施氮量和移栽密度对重穗型杂交稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

以重穗型杂交稻德优4727和轻穗型常规稻五山丝苗为材料,设置4个施氮量(0、120、165、210 kg/hm~2,分别记为N0、N120、N165、N210)和3种移栽密度(25.0、19.1、12.5丛/m~2,分别记为D1、D2、D3),于2016年在四川德阳进行大田试验,研究施氮量和移栽密度对重穗型杂交稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,参试水稻品种的适宜移栽密度均为25.0丛/m~2,在此移栽密度下,重穗型杂交稻德优4727产量随施氮量的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,以N165处理产量最高(10.90 t/hm~2),轻穗型常规稻五山丝苗产量随施氮量的增加呈升高趋势,以N210处理产量最高(10.21 t/hm~2);相同移栽密度下,参试水稻品种氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加呈下降趋势;随移栽密度的增加,参试水稻品种产量和氮肥利用率呈增加趋势。可见,提高移栽密度,减少施氮量可兼顾水稻高产和氮肥高效利用,其最佳肥密组合为施氮量165 kg/hm~2、移栽密度25丛/m~2,即低氮密植可作为重穗型杂交稻高产高效栽培的关键技术。     

机插密度与氮肥运筹对中嘉早17产量形成及氮肥利用率的影响

针对长江流域双季稻机插秧发展缓慢的问题,以常规早稻品种中嘉早17为材料,在大田条件下研究了栽插密度与氮肥用量对机插双季稻产量的影响。结果表明,机插双季稻产量并未随栽插密度增加而显著增加。以高密(36.4万穴/hm²)+高氮(施纯氮量早稻175.5 kg/hm²,晚稻189 kg/hm²)处理产量最高,其中,早稻为7.80 t/hm²,晚稻为9.05 t/hm²,但与高密+中氮(施纯氮量早稻110 kg/hm²,晚稻140 kg/hm²)处理产量差异不显著,且栽插密度和施氮量间互作效应不显著。氮肥利用率随氮肥用量增加而下降,随栽插密度增加而提高。其中,氮肥吸收利用率中氮比高氮平均增加13.26%,高密度比低密度平均增加17.53%。由此可见,提高栽插密度,减少氮肥用量,既可通过大幅增加有效穗以实现高产,又能显著提高氮肥利用率。少氮密植可作为长江流域机插双季稻高产高效栽培的关键技术。     

超级杂交中稻Y两优1号最佳缓释氮肥用量与密度配置研究

采用二因素裂区设计,研究了缓释氮肥用量、移栽密度对超级杂交中稻新组合Y两优1号生长发育和产量的影响,并建立了产量与施氮量和密度的数学模型。结果表明:施氮量、移栽密度以及两者交互作用均显著地影响水稻产量;氮肥用量和密度分别为189.5 kg/hm2(折纯N)和20.8万穴/hm2时产量最高(10.608 t/hm2),最佳经济施氮量和最佳密度分别为189.0 kg/hm2和20.7万穴/hm2,此时最佳经济产量为10.069 t/hm2。     

种植密度和施氮量耦合对夏玉米干物质积累及氮肥利用率的影响

以郑单958和中单909为试验材料,设4.5万、6.75万、9.0万株/km~2 3个种植密度和0、100、300、500 kg/km~2 4种施氮水平,分析种植密度与施氮量对夏玉米干物质积累量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,玉米在种植密度9.0万株/hm~2,其叶面积指数、群体干物质积累量、总氮素积累量以及产量均显著高于4.5万株/hm~2密度处理。增施氮肥可显著增加玉米叶面积指数、单株干物质积累量、群体干物质积累量、总氮积累量和子粒产量。当施氮量为300~500 kg/hm~2时,叶面积指数、群体干物质积累量及产量不再提加,氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力大幅降低。结果表明,郑单958和中单909种植适宜模式为施氮量300~500 kg/hm~2、种植密度9.0万株/hm~2。     

甘蓝型早熟油菜直播高产栽培的适宜施氮量和密度研究

为探讨四川成都平原稻油轮作系统下早熟油菜直播高产的适宜氮肥用量及种植密度,以优质甘蓝型早熟油菜新品种‘重蓉油1号’为试验材料,开展了直播条件下不同施氮量(0、135、180、225 kg/hm~2)及种植密度(30×104/hm~2、60×104/hm~2)对农艺性状、产量和氮肥利用率的影响大田试验。结果表明:株高、主花序长度和一次分枝数均随氮肥施用量增多而显著增加,株高和一次分枝数则随种植密度加大而下降;籽粒产量(2766.5~3186.5kg/hm~2)随施氮量增加(135~225 kg/hm~2)而呈升高趋势,不同种植密度处理的籽粒产量并无显著差异;氮肥偏生产力(20.5~14.2 kg/kg)和氮肥农学利用率(9.3~7.4 kg/kg)均随施氮量增加呈下降趋势,氮肥贡献率(45.0%~52.4%)则随施氮量增加而呈升高趋势;在施氮量135~225 kg/hm~2范围内,籽粒含油量无显著差异。在成都平原稻—油轮作系统下,甘蓝型早熟油菜直播高产栽培的适宜施氮量为180 kg/hm~2,种植密度为30万株/hm~2。     

施氮量对免耕机插水稻产量形成及氮素利用的影响

以中浙优1号为材料,研究了免耕机插条件下不同施氮量对水稻产量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,免耕机插的施氮量与产量呈单峰曲线,施氮量增加产量呈先增后减趋势,有效穗数增加但成穗率降低;种植密度降低需增加施氮量才能获得高产;增施氮素能促进叶片变长和提高叶绿素含量,氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低,适宜施氮有利于氮素的吸收积累。杂交稻免耕机插合理种植密度在21.0丛/m^2左右,合理的氮肥用量在180 kg/hm^2左右。     

施氮量及栽插密度对广适型杂交籼稻Q6优28产量和品质的影响

以广适型杂交籼稻Q6优28为材料,采用裂区试验设计方式,以施氮量(F)为主区(折合纯N为0、120、150、180kg/hm~2)和栽插密度(D)为裂区(12万、15万、18万、22万穴/hm~2),探讨施氮量及栽插密度对其产量和品质的影响。结果表明,当施氮量为150 kg/hm~2,栽插密度为12万穴/hm~2时,可有效协调好产量因子间的相互影响,从而提高Q6优28的产量;当施氮量为180 kg/hm~2,栽插密度为15万穴/hm~2时,可有效降低垩白粒率、垩白度及直链淀粉含量,从而改善Q6优28的稻米品质。综合试验结果,在本试验条件下,广适型杂交籼稻Q6优28种植过程中,施氮量为150～180kg/hm~2,栽插密度为12万～15万穴/hm~2时,有利于其高产优质。     

施氮时期对夏花生产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

采用大田试验,研究了施氮时期对夏花生产量、植株地上部氮素积累运转及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同时期累计施氮N120kg/hm~2显著增加了荚果产量,其中以基施N40kg/hm~2+苗期和花针期分别追N40kg/hm~2处理最高,但与基施N60kg/hm~2+花针期追N60kg/hm~2、基施N60kg/hm~2+苗期追N60kg/hm~2处理差异不显著。与不施氮相比,施氮提高了植株地上部氮素积累量和籽粒氮素积累量。植株地上部氮素吸收主要集中在开花下针至荚果膨大阶段,以基施N40kg/hm~2+苗期和花针期分别追N40kg/hm~2处理吸收氮最多,氮肥利用率最高,与其它4个施氮处理相比,氮肥利用率分别增加了19.41、8.83、10.66和13.25个百分点。     

不同施氮量对高沙土地区机插水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响

研究了不同施氮量对江苏高沙土地区机插水稻产量及肥料利用的影响。结果表明,适量增施氮肥能显著提高该地区机插水稻产量,施氮量为330 kg/hm2时,产量最高,达9 664.5 kg/hm2;随着施氮量的增加,氮素收获指数、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥偏生产力、土壤氮素依存率呈显著下降趋势,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农艺利用率随施氮水平提高呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

氮肥用量对吉林省玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

选取2005~2013年吉林省"3414"田间试验中的氮肥用量处理,研究施氮水平对玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,明确不同生态区之间的差异。结果表明,不施氮条件下吉林省玉米的平均产量为7 596 kg/hm~2。氮肥施用显著提高玉米产量,以适宜施氮量(N3)处理表现最好,产量最高达9 967 kg/hm~2,较不施氮(N1)处理平均增产2 371 kg/hm~2。玉米的氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力均以适宜施氮量的1/2(N2)处理最高,随施氮量增加氮肥利用效率均逐渐降低。不同生态区显著影响玉米的增产效果和氮肥利用效率,吉林省中部半湿润平原区的产量水平最高,东部湿润山区次之,西部半干旱平原区最低。施氮增产量和农学利用率以东部地区显著高于中、西部地区,偏生产力以东部地区最高而西部地区最低。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。