育自竹子虫瘿中的10种小蜂及一中国新记录种记述

自浙江省竹子虫瘿中养出的 10种小蜂 ,其中竹泰广肩小蜂 (TetramesabambusaePhilips)在我国属首次报道。在这 10种小蜂中 ,仅竹瘿广肩小蜂 (AiolomorphusrhopaloidesWalker)、竹泰广肩小蜂 (Te tramesabambusaePhilips)和刚竹泰广肩小蜂 (TetramesaphyllostrachitisGahan)是真正对竹子有危害性的小蜂。     

两种竹瘿小蜂的生物学特性研究

竹广肩小蜂和竹长小蜂是竹要瘿小蜂类的优势种。研究表明广肩小蜂１ａ一代，以蛹在虫内越科：成虫２月中旬至４月中旬羽化，３月下旬至４月下旬出瘿，产卵于萌动支芽基部的节间内并形成虫瘿，在虫瘿内完成卵、幼虫和蛹的发育；幼虫发生期４月下旬－９月中旬，５龄，以虫瘿组织为禽。     

两种竹瘿小蜂种间相互关系的研究

对竹广肩小蜂和竹长尾小蜂的产卵习性，虫瘿生成能力，不同类型虫瘿的产生过程生长动态的研究表明，竹广肩小蜂产卵于竹株换叶后，新萌生小枝（芽）的基部节间内，刺激寄主使被产卵部位组织增大膨大形成虫瘿；竹长尾小蜂必须产卵于竹广肩小蜂已形成的虫瘿中。幼虫孵化后杀死竹广肩小蜂幼虫，占居虫瘿，继续取食虫瘿内壁组织完成其生活史。因此，竹长尾小蜂是寄食于竹广肩小蜂虫瘿内的，故该虫并竹子害虫，而是竹广肩小蜂的天敌昆虫。     

中国新记录——竹泰广肩小蜂

竹泰广肩小蜂在浙江临安1年1代，11月下旬以老熟幼虫在寄主虫瘿内过冬，翌年4月上旬起化蛹，4月下旬羽化。幼虫为害期从5月上中旬开始至11月下旬止。4月下旬羽化高峰期用敌马烟剂熏杀。     

2种早竹造瘿害虫植物源诱控技术

[目的 ]筛选刚竹泰广肩小蜂和竹泰广肩小蜂植物源引诱剂,优化影响诱捕效果的因素,为2种早竹造瘿害虫植物源诱控技术的应用提供技术支撑。[方法 ]采用林间生物测定法比较7种候选引诱剂的引诱效果,比较3种悬挂高度和5种诱捕器类型对诱捕效果的影响,并监测刚竹泰广肩小蜂和竹泰广肩小蜂林间的种群动态。[结果 ]水杨酸甲酯原液、顺-3-己烯-1-醇原液和反-2-己烯醛1 000倍液作为引诱剂的诱捕器诱捕刚竹泰广肩小蜂数量分别为154.40±129.04、35.20±35.75、24.00±20.30头,显著高于对照组诱捕器的诱虫量(P0.05)。反-2-己烯醛1 000倍液、顺-3-己烯-1-醇10 000倍液和β-紫罗兰酮1 000倍液作为引诱剂的诱捕器诱捕竹泰广肩小蜂数量分别为29.50±28.43、25.67±16.26、20.25±3.95头,显著高于对照组诱捕器的诱虫量(P0.05)。冠层的上层和中层诱捕造瘿害虫的数量显著多于冠层的下层(P0.05),而冠层的上层和中层诱捕造瘿害虫的数量差异不显著(P0.05)。不同类型诱捕器诱捕造瘿害虫的数量差异显著(P0.05),小船型诱捕器的诱虫量显著多于三角形诱捕器的诱虫量(P0.05),而三角形诱捕器的诱虫量显著多于桶型诱捕器(P0.05)、实蝇诱捕器(P0.05)和夜蛾诱捕器的诱虫量(P0.05)。[结论 ]4月下旬到5月上旬,使用水杨酸甲酯与顺-3-己烯-1-醇30:1比例的混合物作为引诱剂,在早竹冠层的中层或上层悬挂小船型诱捕器,能够诱捕到更多的刚竹泰广肩小蜂和竹泰广肩小蜂。     

瘿孔象刻腹小蜂(膜翅目:刻腹小蜂科)生物学及其与寄主赵氏瘿孔象的关系

通过野外采集寄主虫瘿进行室内饲养观察与适时林间采集虫瘿进行解剖分析,研究瘿孔象刻腹小蜂的生物学及其与寄主的关系.结果表明:瘿孔象刻腹小蜂在山东济南与北京两地均1年发生2代,以幼虫单个外寄生于赵氏瘿孔象4～5龄幼虫,以老熟幼虫在虫瘿内被其杀死的寄主尸体旁越冬,翌年5月下旬成虫羽化寻找新的虫瘿进行产卵.其整个生活史均在虫瘿内完成.在山东济南的寄生率为13.7%,在北京仅第2代寄生率达30.7%.而且,因其寄主赵氏瘿孔象1年只发生1代,瘿孔象可连续寄生2次寄主幼虫,对赵氏瘿孔象的种群数量具明显的抑制作用,是生物防治这种害虫的优势天敌.     

虫线清乳油防治桉树枝瘿姬小蜂试验

用16%虫线清乳油2 g/L液和1 g/L液分别喷杀桉树苗上的枝瘿姬小蜂,20 d后桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的幼虫死亡率分别为40.8%和33.0%,成虫校正死亡率分别为97.2%和88.7%。对枝条和叶片上虫瘿内的幼虫死亡率检查结果表明,叶片上幼虫死亡率略高于枝条上幼虫死亡率,但两者差异不显著。     

黄刺玫瘿蜂及其寄生天敌的初步研究

黄刺玫瘿蜂Diplolepis sp.危害黄刺玫的叶和花果,分别形成叶瘿、果瘿和花萼瘿。严重受害株的叶被害率可达38%,影响植株生长,导致开花稀少,落叶提前。成虫体长2.8—3.4mm,体黑褐色,足黄褐色。此瘿蜂一年1代,孤雌生殖。以老熟幼虫在落叶上的枯虫瘿内越冬,4月初开始化蛹,4月下旬至5月上旬成虫羽化出瘤;产卵于叶芽和花蕾中,初孵瘿蜂幼虫生长发育迅速,5月20日左右已达老熟,老熟幼虫即在瘤内越夏越冬。幼虫期有两种寄生蜂,即广肩小蜂Eurytoma sp.(占99.7%)和旋小蜂Eupelmus sp.(仅占0.3%),均为单寄生,寄生率可达78.3%。瘤内未发现寄居昆虫。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂种群发生规律与空间分布格局研究

对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的鉴别特征和危害症状进行描述。测定结果桉树枝瘿姬小蜂种群为聚集分布,空间分布型为负二项分布,在树干和侧枝上的种群聚集度大于叶片,树干和侧枝上的种群扩散系数C、负二项分布k值、扩散指数I§、平均拥挤度m^＊、L指数（个体群的平均大小）分别为46．2065,0．2811,3．5294,57．9134和58．9111,叶片上则分别为7．0401,0．9949,1．9996,9．0574和7．0500。虫瘿平均长度0．32cm,平均宽度0．22cm,平均大小0．0901cm^2。虫瘿数量和羽化孔数量主要分布在树冠枝条的上层;不同无性系桉树上的虫瘿数量在不同部位上存在差异,广林9主要危害枝条、巨桉主要危害叶片;在叶片的虫瘿数量差异上,广林9主要危害叶柄,巨桉则同时危害叶柄和中脉;已发现桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的天敌寄生蜂——长尾金小蜂。     

虫线清乳油防治桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的试验

16%虫线清乳油500倍溶液和1000倍溶液2种处理进行喷雾,20d后桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的幼虫和成虫死亡率和校正死亡率分别达到40.8%和97.2%、33.0%和88.7%,2种处理桉树枝瘿姬小蜂蛹的死亡率为79.1%。对枝条和叶片上虫瘿内的幼虫死亡率检查结果表明,叶片上幼虫死亡率略高于枝条上幼虫死亡率,但两者差异不显著。     

2种经营方式下早竹林虫瘿的空间分布研究

正早竹(Phyllostachys praecox C.D.Chu et C.S.Chao)别名早园竹(浙江德清),属禾本科(Gramineae)刚竹属(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc)刚竹组(Sect.Phyllostachys),产于我国江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、湖南、福建等省[1-3]。早竹因其笋期早、产量高、笋味美,而成为我国南方的重要笋用竹种[1]。据统计,我国南方早竹的种植面积在6.7万hm2以上,年产值达10亿多元[4]。然而,随着早竹大面积的推广种植和新的生产经营方式的推广应用,早竹遭受造瘿昆虫的严重危害。在部分严重危害的地块,有虫株率     

角倍蚜干母分批上树对虫瘿数量和分布的影响

对角倍蚜分批上树及接种方法对虫瘿数量和分布的影响进行了研究,结果表明:(1)迁飞接种(同批上树)时,单株虫瘿数为15.65个,而迁飞加挂袋(分批上树-A)及挂袋2次(分批上树-B)时,单株虫瘿数分别为48.39个和161.84个,增加了2.09倍和9.34倍;同时单叶虫瘿数也从1.69个增加到2.77个和3.42个;单株有虫瘿复叶数从8.70片增加到17.87片和46.00片;有虫瘿枝条率从21.65%增加到59.74%和91.58%。(2)迁飞接种时,虫瘿分布于当年生枝条第1~7片复叶,其中1~5片复叶为虫瘿主要分布叶片;迁飞加挂袋及挂袋2次时,虫瘿分布于当年生枝条的第1~8片及第1~11片复叶,其中第3~6片复叶为虫瘿主要分布叶片。(3)无论是干母同批上树还是分批上树,单叶虫瘿数均以1~3个为主,虽然分批上树时单叶平均虫瘿数从1.23个增加到1.47个和2.53个,但仍然低于单叶最适虫瘿数5~6个,对虫瘿的大小和生长没有不良影响。综上所述,干母分批上树可以显著增加角倍蚜虫瘿数量,提高虫瘿的分散度,充分发挥盐肤木形成虫瘿的潜力。     

Sampling procedure for density estimation of bamboo galls induced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aiolomorphus rhopaloides</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in a bamboo stand

 To establish a sampling procedure for estimating the density of bamboo galls induced by Aiolomorphus rhopaloides Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in a stand of bamboo Phyllostachys heterocycla (Carr. Mitf.) (Monocotyledoneae: Gramineae), 5–12 bamboo culms were cut at random in late March of each year during 1998–2001 just before gall-maker emergence. The number of galls on the branches of each bamboo culm was counted. The spatial patterns of the galls on the culms in the stand and on the branches within each culm were measured by Iwao's patchiness regression. Galls were distributed contagiously both on culms and on branches. Current bamboo culms that emerged the previous summer did not require sampling because no galls were observed on them. Except for this, there was no difference in gall density on young and old culms, suggesting that it is not necessary to distinguish them. There were few (<4%) galls above 6 m height during the 4 years. There was no significant difference in gall density up to 4 m and above 4 m, suggesting that branches up to 4 m can be sampled with confidence. Kuno's two-stage sampling method at different precision levels showed that the number of culms to be sampled varied with gall density. For example, at mean density m = 1.0 per branch when the number of sampled branches per culm is 10, a total of 24 culms is required to estimate gall number at a precision level of D = 0.2, where D is the ratio of standard error to mean. Received: July 10, 2002 / Accepted: November 25, 2002 Acknowledgments I thank Dr. K. Kamijo for insect identification. Thanks are also due to the members of the Laboratory of Forest Protection for their kind help with the fieldwork. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 11460068) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.     

Roles of gall morphology in determining potential fecundity and avoidance of parasitoid attack in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphelonyx glanduliferae</Emphasis>

This study addresses the relationship between gall morphology and some fitness components in the agamic generation of Aphelonyx glanduliferae. Larger A. glanduliferae adults that showed higher potential fecundity developed in larger galls. No fewer than 60% of A. glanduliferae individuals were attacked by parasitoids, and cynipids in smaller galls suffered more parasitoid attacks. Thus, large galls are likely to provide considerable food resources and avoidance of parasitoid attack for A. glanduliferae. Both thickness of gall walls (barrier to the parasitoid attack) and diameter of larval chamber (open space for the cynipid larva to move away) were positively correlated with gall size. Mean gall-wall thickness was significantly larger in galls harboring a living cynipid than in those harboring a living parasitoid, but the difference in the mean larval-chamber diameter was not significant. These results suggest that gall-wall thickness plays an important role in avoiding parasitoid attacks. However, the mean ovipositor length of the abundant parasitoid species exceeded the maximum gall-wall thickness, indicating that these parasitoids are potentially able to attack large galls. The higher rate of parasitoid attack in smaller galls suggests that (1) an individual of A. glanduliferae, even if it grows in a small gall, is large enough to be a host for parasitoids, and (2) parasitoids can oviposit more easily on smaller galls of A. glanduliferae, which have thinner walls.     

毛竹木质素合成相关基因C4H的克隆及组织表达分析

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,从毛竹中克隆了C4H基因cDNA全长序列。该基因包含1 506 bp开放读码框,编码502个氨基酸。与NCBI核酸和蛋白数据库中序列进行比对, 结果表明该基因与单子叶植物高粱、水稻和玉米中的C4H基因同源性较高,分别达到88%、88%和87%。经过荧光定量PCR分析,该基因在毛竹不同发育时期和不同组织中表达丰度不同,在冬笋中表达量最高,其次为春笋顶部、中部、叶、3年生茎、根、叶鞘、2年生茎、春笋、1年生茎,而在春笋基部中表达最低。在笋顶部、中部的高水平表达表明本文克隆的C4H基因与发育时期维管组织的细胞壁加厚相关,可以作为调控木质素合成的目标基因用于竹子基因工程改良。     

两种接种方式下角倍蚜虫瘿对寄主盐肤木枝叶生长的影响

[目的]明确两种接种方式(自然迁飞和人工挂袋)下角倍蚜虫瘿的数量和分布及其对寄主盐肤木枝叶生长的影响。[方法]在自然迁飞和人工挂袋形成虫瘿的盐肤木林内,按随机区组设计设置样地,在样地内随机选取有虫瘿树和无虫瘿树,分别测量和统计盐肤木及虫瘿的生长指标,采用方差分析虫瘿对盐肤木生长的影响。[结果]在自然迁飞和人工挂袋两种接种方式下,盐肤木单株虫瘿数没有显著差异。但人工挂袋时,单片复叶的平均虫瘿总体积为170.92±14.85 cm~3、小叶总面积为616.26±32.73 cm~2,显著高于自然迁飞形成虫瘿的总体积85.82±9.40cm~3和小叶总面积482.81±28.51 cm~2。表明人工挂袋接种可以增加虫瘿的总体积,从而提高角倍产量;同时,较大体积的虫瘿还促进了盐肤木小叶的生长,使小叶面积增大。[结论]角倍蚜虫瘿对寄主盐肤木的枝叶生长具有促进作用,且这种生长促进与虫瘿的体积呈正相关。与自然迁飞接种相比,人工挂袋接种更能发挥盐肤木的生长和结倍潜力,提高角倍产量。     

松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛低龄幼虫控制作用的研究

研究测定了松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛1～3龄幼虫的控制作用,采用林间和室内罩网相结合的方法研究了2组松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫的寄生情况.结果显示:在室内试验条件下,松褐天牛肿腿蜂产卵之前的刺蛰、补充营养取食能直接造成松褐天牛1～3龄幼虫死亡,对1、2及3龄幼虫的平均致死率分别为95.66％、85.91％、57.88％,并可产卵寄生2、3龄幼虫;林间释放2组松褐天牛肿腿蜂后,在刺蛰和补充营养取食后能有效寄生寄主的肿腿蜂雌蜂数量比例变化较大,有效肿腿蜂率最高为14.9％,最低为2.3％.松褐天牛肿腿蜂寄生行为不受寄主聚集程度的影响,但刚羽化出茧肿腿蜂雌蜂的寄生效率比经饲喂后的雌蜂高近5倍.从肿腿蜂单一个体来看,每头雌蜂补充营养取食和产卵寄生致死的松褐天牛幼虫数为2.1～7.7头.松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂的补充营养习性及刺蛰、取食致死寄主行为在防治中有很重要的作用,表明该种肿腿蜂是防治松褐天牛的重要天敌,在生物防治松褐天牛幼龄幼虫上具有良好的应用前景.     

角倍蚜及其寄主植物盐肤木游离氨基酸研究

[目的]明确角倍蚜、角倍与寄主盐肤木协同生长过程中游离氨基酸变化的营养关系。[方法]用全自动氨基酸分析仪Biochrom30+检测角倍发育初、中、后期的角倍蚜、角倍、有倍叶、无倍叶及无角倍盐肤木叶片(CK)的游离氨基酸含量,分析不同时期各试样游离氨基酸总量(FAA)、昆虫必需氨基酸总量(EAA)、昆虫必需氨基酸总量与检出物质总量比值(EAA/TAA)及几种游离氨基酸含量的变化。[结果]表明:不同时期各试样均检出32种游离氨基酸(包括17种蛋白氨基酸和15种非蛋白氨基酸),2种其他组分(不含氨),其中,游离氨基酸含量从大到小依次为角倍蚜(5.569)角倍(2.122)有倍叶(0.560)无倍叶(0.537)CK(-0.114)。从角倍生长初期至后期,角倍蚜体内必需氨基酸总量呈递增变化,而其他材料EAA/TAA变化幅度从大到小依次为CK(1.73%)有倍叶(0.52%)=无倍叶(0.52%)角倍(0.43%)角倍蚜(0.02%),但角倍蚜EAA/TAA稳定为(27.91±0.01)%,角倍蚜对寄主盐肤木叶片EAA/TAA的变化幅度有显著减缓影响。在角倍生长发育期间,角倍蚜体内精氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量均增加2.93倍;而寄主植物组织中脯氨酸含量发生变化,增幅大小为角倍(0.028)有倍叶(0.003)无倍叶(-0.001)CK(-0.018)。[结论]角倍蚜取食盐肤木不会改变寄主盐肤木叶片中游离氨基酸组分,但可使其游离氨基酸含量增加;在角倍生长过程中,盐肤木植株游离氨基酸总量与角倍蚜个体数量和角倍体积的增加趋势基本一致,反映了角倍蚜取食与盐肤木防御之间的平衡。     

毛竹PeAP2基因及其启动子的克隆与表达初步分析

APETALA2(AP2)基因在植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用.利用RT-PCR和RACE方法,从毛竹中克隆到1个AP2同源基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为PeAP2.序列分析表明:PeAP2基因全长1 750 bp,其中,5′端非编码区106bp,3′端非编码区174 bp,开放阅读框1 470 bp,编码1个489 aa的蛋白,该蛋白含有2个AP2结构域,属于AP2/EREBP家族的AP2亚家族.PeAP2蛋白与来自其它单子叶植物的AP2蛋白均有着较高同源性,其中,与二穗短柄草的AP2蛋白同源性最高,达74.85％.实时定量PCR分析显示:PeAP2基因在毛竹的根、茎、叶、鞘和节5种器官中均有表达,其中,叶片中的表达丰度最高,鞘中次之,而在根、茎、节中的表达丰度接近,均较低.利用hiTAIL-PCR方法克隆获得了PeAP2上游启动子区序列1 359 bp,分析显示其含有光、激素等多种信号应答相关的作用元件.     

Relationships among abundance of galls,survivorship, and mortality factors in a cynipid wasp, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Andricus moriokae</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

We describe the relationships among patterns of abundance of galls, survivorship, and mortality factors in the sexual generation of a cynipid wasp, Andricus moriokae, and detail the impacts of abundant parasitoid species on the survivorship of the cynipid in relation to the abundance patterns of galls. The mean number of galls per shoot, the frequency distribution of number of galls on a single shoot, and the mean number of galls per shoot in respective shoot size classes (the number of leaves per shoot) did not differ significantly between two sample trees. The relative impacts of the three mortality factors differed between trees, having different consequences for the survivorship of the cynipid. The rate of parasitoid attack, the main cause of mortality, was higher in the tree on which the cynipids survived better. On the other hand, the mortalities caused by gall predation and gall abortion were higher in the tree with the lower survival rate of the cynipid. Galls appeared more frequently on larger shoots on both trees. However, the survival rate and the mortality rates caused by three mortality factors did not differ among shoot size classes within each tree. The species composition of the parasitoid assemblage changed with shoot size, but the patterns of change differed between trees with similar abundance patterns of galls. Thus, the survivorship and mortality factors of the cynipid were probably not related to the abundance patterns of galls.