小麦抗黄矮病的基因及抗源

小麦上的大麦黄矮病是由大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)引起的。大麦黄矮病不仅侵染小麦和大麦,还能侵染燕麦、玉米等谷类作物,是世界上谷类作物主要病害之一。近年来大麦黄矮病对小麦的危害面积逐渐扩大,危害程度日趋严重。这种现象引起了小麦工作者的极大关注。大麦黄矮病毒是由蚜虫传播的。根据蚜虫的种类,大麦黄矮病毒至少有5种类型。由麦长管蚜(Macrosikphum avenae)传播的黄矮病     

抗黄矮病春小麦新品种—张春19号

小麦黄矮病是由大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)引起的一种小麦病害,主要由蚜虫带毒传播,自1960年以来曾多次在甘肃省河西地区大发生,在甘肃省的河东地区、陕西省以及我国北方的大部分麦区都时有发生,给小麦生产造成了巨大损失.因此,我国有关部门及广大科研工作者对小麦抗黄矮病育种十分重视,并培育出了一系列抗黄矮病春小麦新品种,张春19号即为其中之一.     

华山新麦草易位系抗黄矮病的鉴定

小麦黄矮病在田间由麦蚜传播大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)感染引起。为给优质抗BYDV小麦新品种提供重要种质资源,采用堆测法种植材料,利用饲毒蚜虫接种病毒BYDV-GAV的方式,对27份华山新麦草易位系材料进行了抗病性鉴定,比较了接种病毒后各材料的病情指数及其千粒重。结果表明,27份华山新麦草易位系中,5份材料的病情指数介于13.56～18.89,表现为抗BYDV-GAV;9份材料的病情指数是介于27.78～48.89,表现为感BYDV-GAV;其余13份材料的病情指数均大于50.0,表现高感BYDV-GAV。不同华山新麦草易位系对BYDV-GAV抗性差异较大,筛选出的5份抗黄矮病材料可为培育优质抗病毒新品种提供重要种质资源。     

日本大麦黄矮病的发生

1980年5月,在日本长冈地区田间,发现大麦植株上表现典型的大麦黄矮病毒病(BYDV)症状.虽然大麦黄矮病毒已在世界上广泛分布,但迄今日本仅有少数报道该病的致病原因.本文报道了BYDV的蚜虫传毒试验和电镜检查的结果,以便确定引起大麦黄矮症状的病原物是否是大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV).     

靠蚜虫传播的大麦黄矮病的混合侵染

已知和传播大麦黄矮病有关的病毒有两种主要类型。第一种类型,微小的等轴病毒,其传毒范围仅限于植物韧皮部,是由蚜虫以持久的循环性的方式传毒。这种病毒是某些复合病毒病在复合侵染中的病毒之一,其余的病毒可能只由机械传播,仅在有大麦黄矮病毒的辅助病毒存在的情况下才可借蚜虫传播。另一种类型,在大麦黄矮病(BYDV)混合侵染中分离物的     

大麦黄矮病毒运动蛋白及其介导的小麦抗病性研究进展

麦黄矮病毒依靠介体蚜虫传播引起小麦黄矮病,对我国麦类作物生产造成严重威胁。本文结合本课题组的研究,对大麦黄矮病毒编码的运动蛋白的生化特性、生物学功能及其介导小麦的抗病性等方面的研究进展进行了综述。该运动蛋白在病毒构成中能够结合病毒核酸,并与宿主细胞膜系统相互作用,是一个与黄矮病毒系统侵染相关的致病因子。     

大麦和小麦的病毒病种类及其主要特性

大麦和小麦被病毒侵染后发病的症状特征为矮化、丛生、黄化、斑驳、条纹、坏死、斑点和不孕等.大多数病毒均可系统侵染大麦、小麦的器官组织细胞,有些病毒如大麦黄矮病(BYDV)侵入植物体,又在韧皮部组织细胞定殖,导致坏死,阻碍隔断营养流的运转,引起褪绿变色.传播介体通常为蚜虫、叶蝉和飞虱类,亦可以机械方式传播.病毒粒子形态主要为线状、杆状和球状,包含的核酸均为核糖     

小麦黄矮病抗性基因及其鉴定研究进展

小麦黄矮病是由大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)引起的小麦主要病害之一。本文综述了小麦BYDV的主要抗性基因及其鉴定方法、微克隆和微分离的研究进展，并对其形态学标记、生化标记、细胞学分析和分子标记鉴定方法的原理及应用作了比较分析。本文最后还提出了目前研究中存在的问题及其未来研究的方向。     

中国西北地区麦二叉蚜与禾谷缢管蚜对小麦黄矮病传毒能力的分析

为了研究中国西北地区蚜虫对小麦黄矮病的传毒能力,为西北地区防治小麦黄矮病提供参考依据,常温条件下在温室大棚用盆栽小麦做传毒试验,以接种不同数量有毒蚜的小麦苗作为处理,接无毒蚜的小麦苗作为对照.传毒3 d后,在接种麦苗上喷洒药剂彻底杀死蚜虫,充分发病后观察记录小麦黄矮病的发病情况.结果表明,中国西北地区小麦黄矮病的优势介体是麦二叉蚜,但禾谷缢管蚜的传毒能力比以前有所提高.关中地区禾谷缢管蚜的传毒力高于河西地区禾谷缢管蚜的传毒力;三个地区(关中地区、渭北地区、河西地区)麦二叉蚜的传毒力都较高,差别不明显.三个地区两种麦蚜的成蚜传毒力普遍高于其若蚜的传毒力.     

青海省BYDV株系鉴定及BYDV-GAV燕麦分离物基因组序列的测定与分析

大麦黄矮病毒（Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV）所引起的麦类作物黄矮病是世界范围内的一个重要病害,对麦类作物生产影响巨大。近年来,该病害在青海省内不断发生流行,为明确该病害在青海省内的主要流行株系,采集90份来自6个地区（青海省西宁市、海西州、海南州、海东市、玉树州、黄南州）的小麦、燕麦、青稞田间病样,利用RT-PCR、基因克隆、序列拼接等技术进行相关试验及分析。结果表明,BYDV-GAV为青海省BYDV的主要流行株系。对青海省BYDV-GAV燕麦分离物进行全基因组克隆与序列分析,发现本试验所获得的BYDV-GAV燕麦分离物与BYDV-GAV中国分离物聚类到一个组内,序列同源性达96.85%～98.08%,说明该燕麦分离物为中国BYDV-GAV的一个分离物。本研究明确了青海省BYDV的流行株系,并获得了燕麦BYDV-GAV全基因组序列,可为后期该病害的防治提供一定的理论支持。     

Interactions between Metopolophium festucae cerealium (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV)

Interactions between an invasive aphid, Metopolophium festucae (Theobald) subsp. cerealium, and Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV) were studied under laboratory conditions. M. festucae cerealium is an economic pest of wheat and barley that has recently been found in high population densities in wheat in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. BYDV-PAV is the most prevalent and injurious species of BYDV worldwide and in the Pacific Northwest. Although M. festucae sensu stricto (Theobald 1917) has been reported previously as a vector of some BYDV isolates, there is no confirmed transmission of BYDV by M. festucae cerealium. Two experiments examined the ability of M. festucae cerealium to transmit BYDV-PAV. The first used single aphids caged to indicator plants of a BYDV-susceptible winter wheat cultivar and the second used multiple aphids on each test plant. M. festucae cerealium did not transmit BYDV-PAV in either experiment, whereas transmission by a known BYDV vector, Rhopalosiphum padi L., was consistently high (≥93%). A third experiment compared the intrinsic growth rate, days until first reproduction and daily reproduction by M. festucae cerealium on sham-inoculated and BYDV-PAV-infected wheat, but detected no differences. The findings are reviewed in light published data on M. festucae species, BYDV transmission, and the potential pest status of this new invading aphid.     

麦蚜及植物病毒胁迫下小麦体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的变化

为探究蚜虫及植物病毒胁迫下小麦体内酶活性的变化规律,以麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum、禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi和麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae为试虫,以大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)的GAV株系为测试病毒,研究蚜虫、植物病毒及两者共同胁迫下小麦体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)等保护酶及酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)等解毒酶的活性变化。结果表明,与健康小麦相比,麦二叉蚜胁迫下小麦体内的ACP活性提高100.46%,禾谷缢管蚜胁迫下小麦体内的POD活性降低34.59%,麦长管蚜胁迫下小麦体内的POD、CAT、SOD、ACP和AKP活性分别提高83.88%、126.45%、91.21%、197.26%和468.82%,差异均显著(P0.05);BYDV-GAV胁迫下小麦体内的SOD活性提高37.41%;与感染植物病毒但未受蚜虫胁迫的小麦相比,麦二叉蚜胁迫下小麦体内的POD、CAT和ACP活性分别提高73.66%、110.72%和50.49%,禾谷缢管蚜胁迫下小麦体内的CAT和ACP活性分别上升115.13%和37.00%,麦长管蚜胁迫下小麦体内的POD、CAT和AKP活性分别提高97.58%、70.19%和3 665.03%,差异均显著(P0.05)。这些结果说明,麦蚜和植物病毒均能改变小麦体内的生理生化进程,但效应有差异。     

西北地区小麦黄矮病流行趋势预测模型

为给小麦黄矮病防治适期的确定提供有效手段,利用2001-2010年西北地区小麦黄矮病资料,分析了小麦黄矮病不同年份病害流行动态、品种抗性差异、主麦区流行状况以及病害流行与气象因子的关系。结果表明,不同年份或同一年份不同月份小麦黄矮病发病情况不同,不同品种抗病性存在差异,西北地区主要麦区间该病害流行具有相关性。利用筛选出的8个主要影响因子构建了多因子线性回归预测模型,模型历史拟合率达96.5%,预测效果较好,可用于西北地区小麦黄矮病流行的预测预报。     

大豆花叶病毒（SMV）主要介体及其传毒效率研究

大豆田大豆植株上繁殖危害的蚜虫,除大豆蚜、茄无网蚜外,豆蚜亦能暂居并少量繁殖危害。大豆田迁飞蚜虫种的数量,年度间和不同生境有所差异,但主要种基本一致。绿色诱盘捕获的迁飞蚜虫鉴定表明,主要迁飞蚜虫种,除以上三种,还有棉蚜、玉米蚜、禾缢蚜、桃蚜等,但大豆蚜占绝对优势。大豆植株上的翅蚜量,与绿色诱盘捕获的株冠面积着落翅蚜量,充分吻合。翅蚜迁飞频率与SMV流行速率相关密切。介体蚜虫传染SMV 83—02,得毒30—60秒的传毒效率高,以40—50秒的传毒率最高。供试得毒蚜虫,只桃蚜以2.94％的概率传毒至第二株其余均一株。最适得毒时间的传毒效率豆蚜最高58.33％、桃蚜47.66％,大豆蚜33.33％、茄无网蚜23.73％、玉米蚜12.90％、棉蚜最低4.29％。SMV主要介体为大豆蚜、豆蚜、桃蚜和茄无网蚜传染SMV亦有一定作用。     

玉米抗蚜遗传研究进展

蚜虫是危害玉米生产的主要害虫之一,在我国危害玉米的蚜虫主要是玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)。近年来在北方春玉米区、黄淮海夏播玉米区玉米蚜虫的危害呈上升趋势。玉米抗玉米蚜种质资源不丰富,迄今未发现对玉米蚜完全免疫的玉米材料。玉米对玉米蚜虫的抗性遗传机制比较复杂,多表现为隐性遗传,由1对基因、两对基因、两对互补基因和多基因控制。目前仅定位了少数抗蚜性位点,对玉米抗蚜性产生的生理生化机理进行初步探讨。     

Insecticidal control of cereal aphids and its impact on the epidemiology of the barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses

Imidacloprid is a seed-applied nitroguanidine insecticide that has both contact and long-lasting systemic properties. Its direct effects on cereal aphid populations and indirect effects on barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) incidence were examined in laboratory and field studies. Adult longevity and fecundity of three aphid species caged on various aged, imidacloprid-treated oat or wheat plants was reduced, although the quantitative efficacy of the compound differed among aphid species. The transmission efficiency of BYDV by aphids to imidacloprid-treated plants was lower, relative to nontreated plants, when plants were 10 days old, but similar to nontreated when plants were 24 days old. In three years of field trials using winter wheat and two years using spring oat, aphid populations were reduced significantly in imidacloprid-treated plots relative to nontreated plots. Although the number of alighting alate aphids did not differ significantly between imidacloprid-treated or nontreated plots, the number of apterous aphids remained significantly lower in the treated plots for the majority of the growing season. BYDV epidemics did not develop in spring oat in either of the two years. BYDV epidemics did develop in the fall in the emerging winter wheat crop. Rhopalosiphum maidis was the predominant aphid migrating into the 1991–1992 crop. The incidence of the BYDV-RMV serotype was three times higher in nontreated plots than in imidacloprid-treated plots. In the 1992–1993 and 1994–1995 seasons, R. maidis and R. padi were the predominant aphids migrating into the crop, although R. padi was the predominant colonizing aphid. The incidence of BYDV-RMV was similar in imidacloprid treated and nontreated plots in 1992–1993, but the incidence of the BYDV-PAV serotype was significantly less in the treated plots. In 1994–1995, the incidence of both BYDV-PAV and BYDV-RMV was higher in the nontreated plots than in the imidacloprid-treated plots. Imidacloprid offers several advantages both in terms of its long-lasting systemic activity and its mode of applicaiton. As a seed treatment, the amount of material applied is minimized, there is little waste and the environmental impacts are reduced. The effectiveness of the compound at reducing the fecundity or reproductive rate of several aphid species may be advantageous in controlling secondary spread of viruses. However, the contact properties of the compound, important in repelling aphids or preventing phloem feeding, may be short-lived, thus reducing its effectiveness in preventing primary spread of the virus into the crop, especially under high aphid and inoculum pressure.     

Aphidophagous Parasitoids can Forage Wheat Crops Before Aphid Infestation,Parana State,Brazil

Aphid parasitoids are common in Brazilian wheat fields, and parasitize aphids at the wheat tillering stage. However, there is little information available about when this natural enemy occurs in wheat crops. This study investigated the initial occurrence of aphid parasitoids in four commercial wheat crops in northern Paraná during the 2009 crop season. We installed two Malaise traps at each wheat farm, and 400 tillers were assessed weekly in each field for aphid abundance. During this study, we captured 4,355 aphid parasitoids and 197 aphids. Three species of braconid parasitoids were identified, including Aphidius colemani (Viereck 1912), Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson 1880), and Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh 1855). The aphids species identified were Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus 1758) and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius 1775). This study showed that aphid parasitoids are present in wheat crops even when aphid densities are low, and in one farm, occurred before the aphids colonization. These reports can justified the high efficiency of these natural enemies against aphids in wheat fields.     

The potato yellow dwarf disease

American Journal of Potato Research - Potato yellow dwarf is transmissible by stem grafting. Several insects were tested for their ability to transmit yellow dwarf. The clover leafhopper,Agaflia...     

湖北发生的水稻矮缩病是南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒引起的

 近年来由水稻黑条矮缩病毒和南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒引起的水稻黑条矮缩病在华南、华东等地区暴发流行,给水稻生产带来严重损失,而湖北一直未有水稻黑条矮缩病流行的报道。然而,2009年和2010年在湖北省长江沿线的荆州、孝感、咸宁、黄石、鄂州、黄冈等水稻种植区普遍发生水稻矮缩减产的现象。经过症状观察、dsRNA电泳图谱分析、RT-PCR等方法,诊断该病是由南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒引起,说明该病毒已经随介体昆虫白背飞虱从我国南方传播至中部水稻种植区。