溴苯酚对凡纳滨对虾海洋风味的贡献

测定了凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)和中国明对虾(Penaeus chinensis)中5种溴苯酚物质2-溴苯酚(2-BP)、4-溴苯酚(4-BP)、2,4-溴苯酚(2,4-DBP)、2,6-二溴苯酚(2,6-DBP)和2,4,6-三溴苯酚(2,4,6-TBP)的含量,根据两种对虾的差异设计向凡纳滨对虾中添加不同浓度的溴苯酚,进一步研究溴苯酚对凡纳滨对虾风味的影响.结果表明,凡纳滨对虾和中国明对虾中溴苯酚含量差异显著,其含量范围分别是1.24～9.87 ng/g和1.66～20.88 ng/g.感官实验进一步证明溴苯酚影响凡纳滨对虾的海洋风味,其中2,4,6-TBP添加量在6～9 ng/g、2-BP在0.4～1.2 ng/g、2,6-DBP在1.5～4.5 ng/g、2,4-DBP在0.0～0.55 ng/g、4-BP在0.0 ng/g时凡纳滨对虾的气味最好,与中国明对虾最为接近,并且不会带来异味.     

鳙鱼肉中土腥昧物质的测定方法

本研究通过微波蒸馏提取、固相微萃取(SPME)富集和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)分析的方法,实现了对鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)鱼肉中土腥味物质的定量测定.实验对微波蒸馏提取、SPME法富集鱼肉中土腥味物质的条件进行了优化,确定最佳条件为微波功率350W,10g样品蒸馏时间为8min,氮气流速60mL/min;萃取时间30min,萃取温度60℃,NaCl加入量4:1(V:W),搅拌速度1 500 r/min.结果表明,使用SPME富集土味素(Geosmin)时,回收率为95.4%.检测限为1.0 ng/L,线性范围为5～100 ng/L;采用优化后的微波蒸馏-SPME-GC/MS方法测定鳙鱼肉中的土味素时,回收率为57%;经该法测定10月份青岛市场市售鳙鱼肉中土味素平均含量为5.4μg/L.     

鳙鱼肉中土腥味物质的测定方法

本研究通过微波蒸馏提取、固相微萃取(SPME)富集和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)分析的方法,实现了对鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)鱼肉中土腥味物质的定量测定。实验对微波蒸馏提取、SPME法富集鱼肉中土腥味物质的条件进行了优化,确定最佳条件为微波功率350W,10g样品蒸馏时间为8min,氮气流速60mL/min;萃取时间30min,萃取温度60℃,NaCl加入量4:1(V:W),搅拌速度1500r/min。结果表明,使用SPME富集土味素(Geosmin)时,回收率为95.4%,检测限为1.0ng/L,线性范围为5～100ng/L;采用优化后的微波蒸馏-SPME-GC/MS方法测定鳙鱼肉中的土味素时,回收率为57%;经该法测定10月份青岛市场市售鳙鱼肉中土味素平均含量为5.4μg/L。     

液相色谱 — 串联质谱法测定海参中的甲氰菊酯和扑草净含量

建立了液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法(LC-MS/MS)同步检测海参中的甲氰菊酯和扑草净。样品用乙腈提取,中性氧化铝柱净化,LC-MS/MS分析,基质标准曲线定量。结果表明,甲氰菊酯和扑草净在0～50 ng/mL范围内呈良好线性,相关系数均在0.999以上,方法检出限为1.0μg/kg,定量限为5.0μg/kg。在5.0μg·kg~(-1)、10μg·kg~(-1)、50μg·kg~(-1)添加水平下,甲氰菊酯平均回收率在71%～88%之间,扑草净平均回收率在86%～92%之间,RSD均小于10%。该方法操作简单,分析速度快,可适用于海参中的甲氰菊酯和扑草净同时测定。     

微生物法检测水产品中粘杆菌素的残留

以支气管炎鲍特氏菌(Bordetella bronchiseptica)为检测菌种,样品经甲醇-0.1%甲酸水(体积比3∶7)超声提取,固相萃取柱净化,氮吹浓缩,用杯碟法测定水产品[草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)、中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)、日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)和蟹(Brachyura)]肌肉中粘杆菌素的残留。结果显示,粘杆菌素在各水产品肌肉组织中0.4~2.4μg·m L~(-1)范围内药物浓度对数与抑菌圈直径的线性关系良好,相关系数R20.990 0;在0.20μg·g~(-1)、0.40μg·g~(-1)和0.60μg·g~(-1)的添加水平下,粘杆菌素的平均回收率为70.59%~93.39%,变异系数为3.22%~14.01%。测定低限草鱼和对虾肌肉为100μg·kg~(-1),鳖和鳗鲡肌肉为75μg·kg~(-1),蟹肌肉为125μg·kg~(-1)。研究结果表明,运用微生物法检测水产品中粘杆菌素的残留是可行的,方法最低检测限达到农业部颁布的残留限量标准。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定双壳类动物中溴代阻燃剂

建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时定量检测双壳类动物中六溴环十二烷(HBCD)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)方法。样品经正己烷和二氯甲烷混合液(1∶1,V/V)提取,浓硫酸除脂,硅胶固相萃取柱净化,Thermo Hypersil Gold C_(18)色谱柱分离,水和甲醇-乙腈梯度洗脱,电喷雾负离子模式下以多反应监测方式检测,内标法定量分析。结果表明,六溴环十二烷(α,β,γ-HBCD)和四溴双酚A在0.5~100 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好(R20.995),方法定量限(S/N≥10)为0.05μg/kg。在0.05~0.5μg/kg添加水平内,平均回收率为70.5%~92.4%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.4%~9.1%,日间RSD为6.3%~10.2%。     

新型风味素对养殖脊尾白虾海鲜风味的影响

运用感官分析和GC/MS技术研究了两种新型海洋风味素对养殖脊尾白虾的感官特征和海鲜风味的影响,以及在暂养过程中的吸收规律。在脊尾白虾室内暂养的饲料中添加从海藻中提取的两种新型风味素DBP和TBP,经过一段时间的暂养后分别测定其体内的风味素含量,并进行感官分析,对各个实验组的明度、色调、香味、风味、异味、滋味、味觉、弹性和嫩度等感官指标进行分析比较、打分,并对虾的色泽、嗅觉、味觉、触觉等感官特征进行整体的描述与评价。结果表明:脊尾白虾能通过饲料添加的途径吸收一定浓度的风味素,两种风味素在脊尾白虾体内的累积能力各不相同。在实验条件下,脊尾白虾肉中风味素TBP的最大累积量为754.5ng·g-1,而对DBP的最大累积量为172.2ng·g-1。感官分析表明,通过在暂养过程中添加适量的风味素TBP可提高脊尾白虾的总体口感和海鲜风味。在脊尾白虾肉中的TBP含量在162.6～451.8ng·g-1时,脊尾白虾具有最好的口感和海鲜味。     

气相色谱-质谱法检测鱼肉中MS-222残留

本文建立了鱼肉中MS-222残留GC-MS检测方法.鱼肉样品经乙腈提取,氮吹浓缩,盐酸溶液引导MS-222电离,Waters Oasis MCX固相萃取柱净化后,气相色谱-四极杆质谱检测.方法检出限为2.5 μg·kg-1、定量限为5.0 μg·kg-1;0.0025～1.0 μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（R≥0.9996）;MS-222浓度范围在5.0～ 100.0 μg·kg-1的鱼肉加标样,日内和日间平均回收率为78.4％～91.2％,相对标准偏差为3.62％ ～9.49％.结果表明,该检测方法适用于低浓度水平鱼肉中MS-222残留检测.     

气相色谱质谱法同时测定水产品中 8 种雌激素类化合物

应用气相色谱-质谱建立了同时检测水产品中辛酚、壬酚、双酚A、己烯雌酚、雌酮、17肛雌二醇、17a-乙炔雌二醇和雌三醇8种雌激素的方法.样品经乙酸乙酯提取,HLB小柱净化,经七氟丁酸酐衍生后用电子轰击电离源在SIM模式下进行检测.结果表明,8种激素化合物在DB.1.MS柱上能得到良好的分离,色谱峰出峰尖锐,没有杂峰干扰.本方法检出限为0.3～1.O μg/kg.在空白样品中添加水平为1.0～5.0 μg/kg范围内,平均回收率为81%～108%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为6.7%～11.7%.     

液相色谱质谱联用法测定水产品中泰乐菌素残留方法的研究

为了建立鱼、虾中泰乐菌素残留量的液相色谱串联质谱检测方法,文章通过对液相色谱和质谱条件、预处理、分离、纯化方法的探讨,确定了以罗红霉素为内标,先用乙腈提取,中性氧化铝柱净化,加异丙醇旋转蒸发至于,定容,过膜,上机测试。所建立的分析方法,泰乐菌素在1．0～500ng·mL。质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0．998,检出限为0．5μg·kg-1,定量限为1．0μg·kg-1。经过验证,在鲫（CarassiusauFatus）、对虾（Penacusorientalis）和草鱼（Ctenopharyngodonidellus）3种样品中的加标试验,3个不同质量浓度水平的加标回收率为82．40％-100．70％,相对标准偏差为0．86％～5．82％,符合对水产品中药物残留检测的技术要求。     

Contributions of marine infrastructures to marine planning and protected area networking

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Biotechnology in marine aquaculture

Intensification of production, modernization of technique, and improvement of cultivars are needed to increase the economic efficiency of marine aquaculture industries. To help achieve such improvements, modern methods of biochemical and genetic engineering can be adapted to control biological processes which intrinsically limit the efficiency and yield of production. Such applications now have been developed for improved production of molluscs. Critical life-cycle stages of several species of abalones and other commercially valuable molluscs which thus far have proved amenable to improved control by these means include reproduction, larval settlement, metamorphosis, and acceleration of early growth.

Analysis of the physiological and molecular mechanisms which control reproduction in molluscs reveals a prostaglandin-dependent regulation of spawning in abalones and certain other species. Spawning of gravid adults can be induced by the addition of prostaglandins to the surrounding seawater, or, more reliably and inexpensively, by activation of the endogenous enzymatic synthesis of prostaglandin-related spawning triggers in response to added hydrogen peroxide. Peroxide activation of the prostaglandin-dependent spawning reaction has been found widely useful for obtaining synchronous and copious release of fully competent gametes in a large number of species of abalones, oysters, scallops, mussels, clams, and other valuable molluscs; a number of these species had not been successfully spawned by other methods.

Settlement and metamorphosis of many molluscan species can be brought under similar biochemical control. Most efficiently and inexpensively, the natural biochemical requirement for induction of these critical developmental processes can be met by providing competent larvae with unique amino acid constituents associated with the naturally required inducing molecules. Thus, γ-aminoburyric acid (GABA) can be used simply, safely and inexpensively to induce complete and rapid larval settlement and metamorphosis — with minimal mortality — in many commercially important abalone species. This and similar neurotransmitter-related, amino-acid-derived compounds are proving comparably effective for the reliable induction of settlement and metamorphosis in a number of other valuable molluscan species.

Recent analyses of the requirements for rapid early juvenile growth in abalones reveals a mechanism of growth-control which is susceptible to exogenous hormonal acceleration. Genetic cloning and amplification of recombinant-DNA templates for the efficient production of essential growth-regulating hormones, and substances required for enhanced nutritional efficiency and resistance of cultivars, are now in progress. Genetic engineering for the direct improvement of cultivated species soon will be within reach.     

Distribution of marine birnavirus in cultured marine fish species from Kagawa Prefecture, Japan

To determine the distribution of marine birnavirus (MABV) in cultured populations of different marine fish species, 1291 pooled tissue samples from 2672 fish belonging to 22 species and one hybrid were collected from Kagawa Prefecture, Japan, during 1999-2001. Using cell-culture MABV was isolated from three species: yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel (positive number/sample number, 10/419), amberjack, S. dumerili (Risso) (4/72), and Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) (41/481). Using PCR on MABV-negative samples, the MABV genome was detected in the same three species [yellowtail (9/409), amberjack (4/68) and Japanese flounder (93/440)] and two additional species, spotted halibut, Verasper variegatus (Temminck & Schlegel) (5/11), and goldstriped amberjack, S. lalandi Valenciennes (1/5). These MABV-positive species can be taxonomically divided into two groups: the genus Seriola and flatfish. In Japanese flounder, MABV was detected during all seasons, and the infection rate was correlated with water temperature. Aquaculture sites with MABV-positive fish were evenly distributed over the surveyed area, suggesting that MABV is widely distributed at aquaculture sites in Kagawa Prefecture. The nucleotide sequence at the variable region, the VP2/NS junction, revealed that the 39th base mutation occurs host-specifically for flatfish. Flatfish are suspected to be the main reservoir of MABV and might be responsible for establishing the infection cycle in aquaculture environments.     

海洋无脊椎动物补体系统研究进展

补体系统是先天免疫的重要组成部分,在免疫反应中发挥重要作用。补体的研究可以为海洋无脊椎动物提供病害防治的理论基础。本文介绍了海洋无脊椎动物补体系统中已报道的C1q、MBL、ficolin、MASP、B因子、C3和C6等成分,比较了海洋无脊椎动物补体成分的功能,描述了其补体激活途径和补体系统进化情况。目前,海洋无脊椎动物补体的研究发展很快,揭示可能存在与脊椎动物差异较大的补体系统,但是缺乏系统的基础研究而未能构建起理论模型。     

Extinction vulnerability in marine populations

Human impacts on the world's oceans have been substantial, leading to concerns about the extinction of marine taxa. We have compiled 133 local, regional and global extinctions of marine populations. There is typically a 53‐year lag between the last sighting of an organism and the reported date of the extinction at whatever scale this has occurred. Most disappearances (80%) were detected using indirect historical comparative methods, which suggests that marine extinctions may have been underestimated because of low‐detection power. Exploitation caused most marine losses at various scales (55%), followed closely by habitat loss (37%), while the remainder were linked to invasive species, climate change, pollution and disease. Several perceptions concerning the vulnerability of marine organisms appear to be too general and insufficiently conservative. Marine species cannot be considered less vulnerable on the basis of biological attributes such as high fecundity or large‐scale dispersal characteristics. For commercially exploited species, it is often argued that economic extinction of exploited populations will occur before biological extinction, but this is not the case for non‐target species caught in multispecies fisheries or species with high commercial value, especially if this value increases as species become rare. The perceived high potential for recovery, high variability and low extinction vulnerability of fish populations have been invoked to avoid listing commercial species of fishes under international threat criteria. However, we need to learn more about recovery, which may be hampered by negative population growth at small population sizes (Allee effect or depensation) or ecosystem shifts, as well as about spatial dynamics and connectivity of subpopulations before we can truly understand the nature of responses to severe depletions. The evidence suggests that fish populations do not fluctuate more than those of mammals, birds and butterflies, and that fishes may exhibit vulnerability similar to mammals, birds and butterflies. There is an urgent need for improved methods of detecting marine extinctions at various spatial scales, and for predicting the vulnerability of species.     

Aquaria and marine environmental education

Marine aquaria claim that they help to elevate the current low profile of marine conservation through public education. The effectiveness of aquaria as centres for marine conservation education was assessed using social survey techniques, at three large commercial aquaria in the south-west of England. The aquaria managers did not believe that most visitors were interested in receiving educational information, in particular on conservation topics. Textual analysis revealed that aquaria's interpretative material contained very few references to conservation and portrayed a distorted image of the marine environment. The feedback from the questionnaires revealed no evidence for an increase in visitors' sympathy towards and understanding of marine conservation following a visit to an aquarium. The majority of visitors wanted public aquaria to increase their levels of interpretation. In particular, visitors wanted more information on conservation and how they, as individuals , could contribute to preserving the marine environment. As well as benefiting conservation, increasing the educational impact of aquaria could have significant commercial advantages, e.g. increased visitor satisfaction and numbers. Suggestions on how these mutual benefits could be achieved are briefly outlined. Their success will depend on the degree of cooperation which can be forged between commercial aquaria and conservationistsThis revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Environmentally sustainable land-based marine aquaculture

Reduced fishery harvests and increased consumer demand for seafood have precipitated an increase in intensive fish farming, predominantly in coastal and open ocean net-pens. However, as currently practiced, aquaculture is widely viewed as detrimental to the environment and typical operations are vulnerable to environmental influences, including pollution and endemic diseases. Here we report the development of a land-based, marine recirculating aquaculture system that is fully contained, with virtually no environmental impact as a result of highly efficient biological waste treatment and water recycling. Over 99% of the water volume was recycled daily by integrating aerobic nitrification to eliminate toxic ammonia and, for the first time, simultaneous, anaerobic denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, to convert ammonia and nitrate to nitrogen gas. Hydrogen sulfide generated by the separated endogenous organic solids was used as an electron source for nitrate reduction via autotrophic denitrification and the remaining organic solids were converted to methane and carbon dioxide. System viability was validated by growing gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) from 61 g to 412 g for a total of 1.7 tons in a record 131 days with 99% fish survival. Ammonia nitrite and nitrate did not exceed an average daily concentration of 0.8 mg/l, 0.2 mg/l and 150 mg/l, respectively. Food conversion values were 16% lower than recorded levels for net-pen aquaculture and saltwater usage of less than 16 l/every kg of fish produced. The system is site-independent, biosecure, devoid of environmental contaminants and is not restricted to a single species.     

Environmental effects of marine fishing

• 1 Some effects of fisheries on the associated biological systems are reviewed and management options and their inherent risks are considered.
• 2 In addition to the effects on target species, other sensitive groups impacted by fishing are considered including marine mammals, turtles, sea birds, elasmobranchs and some invertebrates with low reproductive rates.
• 3 Other impacts discussed include the destruction of benthic habitat, the provision of unnatural sources of food and the generation of debris.
• 4 Management options are considered including the designation of marine protected areas, risk aversion, and the burden of proof.
• 5 A balanced consideration of the risks and consequences of ?Type 1’? and ?Type II’? errors is advocated.