Inheritance of Maysin Content in Silks of Maize Inbreds Resistant to the Corn Earworm

Genetic information is needed on maysin, a compound in maize, Zea mays L., silks that is antibiotic to corn earworm larvae, Helicoverpa (formerly Heliothis) zea (Boddie), to assist in the process of breeding for resistance to this pest. This study was initiated to elucidate the inheritance of maysin content in the silks of a cross between two maize inbreds (GT114 and GT119) having resistance to the corn earworm. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures were used to quantify the maysin concentration of silks from individual plants in the parent, F₁, F₂, and first backcross generations of the cross GT114 × GT119. A model assuming dominance at a single locus for low maysin content which is expressed only when a dominant modifier is present was proposed to explain the segregation ratios obtained in the F₂ and first back-crosses of GT114 × GT119. This model also provided a fit for maysin data previously generated from a cross between inbreds F6 and F44. Observations of selfed families in the backcross of GT114 × GT119 to the low maysin parent confirmed the two-locus model (one factor with dominance for low maysin expressed only when a modifier gene is also present) as a plausible explanation for inheritance of silk maysin in the cross. The process of selection for high maysin will be complicated somewhat by the presence of a gene which modifies the expression of dominance unless a method of easily identifying the gene, independent of maysin content, can be developed.     

抗性棉铃虫在转基因棉花上某些生命参数的研究

用室内转Bt基因棉叶汰选的低抗种群及同源对照种群,测定对田间不同生育期转基因抗虫棉叶及常规棉叶的反应.结果表明,抗性和敏感种群在常规棉叶上,幼虫存活率、化蛹率、幼虫历期及蛹重等指标均无显著差异,但抗性种群的每雌产卵量降低.抗性种群在转基因棉花上存活随棉花不同生育期的变化而出现差异.在7月下旬、8月下旬开始接虫的两代,第10天幼虫存活率,抗性种群比敏感种群提高;而在6月下旬开始接虫,抗性种群与敏感种群一样均不能化蛹,抗性种群化蛹率的提高仅在棉花生长后期(8月下旬开始接虫).比较敏感种群,抗性种群在转基因棉花上幼虫存活率提高,但存活幼虫生长缓慢,幼虫历期延长,蛹重明显减轻.结果表明,低水平抗性种群虽然对转基因棉花有一定适应性,但在转基因棉花上仍然生长发育不正常.     

Antibiosis mechanism of resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera in wild relatives of chickpea

The pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the major constraints to chickpea production worldwide. The levels of resistance to pod borer in the cultivated chickpea germplasm are moderate, and therefore, we studied the reaction of 32 accessions of wild relatives of chickpea for resistance to H. armigera under greenhouse conditions. Accessions ICC 17257, IG 70002, IG 70003, IG 70012, (Cicer bijugum), IG 69948 (C. pinnatifidum), IG 69979 (C. cuneatum), IG 70032, IG 70033, IG 70038, and IG 72931 (C. judaicum) showed lower leaf feeding, a drastic reduction in larval weight, and poor host suitability index at the vegetative and/or flowering stages of crop growth as compared to the cultivated chickpeas. Based on percentage pods damaged by 5th day (< 52% pods damaged compared to 90% pods damaged in Annigeri), and percentage weight gain by the larvae (< 35% weight gain compared to 366% weight gain on ICCV 2); accessions IG 69979 (C. cuneatum), IG 70003, IG 70022, IG 70016, IG 70013, IG 70012, IG 70010, IG 70001, IG 70018, and IG 70002 (C. bijugum), and IG 72953 (C. reticulatum) showed high levels of resistance to H. armigera. Larvae of H. armigera weighed < 50 mg when reared on C. pinnatifidum (IG6 9948 and IG 70039), and C. judaicum (IG 72931) compared to 301.95 mg on C. arietinum (ICCC 37 – the cultivated chickpea). Larval weights on many accessions of the wild relatives of chickpea were much lower than those on the cultivated chickpeas, indicating the existence of different mechanisms of resistance to H. armigera. There was no pupation and adult emergence when the larvae were reared on accessions of C. pinnatifidum (IG 69948 and IG 70039), and C. judaicum (IG 69980, IG 70032, IG 70033 and IG 72931). The wild relatives of chickpea showing high levels of antibiosis to H. armigera can be used to introgress diverse resistance genes into cultivated chickpea to increase the levels and diversify the basis of resistance to this insect. An erratum to this article is available at .     

转Bt基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟的抗性评价

转Bt基因抗虫玉米为诺华公司含Bt11转化系的杂交种NX4777,能全株表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,以其非转基因受体玉米品种NX4906为对照。在玉米生长至心叶中期(50~60cm高)、抽雄前期和抽丝散粉期分别进行人工接亚洲玉米螟[Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)]初孵幼虫40~60头。以食叶级别、存活幼虫数、蛀孔数、隧道长度和雌穗被害级别等,分别作为评价玉米心叶期和穗期的抗性标准。结果表明,Bt玉米食叶级别仅为1级,显著低于对照的7级。Bt玉米平均每株存活幼虫0.04~0.20头、蛀孔0.11~0.15个、隧道长度0.13~0.41cm,雌穗被害级别为0,植株折茎率为0,而对照玉米平均每株存活幼虫6.19~12.41头、蛀孔4.48~7.05个、隧道长度12.41~24.09cm,雌穗被害级别为5.9,植株折茎率高达73.6%~95.5%。室内生测结果亦表明,取食Bt玉米心叶、雄穗的初孵幼虫3d全部死亡,取食花丝7d死亡率达到99%,相比之下取食常规玉米的存活率在88.7%以上。表明表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt对亚洲玉米螟具有很高的抗虫性,能够保护玉米全生育期免受玉米螟的危害。     

Recurrent selection for maysin, a compound in maize silks, antibiotic to earworm

A thorough knowledge of the inheritance of maysin, a flavone glycoside with antibiosis to corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie, in the silks of maize will assist breeders in choosing the most efficient method of incorporating this trait into elite inbreds. Two breeding populations, one having exotic origin (EPM), the other from southern inbred lines (SIM) were subjected to six cycles of recurrent selection for increased silk maysin. Ten per cent of the individuals evaluated in populations were selected for recombination as S₁ progenies in each cycle. Progress was evaluated as C0 to C6 population cycles in a randomized complete‐block experiment with five replications in 1997 and 1998. Maysin fresh weights in silks of the C0 populations were 0.54% for EPM and 0.36% for SIM. Responses of 0.19% per cycle in EPM and 0.22% per cycle in SIM resulted in an EPM (C6) population with 1.76% maysin and an SIM (C6) population with 1.69% maysin. Silk maysin concentrations above 0.2% begin to substantially reduce larval growth and prevent completion of the life cycle when husk coverage is sufficient to force the insect to feed on silks while entering the ear. Chlorogenic acid and two analogues of maysin, apimaysin and 3′‐methoxymaysin, were found in such minor quantities in silks that they could not be credited with any impact on antibiotic activity against the insect. Selection has effectively increased silk maysin concentration in both EPM and SIM. Trait responses for maysin are highly heritable and will allow the plant breeder to introgress resistance to the corn earworm into elite material easily.     

Antibiosis and antixenosis to Rhopalosiphum padi among triticale accessions

Tests for antibiosis and antixenosis resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi L., the bird cherry-oat aphid, were conducted among four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and eight triticale (XTriticosecale Wittmack) accessions. Tests for antibiosis included measuring R. padi-population growth over 13 days, number of days to reproduction of individual R. padi, and number of aphid progeny produced in the first 7 days of adulthood. Antixenosis was measured in no-choice nymphiposition tests and in choice tests of host selection by winged R. padi. Three of seven triticale accessions limited R. padi populations relative to control accessions. Lower R. padi-population growth on N1185 and Okto Derzhavina could be explained partially by increased developmental times. Lower R. padi-population growth on triticale accessions N1185, N1186 and Okto Derzhavina could be explained at least partially by fewer aphid progeny on these accessions. Developmental time of R. padi on N1185 and Okto Derzhavina was greater than that on Stniism 3 triticale, identified previously as resistant to R. padi. There were less R. padi progeny on N1185 than on Stniism 3, and comparable numbers of R. padi progeny among N1186, Okto Derzhavina, and Stniism 3. None of the accessions limited nymphiposition by R. padi. Choice tests revealed heterogeneity in host selection by R. padi but an overall trend that triticale accessions Okto Derzhavina, N1185, N1186 and Stniism 3 were less preferred hosts than Arapahoe wheat. Relatively strong resistance in these triticale accessions warrant consideration of their future use in breeding programs for cereal-aphid resistance.     

14个毛豆品种对大豆疫病的田间抗性鉴定

通过田间小区对比试验,对14个毛豆品种抗大豆疫病的田间抗性进行鉴定,鉴定结果表明：表现明显抗病的品种有皖3126、思源、AGS292#、闽豆1221、通酥823、301#、茶豆和2808,这些品种可以在病区试种推广;表现感病的品种有绿光75、青酥2号和毛豆75。湿度是影响大豆疫病发生危害的最关键因素之一,实施轮作可减轻发病。     

菜用大豆食用品质关键组分及其积累动态研究

选用30个菜用大豆品种(系),测定其食用品质与籽粒的化学组分,分析二者的相关性;再选其中3个可溶性糖含量不同的品种(系)测定食用品质组分,并采用主成分分析方法探讨每个组分的作用,研究其积累动态。结果表明,蔗糖、果糖+葡萄糖、蜜三糖、水苏糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸和脂肪对菜用大豆食用品质的总贡献率为67.8%;其中蔗糖含量与菜用大豆食用品质呈极显著正相关(0.864**),蛋白质含量与菜用大豆食用品质评分呈显著负相关(–0.439*)。鲜食期不同菜用大豆品种籽粒中蜜三糖和水苏糖的平均含量仅有成熟期的7.4%和12.4%,对菜用大豆食用品质影响有限。菜用大豆的鲜食期一般在开花后42 d,可维持一周左右。此期蔗糖含量最高,蛋白质含量比成熟期低3%左右,氨基酸含量明显高于成熟期,而蜜三糖、水苏糖含量最低,果糖+葡萄糖居中,食用品质最佳;鲜食期过后,籽粒中蔗糖和单糖含量降低,脂肪与蛋白质积累增加,蜜三糖和水苏糖含量显著增高,导致食用品质下降。     

Effect of Salinity Stress on Growth and Nutrient Composition of Three Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Cultivars

Soil salinity is a major limitation to legume production in many areas of the world. The salinity sensitivity of soybean was studied to determine the effect of salinity on seed germination, shoot and root dry weights, and leaf mineral contents. Three soybean cultivars, Lee, Coquitt, and Clark 63, were planted in soils of different salinity levels. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils used in this experiment was 0.5 dS m^?1. The soil salinity treatments were 0.5, 2.5 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5 dS m^?1. Saline drainage water from a drainage canal with an EC of 15 dS m^?1 was used to treat the soil samples in order to obtain the desired salinity levels. Germination percentages were recorded 10 days after planting. Shoot and root dry weights of 45‐day‐old plants were measured. Nutrient concentrations for Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Cl^? were determined. Germination percentages were significantly reduced with increasing salinity levels. The cultivar Lee was less affected by salinity stress than Coquitt and Clark 63. At 8.5 dS m^?1 a significant reduction in plant height was found in all three cultivars. However, Lee plants were taller than plants of the other two cultivars. Salinity stress induced a significant increase in leaf sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) in all cultivars. However, the cultivar Lee maintained lower Na⁺ and Cl⁺ concentrations, a higher potassium (K⁺) concentration and a higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratio at higher salinity levels than Coquitt and Clark 63. Saline stress reduced the accumulation of K⁺, calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) in the leaves of the cultivars studied. This study suggests that Lee is the most tolerant cultivar, and that there is a relationship between the salt tolerance of the cultivar and macronutrient accumulation in the leaves.     

Response of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Cultivars to Genistein-Preincubated Bradyrhizobium japonicum: Nodulation and Dry Matter Accumulation under Canadian Short-Season Conditions

The addition of genistein, a plant-to-bacteria signal molecule, to Bradyrhizobium japonicum cells prior to use as inocula has been shown to increase nodule number and promote soybean N₂ fixation at low root zone temperatures. Previous greenhouse and field experiments involving only two cultivars have indicated that soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars can vary in their response to genistein application. The objective of this study was to evaluate a range of soybean cultivars for response to genistein application under short-season cool-spring Canadian conditions. A 2-year field study was conducted in 1997 and 1998 with a range of soybean cultivars recommended for Quebec. The 11 cultivars tested represented a range of yield potentials and maturity groups. They were inoculated with genistein-preincubated B. japonicum inocula or regular inocula, applied into the furrow at the time of planting. The results of these experiments indicated that neither maturity nor yield was correlated with increases in nodulation, biomass, and plant total nitrogen content resulting from genistein treatment and that all maturity groups responded to genistein application in essentially the same way. Thus, response of soybean cultivars to genistein addition is regulated by genotype characteristics other than maturity or yield level.     

棉铃虫对转Cry1Ac基因棉的抗性遗传及AFLP标记研究

抗性遗传分析结果表明,转Cry1Ac基因棉选育抗性棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner))对Bt毒素Cry1Ac的抗性遗传方式为不完全隐性,其回交后代(BC)用40μg.ml-1Cry1Ac的饲料饲喂5 d后,存活虫数∶死亡虫数的比例为1∶1(X2相似文献   

Breeding soybeans with resistance to soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)

Soybean rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi, continues to be a global threat to soybean production, decreasing productivity and increasing the pesticide burden of cropping systems. However, breeders now have access to resistance genes that map to at least seven independent loci which can help protect crops against soybean rust infection. Efficient greenhouse screening protocols have been developed, and low‐cost SNP genotyping technology is available for marker‐assisted selection and backcrossing of resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Rpp) loci. Soybean breeders can now employ these technologies for the development of high‐yielding soybean cultivars with two, three, or even four pyramided Rpp genes. Such cultivars should provide resistance against the most virulent P. pachyrhizi populations and would be of great help to both large‐scale growers in the Americas and subsistence farmers in developing countries. We hope that a better understanding of the history and unique characteristics of P. pachyrhizi, the discovery of Rpp resistance alleles and the latest molecular breeding techniques will empower breeders across the globe to develop cultivars with durable resistance.     

棉铃虫对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1 Ac)抗性品系的选育

1 997～2000年,用含Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)的人工饲料对来自本所试验棉田的棉铃虫经过室内21代中16代次的筛选,筛选后F19代LC50值(4.3646g@L1)比筛选前F2代LC50值(0.2972 g@L-1)提高了14.7倍.试验还发现雌性棉铃虫对Bt毒蛋白的敏感性大于雄性.对Bt毒蛋白抗性品系筛选前后分别测定了其不同菌系(商品制剂Dipel和Xentari)的剂量-死亡率回归线,发现Bt毒蛋白抗性品系与其不同菌系间不存在明显的交互抗性.     

大豆资源的筛豆龟蝽[Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) ]抗性鉴定

在观察筛豆龟蝽发生情况及其在大豆上的危害特征基础上,比较了田间自然危害条件下各种抗性鉴定指标,以茎枝黑霉程度结合叶片紫斑数为抗性分级指标鉴定了国内外大批资源,筛选出58份抗、感食叶性害虫的大豆材料,其筛豆龟蝽抗性结果表明,品种间、观察日期间和区组间都有极显著差异,品种×观察日期互作也极显著,最终筛选出PI227687、安陆小黄豆、花柒黄毛豆、沔阳白毛豆等高抗种质,并提出了一套鉴定方法和指标。     

Fine mapping of foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani) resistance gene Raso1 in soybean and its effect on tolerance to Soybean dwarf virus transmitted by foxglove aphid

Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) causes serious dwarfing, yellowing and sterility in soybean (Glycine max). The soybean cv. Adams is tolerant to SbDV infection in the field and exhibits antibiosis to foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani), which transmits SbDV. This antibiosis (termed “aphid resistance”) is required for tolerance to SbDV in the field in segregated progenies of Adams. A major quantitative trait locus, Raso1, is reported for foxglove aphid resistance. Our objectives were to fine map Raso1 and to reveal whether Raso1 alone is sufficient to confer both aphid resistance and SbDV tolerance. We introduced Raso1 into cv. Toyomusume by backcrossing and investigated the degree of aphid antibiosis to foxglove aphid and the degree of tolerance to SbDV in the field. All Raso1-introduced backcross lines showed aphid resistance. Interestingly, only one Raso1-introduced backcross line (TM-1386) showed tolerance to SbDV in the field. The results demonstrated Raso1 alone is sufficient to confer aphid resistance but insufficient for SbDV tolerance. Tolerance to SbDV was indicated to require additional gene(s) to Raso1. Additionally, Raso1 was mapped to a 63-kb interval on chromosome 3 of the Williams 82 sequence assembly (Glyma1). This interval includes a nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat encoding gene and two other genes in the Williams 82 soybean genome sequence.     

大豆资源的筛豆龟蝽[Megacota cribraria (Fabricius)]抗性鉴定

在观察筛豆龟蝽发生情况及其在大豆上的危害特征基础上,比较了田间自然危害条件下各种抗性鉴定指标，以茎枝黑霉程度结合叶片紫斑数为抗性分级指标鉴定了国内外大批资源，筛选出58份抗、感食叶性害虫的大豆材料，其筛豆龟蝽抗性结果表明，品种间、观察日期间和区组间都有极显著差异，品种×观察日期互作也极显著，最终筛选出PI227687、安陆小黄豆、花柒黄毛豆、沔阳白毛豆等高抗种质，并提出了一套鉴定方法和指标。     

Resistance to Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) in Helianthus species and backcross derived inbred lines from crosses involving diploid species

Spodoptera litura (Fabr.), the tobacco caterpillar, is a major defoliator on sunflower in the tropics. Genetic variability for resistance to S. litura is limited in the cultivar germplasm of sunflower. In the present investigation, 43 accessions of 17 wild Helianthus species of the annual and perennial habit groups were evaluated along with cultivated sunflower under field and no-choice conditions in the laboratory for resistance to this pest. Under field conditions, H. occidentalis and H. argophyllus were found to be immune with no leaf damage and few accessions of the species belonging to section Divaricati were found to be resistant. Laboratory bioassays against neonate, two and 4-day-old larvae confirmed resistance both in terms of high larval mortality and low larval weight gain in eight species viz., H. occidentalis, H. argophyllus, H. tuberosus, H. maximiliani, H. mollis, H. simulans, H. divaricatus and H. hirsutus. Intra-accessional variability was observed and accessions of few species showed varied reaction (resistant, partially resistant to susceptible) to the target pest. Field evaluation of 224 backcross derived inbred lines from five cross combinations involving diploid species under high natural pest incidence revealed low damage in plants derived from crosses involving H. argophyllus and H. petiolaris.     

Root and Rhizosphere Colonization of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] by Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria at Low Root Zone Temperatures and under Short-Season Conditions

Co-inoculation of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with B. japonicum has been shown to increase soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] nodulation, nitrogen fixation, growth and physiological activity at suboptimal root zone temperatures (RZTs). We studied the survival and growth of seven PGPR inoculated on soybean in a sterile rooting medium at three RZTs (25, 17.5 and 15 °C) on a growth bench. The survival of the two most promising strains ( Serratia liquefaciens 2-68 and S. proteamaculans 1-102) was studied under field conditions in methyl bromide fumigated and non-fumigated soils. In general, population densities varied with temperature. PGPR strains generally colonized the rhizosphere and root surface effeciently at higher RZTs; however, S. proteamaculans 1-102 colonized best at a low RZT (15 °C). The population of PGPR applied to the rhizosphere either with or without addition of B. japonicum increased over time in fumigated soil as compared to non-fumigated soil, indicating that the PGPR survive and proliferate better under fumigated conditions. S. liquefaciens 2-68 had higher population densities both on the root and in the rhizosphere, demonstrating, their ability to colonize under short-season conditions. The possible interactions between the two cultivars (Maple Glen and AC Bravor) and the PGPR were generally not significant, despite observations that growth and yield of AC Bravor respond more strongly to PGPR inoculation.     

New genes for resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and their inheritance

Bacterial leaf pustule (BLP) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines is an important disease of soybean. A new resistant source, P-4-2, showing an immune reaction in controlled conditions to BLP was crossed with the susceptible cultivar Monetta to study the inheritance of resistance. All F1 plants were susceptible. The F2 population segregated 15 susceptible: 1 resistant plants indicating the presence of duplicate recessive genes controlling resistance. This was further confirmed in the F3 generation. Two recessive genes conferring high levels of resistance in soybean to Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines under controlled conditions are being reported here for the first time. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interaction Amongst Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Genotype, Soil Type and Inoculant Strain with Regard to N2 Fixation

The nitrogen (N₂)‐fixing bacterial inoculant strain for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is not indigenous to South African soils. The interaction between soybean genotype, soil type and inoculant strain, however, has a definite influence on soybean production and compatibility should be optimized. This paper reports a growth chamber study using three different soybean genotypes (Barc‐9, Avuturda and Talana), three Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant strains (WB108, WB112 and WB1) and three soil types (Avalon, Arcadia and sand) to evaluate the effectiveness of N₂ fixation by different genotype × soil type × inoculant strain combinations, using different measuring parameters. These parameters included nodule fresh mass (NFM), amount of N₂ fixed (P_fix), as determined by the ureide method, seed protein content (SPC), average seed mass per plant (SMP) and average foliar N content (FNC). The comparison amongst the three‐way interactions, genotype × soil type × inoculant strain, did not differ significantly for the parameters used. Significant two‐way interactions were soil × inoculant for FNC, P_fix and SMP; soil × genotype for FNC and SMP, and inoculant × genotype for FNC (P < 0.05). The soil × inoculant strain interaction was significant for P_fix (P < 0.05). NFM, P_fix, FNC, SMP and SPC correlated positively with soil pH and negatively with soil clay content and soil NO₃^– and NH₄⁺ content (P < 0.05). SPC was significantly different (P < 0.05) for soil type, genotype and inoculant strain. P_fix and NFM did not reflect the protein content of the seeds, indicating that nodule evaluation should be used with caution as a N₂ fixation parameter. Low soil pH and high mineral N content inhibited N₂ fixation. NFM correlated negatively with the clay content of the soil. This finding confirms that soybean production in South Africa can be improved by appropriate selection of genotypes and inoculant strains for their compatibility in different soils.