果表明:提莫菲维小麦具有14对染色体,其染色体带型公式为:2 n=28=4 IT++4 IT++6 CIT++6 I+2 IT+2 CI+2 CIT+S+2 CIS,共包括98条带,其中长臂具有57条带纹,包括50条中间带(I),7条端带(T);短臂具有35条带纹,包括30条中间带(I),3条端带(T),2条随体带(S);另外还有着丝点带(C)6条。提莫菲维小麦G组染色体的异质化程度明显高于A组染色体,G组染色体的C-带带型与普通小麦B组染色体非常相似,因此G组染色体可能与B组染色体存在部分同源性。     

小麦-中间偃麦草部分双二倍体"中5"的外源染色体的鉴定

应用染色体分带（Ｃ－带）分子原位杂交技术对普通小麦－中间偃麦草（Ｔｈｉｎｏｐｙｒｍｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ２ｎ＝４２）Ｅ１Ｅ１Ｅ２Ｅ２ＸＸ）部分双二倍体“中５”（２ｎ＝５６）的外部染色体进行了鉴定分析,染色体分带结果表明：“中５”的７中间偃麦草当色体不显带或显示出与受体小麦亲本染色体相似的带型,单靠型很难准确地鉴定出这７对外源染色体,分带处理后进行人子原位杂交鉴定出“中５”的７对外源染色体,并发现共     

西藏小麦及半野生小麦异染色质分化的C-带研究

以Giemsa C-带技术研究了西藏小麦、西藏半野生小麦和中国春的异染色质分化。它们之间的带型没有很大的差异,但出现了C-带多态性。多态性主要表现在A、B组染色体和分布于染色体臂的中部及端部。以中国春C-带为标准的比较表明,半野生小麦的多态性所属染色体主要为A组的2A、6A和7A,B组的2B、3B、4B和7B,西藏小麦为2A、7A和7B。推测它们同属一个类群,西藏半野生小麦比西藏小麦和中国春原始,并非是来自栽培小麦的杂交后裔。     

A New Method to Produce 4× Triticales and their Application in Studying the Development of a New Polyploid Plant

F₁ hybrids of triticale × rye derived from commercial varieties were backcrossed to the respective triticale parent. Selfing of the backcross generation yielded a large number of 4× triticales containing a genetically balanced wheat genome. This indicates that the 28-chromosome F₁ plants with the genomic constitution of ABRR produced functional 14-chromosome gametes in high frequency each with a complete wheat and rye genome. The cytological mechanism leading to the formation of tetraploid triticales is described. The chromosomal constitution of the wheat genome in the progenies of 30 back cross plants was analysed by the C-banding technique. One offspring possessed a complete B genome of wheat. The production of tetraploid triticale through backcrossing in comparison to selfing the ABRR hybrid is largely independent of the genotype; it leads to new tetraploids in just three generations and it reduces the chance of translocations between the homoeologous wheat chromosomes. The possibility of studying the effect of different mixtures of chromosomes of the A and B genomes of wheat on the phenotype of the tetraploid triticale is discussed.     

应用SSR分子标记分析国外种质对我国小麦品种的遗传贡献

利用363对SSR标记分析了在我国小麦生产和育种中发挥了重要作用的11份国外引进品种和33份选育品种的遗传组成,旨在揭示国外种质对我国小麦品种改良的遗传贡献,指导种质资源引进和利用。国外种质包含了选育品种所发现等位变异的76.3%。与不同时期小麦品种等位基因多样性比较发现,国外种质的平均等位变异数最多(3.92),20世纪60年代(2.86)和70年代(3.01)基本一致,80年代有所升高(3.46)。品种间遗传距离比较与品种等位基因多样性结果相吻合。比较引进和选育品种在SSR位点的等位变异频率变化,发现至少在33个SSR位点,国外种质等位变异在我国小麦育种中被优先选择(该等位变异在引进和选育品种的分布频率均高于70%),其中一些位点已知与产量、生育期和抗病等性状密切相关。表明引进品种在以上基因组区域对我国小麦品种具有非常高的遗传贡献。     

应用SSR分子标记分析国外种质对我国小麦品种的遗传贡献

利用363对SSR标记分析了在我国小麦生产和育种中发挥了重要作用的11份国外引进品种和33份选育品种的遗传组成,旨在揭示国外种质对我国小麦品种改良的遗传贡献,指导种质资源引进和利用。国外种质包含了选育品种所发现等位变异的76.3%。与不同时期小麦品种等位基因多样性比较发现,国外种质的平均等位变异数最多(3.92),20世纪60年代(2.86)和70年代(3.01)基本一致,80年代有所升高(3.46)。品种间遗传距离比较与品种等位基因多样性结果相吻合。比较引进和选育品种在SSR位点的等位变异频率变化,发现至少在33个SSR位点,国外种质等位变异在我国小麦育种中被优先选择(该等位变异在引进和选育品种的分布频率均高于70%),其中一些位点已知与产量、生育期和抗病等性状密切相关。表明引进品种在以上基因组区域对我国小麦品种具有非常高的遗传贡献。     

Cytogenetic Diversity of Korean Hexaploid Wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) with Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) by Fluorescence <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Situ</Emphasis> Hybridization

Chromosomes of Korean hexaploid wheat were investigated to compare the chromosomal karyotype for cytogenetic diversity. Chromosomal karyotyping was done with in situ hybridization using two types of simple sequence repeats (SSR)s, (AAG)₅ and (AAC)₅ labeled with tetramethyl-rhodamine-5-dUTP and fluorescein-12-dUPT as a fluorescence, respectively. The two SSRs as cytogenetic markers revealed that the cytogenetic characteristics of the wheat chromosomes were remarkably a B genome. In this study, the chromosomal karyotype of Keumkang, a Korean hexaploid wheat cultivar, was the A, B, and D genomes used as a cytogenetic reference. The expressed signals from the two SSRs showed a difference in the chromosomal karyotype of chromosome 1B among the Korean hexaploid wheat. The distribution pattern and the degree of condensation for the (AAG)₅ and (AAC)₅ signals on the short arm of chromosome 1B were different in the Korean hexaploid wheat shown in descending order: Keumkang > Joeun > Johan > Olgeuru. Olgeuru had a lower level of distribution and condensation for the two SSRs signals compared to the other Korean hexaploid wheat. In the A genome, chromosome 7A showed an unbalanced expression of the (AAG)₅ signal on the distal region of the short and long arms in several Korean hexaploid wheat while Joeun, a Korean hexaploid wheat, showed a definite (AAG)₅ signal on the distal region of each arm of chromosome 7A. Among the Korean hexaploid wheat, Shinmichal1, a Korean hexaploid waxy wheat, had a chromosome with a unique expression pattern for (AAG)₅ and (AAC)₅ compared the other Korean hexaploid wheat. Those cytogenetic differences identified in this study are useful as an indicator to improve the cytogenetic diversity in the Korean wheat breeding program.     

The inheritance and chromosomal location of morphological traits in wild wheat, Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccoides

The homoeologous groups of chromosomes carrying the genes for some morphological traits in wild wheat Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccoides (T. dicoccoides) were determined, but not the actual chromosomes carrying them. The objectives of this study were to investigate the modes of inheritance, and determine the chromosomes carrying some morphological traits in wild emmer (2n = 28; AABB), the progenitor of most cultivated wheats. To investigate the inheritance of morphological traits, crosses were made between T. turgidum L. ssp. durum (T. durum cultivar Chartokhmi (IR10) and T. dicoccoides accessions TA1150 and TA1131. F₂ seeds from each cross were grown in the field and six qualitative characters were investigated. Purple coleoptile, purple auricle, purple culm, hairy auricle, hairy rachilla, and fragility of spike were controlled by single dominant genes. To determine the chromosomal locations, accession TA1131 was crossed with the complete set of LDN D-genome disomic substitution lines. Assessments of F₂ populations showed that chromosomes 7A, 6A, 7B, 5B, 5A and 3B carried genes for purple coleoptile, purple auricle, purple culm, hairy auricle, hairy rachilla and brittle rachis, respectively.     

应用SSR分子标记分析小麦品种(系)的遗传重组

为了解小麦品种形成中亲本基因组的遗传重组和遗传保留区段的分布特点,对周麦18和百农AK58及其衍生品系共23个材料进行了全基因组SSR扫描分析。遗传重组分析表明,单交组合的平均重组数(12.3)低于回交组合(13.9);染色体4A、5A、7A、1B、3B、4B、7B、1D、2D、3D、5D、6D和7D重组发生较多,其余染色体重组相对较少,染色体的中间区段与远端区段重组数相当,分别为6.1和6.0。子代间基因组比较发现,一些染色体区段成为重组的多发区,如5D的gwm358–wmc357、6D的cfd49–barc196、7A的wmc158–barc23和7B的gwm274–gwm146区段,分别有35、19、15和14次重组。分析亲本传递给子代的染色体区段,发现子代继承亲本的遗传区段在14~29个,每个区段涉及2~8个多态性位点,大的遗传区段主要分布于4A、5A、5B、5D和7D染色体。以上基因组区域的关联性状是进一步研究的重点。     

Genome wide association mapping to identify aluminium tolerance loci in bread wheat

Aluminium (Al) toxicity in acid soils continues to be a major concern for crop production, especially for wheat which is a moderately tolerant cereal crop species. So far, Al tolerance was known to be controlled by few genetic loci detected clearly by classical mapping studies. Here, we report the outcome of a genome wide association mapping approach in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using 525 Diversity Array Technology markers genotyped in a core collection of 96 winter wheat accessions. Marker-trait associations (MTAs) were detected using both general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM). Five significant MTAs were identified as shared by models on chromosomes 1A, 1D, 3B and 6A. Highly significant MTAs were identified by MLM on chromosomes 1D and 3B which could be new candidate loci for future studies. Some of our results are in line with prior reports, but some appear to be novel. Potential candidate genes have been searched in respective chromosomal bins for highly significant MTAs detected by MLM. The loci identified in our study have the potential to improve Al tolerance in wheat and hence need to be verified and utilized for breeding tolerant cultivars worldwide.     

Fluorescence in situ hybridization polymorphism using two repetitive DNA clones in different cultivars of wheat

Twenty‐two wheat cultivars and a wheat line were analysed with two‐colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using the pSc119.2 and pAs1 repetitive DNA clones to detect if polymorphism could be observed in the hybridization patterns of different wheat cultivars. The FISH hybridization pattern of ‘Chinese Spring’ was compared with wheat cultivars of different origins. Differences were observed in the hybridization patterns of chromosomes 4A, 5A, 1B, 2B, 3B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 1D, 2D, 3D and 4D. Although a low level of polymorphism exists in the FISH pattern of different wheat cultivars, it is possible to identify 17 pairs of chromosomes according to their hybridization patterns with these two probes. This study will help to predict the expected variation in the FISH pattern when analysing wheat genetic stocks of different origin. It is presumed that variation in hybridization patterns are caused by chromosome structural rearrangements and by differences in the amount and location of repetitive sequences in the cultivars analysed.     

Chromosome and chromosomal arm locations of genes for resistance to Septoria glume blotch in wheat cultivar Cotipora

Summary Septoria glume blotch, caused by Stagonospora nodorum, is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Separate genetic mechanisms were found to control flag leaf and spike resistance. Genes for resistance to S. nodorum were located on different chromosomes in the few wheat cultivars studied. These studies only partially agree on the chromosome locations of gene in wheat for resistance to S. nodorum, and chromosomal arm locations of such genes are not known. The objectives of this study were to determine the chromosome and chromosomal arm locations of genes that significantly influence resistance to S. nodorum in wheat cultivar Cotipora. Monosomic analysis showed that flag leaf resistance was controlled by genes on chromosomes 3A, 4A, and 3B whereas the spike resistance was controlled by genes on chromosomes 3A, 4A, 7A, and 3B (P=0.01). Additionally, genes on chromosomes 6B and 5A influenced the susceptibility of the flag leaf and spike reactions, respectively (P=0.01). Telocentric analysis showed that genes on both arms of chromosome 3A, and the long arms of chromosomes 4A and 3B were involved in the flag leaf resistance whereas genes on both arms of chromosome 4A, the short arm of chromosome 3A, and the long arm of chromosome 3B conferred spike resistance.