玉米田反枝苋对烟嘧磺隆的抗性水平及靶标抗性分子机理

为明确玉米田主要杂草反枝苋对烟嘧磺隆的抗性水平及靶标抗性分子机理,采用整株水平测定法检测了黑龙江省玉米田反枝苋对烟嘧磺隆的抗性水平,通过靶标酶离体活性测定,分析了抗性和敏感种群反枝苋乙酰乳酸合成酶 (ALS) 对烟嘧磺隆的敏感性,并通过靶标ALS基因克隆测序进行了序列比对分析。结果显示:黑龙江省反枝苋疑似抗性种群 (HLJ-R) 对烟嘧磺隆已产生较高水平抗性,其抗性倍数达13.7;酶活性测定结果表明:烟嘧磺隆对HLJ-R种群ALS活性的抑制中浓度 (IC₅₀) 值是对敏感种群 (TA-S) IC₅₀值的43.9倍;与TA-S种群相比,HLJ-R种群ALS基因205位丙氨酸突变为缬氨酸,574位色氨酸突变为亮氨酸。研究表明,黑龙江省玉米田反枝苋对烟嘧磺隆已产生较高水平抗性,且靶标ALS基因的突变可能是其抗性产生的主要原因之一。     

吉林狗尾草种群对烟嘧磺隆抗性水平和靶标抗性机理初探

为明确吉林省玉米田狗尾草Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.对烟嘧磺隆的抗药性水平和抗性分子机理,测定了两个抗药性狗尾草种群R1、R2和一个敏感种群S对烟嘧磺隆的抗药水平,并检测了不同种群间乙酰乳酸合成酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS)基因序列差异。结果显示:R1、R2种群抗药性指数分别为21.8和23.9。扩增狗尾草ALS基因序列发现,相较于敏感种群,R1种群在376位点由GAT突变为GAA,R2种群在376位点由GAT突变为GAG,两种突变均导致天冬氨酸替换为谷氨酸(Asp-376-Glu)。表明狗尾草R1和R2种群对烟嘧磺隆产生抗性是由于靶标ALS基因突变导致,研究结果为科学防控抗药性狗尾草种群提供了理论基础。     

多花水苋对苄嘧磺隆的抗性水平及靶标抗性机制

为明确水稻田杂草多花水苋Ammannia multiflora对乙酰乳酸合成酶 (ALS) 抑制剂类除草剂苄嘧磺隆的抗性水平和抗性分子机制,采用整株水平测定法,测定了采自江苏省扬州市田间的多花水苋疑似抗性种群 (YZ-R) 对苄嘧磺隆的抗性指数,并分析了YZ-R种群和相对敏感种群 (YZ-S)多花水苋ALS酶对苄嘧磺隆的敏感性差异,同时比较了YZ-R和YZ-S种群ALS基因的核苷酸序列差异。结果表明:YZ-R种群多花水苋对苄嘧磺隆已表现出高水平抗性,其抗性指数 (RI) 为40.6;苄嘧磺隆对YZ-R种群ALS酶活性的抑制中浓度 (I₅₀) 为0.087 μmol/L,对YZ-S种群的I₅₀值为0.0028 μmol/L,其抗性指数为31.1。通过PCR扩增获得了多花水苋ALS基因的部分序列,该序列包含了已报道的8个氨基酸突变位点。ALS基因序列比对分析发现,YZ-R种群多花水苋植株ALS基因第197 位氨基酸由脯氨酸 (CCT) 突变为丝氨酸 (TCT)。研究表明,ALS基因发生脯氨酸 (Pro)-197-丝氨酸 (Ser) 的突变,导致多花水苋ALS酶对苄嘧磺隆的敏感性下降,是多花水苋YZ-R种群对苄嘧磺隆产生高水平抗性的主要原因。     

反枝苋乙酰乳酸合成酶与烟嘧磺隆分子结合模式分析及抗性位点预测

为研究反枝苋对乙酰乳酸合成酶 (ALS) 抑制剂的抗性机制,本研究根据反枝苋的ALS氨基酸序列,利用同源模建的方法构建了其三维结构,并采用分子对接和分子动力学模拟的方法预测了反枝苋ALS与烟嘧磺隆分子的结合模式。根据结合模式对已报道的Pro 197和Trp 574等位点突变产生抗性的原因进行了分析。结果发现:Pro 197和Trp 574等位点的残基与烟嘧磺隆分子之间存在重要的疏水作用和π-π作用等其他相互作用,或该位点的残基具有特殊结构影响着通道形状。分析表明,ALS与烟嘧磺隆之间的氢键、疏水作用等非共价相互作用以及通道形状的改变都有可能影响二者结合稳定性,从而使杂草产生抗性。基于此结论,本研究预测Val 196、Met 200、Phe 206和Lys 256突变同样可能使杂草对ALS抑制剂敏感度发生变化。本研究利用计算机模拟技术分析了ALS抗性机制,为反抗性除草剂的分子设计提供了指导。     

抗精噁唑禾草灵和甲基二磺隆看麦娘ACCase和ALS基因突变

为明确看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis抗性种群YL的靶标抗性机制,采用基因克隆法对看麦娘抗性和敏感种群间乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)和乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)基因序列进行扩增、克隆和测序,比对二者ACCase和ALS基因序列的差异,探寻其产生抗药性突变的基因位点,同时测定该突变型抗性种群YL对不同ACCase和ALS抑制剂类除草剂的交互抗性。结果显示,与看麦娘敏感种群TL相比,抗性种群YL的ACCase基因CT区域第2 041位氨基酸由异亮氨酸(ATT)突变为天冬酰胺酸(AAT),ALS基因Domain A区域第197位氨基酸由脯氨酸(CCC)突变为精氨酸(CGC)。看麦娘抗性种群YL对ACCase抑制剂炔草酯产生了高水平抗性,抗性倍数为43.96,对高效氟吡甲禾灵和精喹禾灵产生了中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为18.33和15.87,对唑啉草酯、烯草酮和烯禾啶较敏感;对ALS抑制剂氟唑磺隆产生了低水平抗性,抗性倍数为8.39,对啶磺草胺和咪唑乙烟酸较敏感。表明ACCase基因第2 041位和ALS基因第197位氨基酸突变是导致看麦娘抗性种群YL对精噁唑禾草灵和甲基二磺隆同时产生抗性的重要原因之一。     

抗苄嘧磺隆野慈姑乙酰乳酸合成酶的突变研究

近年来,野慈姑Sagittaria trifolia L.在中国东北稻区发生和危害日趋严重,部分稻区使用苄嘧磺隆已无法有效防除该杂草。为了明确野慈姑抗药性发生的根本原因,本试验从分子水平上对野慈姑抗苄嘧磺隆的机理进行了研究。通过对抗药性(H4)和敏感性(S)野慈姑种群靶标酶乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)基因片段进行扩增和克隆,比较其DNA序列的差异,确定导致抗药性产生的ALS氨基酸突变位点。结果表明,与敏感性野慈姑ALS基因相比,H4种群第197位脯氨酸(Pro)突变为苏氨酸(Thr),该位点的突变可能是H4野慈姑种群对苄嘧磺隆产生抗药性的主要原因。ALS第197位Pro突变为Thr致使对苄嘧磺隆产生抗药性是第一次在野慈姑种群中报道。     

耳叶水苋对乙酰乳酸合成酶抑制剂的抗性及其分子机制初探

近年来长江下游地区稻田耳叶水苋Ammannia arenaria H.B.K.危害十分严重。采用盆栽法首次测定了耳叶水苋对苄嘧磺隆等药剂的抗性水平,同时分析了其抗性和敏感种群间乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)基因的DNA序列及其RNA表达差异。结果表明:采自浙江嘉兴(JX110)、江苏苏州(JS039)、浙江宁波(NB0143-05)和安徽广德(AH014)的耳叶水苋生物型对苄嘧磺隆的抗性指数(RI)分别为67.90、17.59、44.63和8.37,对苄嘧磺隆表现出中高水平抗性的生物型对五氟磺草胺、双草醚及咪唑乙烟酸也产生了低水平的抗性。获得了耳叶水苋ALS基因全长核苷酸序列2235 bp,编码667个氨基酸,仅发现NB0143-05等3种抗性生物型ALS酶的氨基酸序列非保守区第93位的亮氨酸被脯氨酸取代。然而,NB0143-05的ALS酶对ALS抑制剂的敏感性大幅度降低(RI 37.04),且在苄嘧磺隆处理后4 d的ALS基因表达量是敏感生物型(HZ001)的1.86倍。这表明,ALS酶对药剂的敏感性降低以及被苄嘧磺隆诱导后ALS基因表达量显著增加,很可能是耳叶水苋生物型NB0143-05对ALS抑制剂产生抗性的原因。     

荠菜对乙酰乳酸合成酶抑制剂类除草剂的抗性水平及其分子机制

为明确荠菜种群对苯磺隆的抗性水平及其靶标抗性产生的分子机制,采用整株水平测定法测定了荠菜对苯磺隆及其他5种乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）抑制剂类除草剂的抗性水平,同时扩增和比对了荠菜抗性和敏感种群之间ALS基因的差异。结果显示:与敏感种群15-ZMD-1相比,抗性种群15-ZMD-5对苯磺隆产生了高水平抗性,抗性倍数为219.6;15-ZMD-5种群不同单株中共存在3种突变方式,分别为ALS基因197位点脯氨酸（CCT）突变为亮氨酸（CTT）、574位点色氨酸（TGG）突变为亮氨酸（TTG）以及单株同时发生上述197和574位点的氨基酸突变。15-ZMD-5抗苯磺隆种群对嘧草硫醚、啶磺草胺和氟唑磺隆均产生了高水平的交互抗性,抗性倍数分别为41.2、79.3和87.8;对双氟磺草胺和咪唑乙烟酸产生了低水平的交互抗性,抗性倍数分别为8.5和5.6。分析表明,荠菜抗性种群ALS基因发生的氨基酸突变可能是导致其对ALS抑制剂类除草剂产生抗性的重要原因之一。     

黑龙江省大豆田反枝苋对氟磺胺草醚的抗药性机制研究

为明确反枝苋抗性种群对氟磺胺草醚的抗性机制,分别测定了氟磺胺草醚对反枝苋抗性和敏感种群体内原卟啉原氧化酶(PPO)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明:氟磺胺草醚处理后,抗性和敏感反枝苋种群PPO活性均受到一定程度的抑制,但抗性种群活性受到抑制后能逐渐恢复,而敏感种群则不能恢复;施用氟磺胺草醚后,抗性和敏感反枝苋种群GSTs和SOD活性变化无明显差异,抗性和敏感反枝苋种群POD和CAT活性均受到一定程度的抑制,但抗性种群活性受到抑制后能逐渐恢复,而敏感种群则不能恢复。研究表明,反枝苋抗性种群体内PPO对氟磺胺草醚敏感性降低是其产生抗药性的原因之一,反枝苋POD和CAT对活性氧的抵御能力差异也可能与反枝苋对氟磺胺草醚的抗性有关。     

靶标基因突变导致入侵性杂草长芒苋对咪唑乙烟酸产生抗性

长芒苋Amaranthus palmeri生长迅速,适应性广,繁殖系数高,具有很强的竞争性,已在我国多地定植,对作物产量及生态环境构成潜在威胁.一旦其对除草剂产生抗性,将大大增加治理难度.本试验研究了采自不同地点的长芒苋种群对除草剂咪唑乙烟酸的抗性水平和抗性机理.整株生物测定得出,长芒苋疑似抗性种群和敏感种群对咪唑乙烟...     

Mutations of the ALS gene endowing resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Lolium rigidum populations

BACKGROUND: In the important grass weed Lolium rigidum (Gaud.), resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides has evolved widely in Australia. The authors have previously characterised the biochemical basis of ALS herbicide resistance in a number of L. rigidum biotypes and established that resistance can be due to a resistant ALS and/or enhanced herbicide metabolism. The purpose of this study was to identify specific resistance‐endowing ALS gene mutation(s) in four resistant populations and to develop PCR‐based molecular markers. RESULTS: Six resistance‐conferring ALS mutations were identified: Pro‐197‐Ala, Pro‐197‐Arg, Pro‐197‐Gln, Pro‐197‐Leu, Pro‐197‐Ser and Trp‐574‐Leu. All six mutations were found in one population (WLR1). Each Pro‐197 mutation conferred resistance to the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide sulfometuron, whereas the Trp‐574‐Leu mutation conferred resistance to both sulfometuron and the imidazolinone (IMS) herbicide imazapyr. A derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (dCAPS) marker was developed for detecting resistance mutations at Pro‐197. Furthermore, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) markers were developed for detecting each of the six mutant resistant alleles. Using these markers, the authors revealed diverse ALS‐resistant alleles and genotypes in these populations and related them directly to phenotypic resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides. CONCLUSION: This study established the existence of a diversity of ALS gene mutations endowing resistance in L. rigidum populations: 1–6 different mutations were found within single populations. At field herbicide rates, resistance profiles were determined more by the specific mutation than by whether plants were homo‐ or heterozygous for the mutation. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Molecular basis of multiple resistance to ACCase-inhibiting and ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Lolium rigidum

Herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum is widespread across much of the agricultural land in Australia. As the incidence of herbicide resistance has increased, so has the incidence of multiple herbicide resistance. This reduces the herbicide options available for control of this weed. This study reports on the successful amplification and sequencing of the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene of L. rigidum using primers designed from sequence information of related taxa. This enables, for the first time, the successful determination of a mutation in the ALS gene of this species that provides resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides. This mutation causes amino acid substitution at Trp574 (numbering standardised to Arabidopsis thaliana) to Leu which had been reported to confer a high level of resistance against all classes of ALS inhibitor herbicides. In addition, multiple resistance to ALS‐inhibiting and acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase‐inhibiting herbicides is acquired through the independent accumulation of mutant alleles for the target sites. This may thus explain some of the irregular, mosaic resistance patterns that occur in this predominantly outcrossing species.     

Conyza albida: a new biotype with ALS inhibitor resistance

Summary A biotype of Conyza albida resistant to imazapyr was discovered on a farm in the province of Seville, Spain, on land that had been continuously treated with this herbicide. This is the first reported occurrence of target site resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in C. albida . In order to characterize this resistant biotype, dose–response experiments, absorption and translocation assays, metabolism studies, ALS activity assays and control with alternative herbicides were performed. Dose–response experiments revealed a marked difference between resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes with a resistance factor [ED₅₀(R)/ED₅₀(S)] of 300. Cross-resistance existed with amidosulfuron, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron. Control of both biotypes using alternative herbicides was good using chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, diuron, simazine, glyphosate and glufosinate. The rest of the herbicides tested did not provide good control for either biotype. There were no differences in absorption and translocation between the two biotypes, the maximum absorption reached about 15%, and most of the radioactivity taken up remained in the treated leaf. The metabolism pattern was similar and revealed that both biotypes may form polar metabolites with similar retention time (R_f). The effect of several ALS inhibitors on ALS (target site) activity measured in leaf extracts from both biotypes was investigated. Only with imazapyr and imazethapyr did the R biotype show a higher level of resistance than the S biotype [I₅₀ (R)/I₅₀(S) value of 4.0 and 3.7 respectively]. These data suggest that the resistance to imazapyr found in the R biotype of C. albida results primarily from an altered target site.     

Target-site basis for resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitor in Water chickweed (Myosoton aquaticum L.)

Water chickweed is a widespread and competitive winter annual or biennial weed of wheat in China. One Water chickweed population (HN02) resistant to several acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors was found in Henan province of China. Whole-plant bioassays showed that HN02 was high resistance to tribenuron (292.05-flod). In vitro ALS assays revealed that resistance was due to reduced sensitivity of the ALS enzyme to tribenuron. The I₅₀ value for HN02 was 85.53 times greater respectively than that of susceptible population (SD05). This altered ALS sensitivity in the resistant population was due to a mutation in the ALS gene resulting in a Pro197 to Ser substitution. Cross-resistance experiments indicated that HN02 exhibited various resistance patterns to pyrithiobac-sodium, florasulam and pyroxsulam, without resistance to imazethapyr. This is the first report of tribenuron-resistant Water chickweed in Henan province of China, target-site based resistance was established as being due to an insensitive form of ALS, resulting from a Pro to Ser substitution at amino acid position 197 in the ALS gene.     

Characterisation and molecular basis of ALS inhibitor resistance in the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides

Several UK populations of the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides were identified where high proportions of individuals showed resistance to the acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides, mesosulfuron‐methyl + iodosulfuron‐methyl sodium mixture and sulfometuron‐methyl. Screening with sulfometuron, followed by DNA sequencing of the ALS gene from resistant and susceptible individuals, led to the identification of eight populations where a single point mutation segregated with resistance to sulfometuron. All highly resistant individuals from seven of eight populations showed a single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the first position of the Pro197 codon of an A. myosuroides ALS gene, conferring a predicted proline to threonine target‐site change. One population showed resistant individuals with single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the second position of the Trp574 codon, conferring a predicted tryptophan to leucine substitution. No other mutations segregating with resistance were found. Enzyme assays confirmed that resistance was due to an altered form of ALS enzyme, which was less susceptible to inhibition by sulfonylureas, making this one of the first fully characterised cases of ALS target‐site resistance in a European grass weed. Increased information regarding the nature and distribution of ALS target‐site mutation may help support sustainable management strategies, allowing continued use of mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron against this weed in the UK.