日本落叶松林分材种出材量表的研制

本研究利用１７６块日本落叶松标准地材料，建立了与现行山本式材积方程相一致且符合适用性检验精度要求的削度方程。结合全林整体模型。林分自然稀疏模型及林分结构模型，分别立地指数、初植密度编制了日本落叶松林分材种出材量表，并对其进行了编制精度和适用性精度检验。结果表明，编表精度达９６％以上，适用性检验精度达９５％以上，可以在科研生产中应用。     

日本落叶松林分材种出材量表的研制

本研究利用１７６块日本落叶松标准地材料，建立了与现行山本式材积方程相一致且符合适用性检验精度要求的削度方程，结合全林整体模型，林分自然稀疏模型及林分结构模型，分别立地指数，初植密度编制了日本落叶松林分材种出材量表，并对其进行了编制精度和适用性精度检验，结果表明，编表精度达９６％以上，适用性检验精度达９５％以上，可以在科研生产中应用。     

天然林区小班森林资源数据的更新模型

以吉林省汪清林业局为例,根据１９９７年森林经理调查的８４８块固定样地数据,与全林整体模型方法相结合,建立了适合于天然林区林业局（场）无人为干预小班森林资源数据更新的林分级生长模型组。该组模型包括林分密度指数,平均高,断面积,形高,郁闭度等林分测算因子的生长或变化模型。     

由全林整体生长模型推导林分密度控制图的方法*

本文以杉木为例，介绍了由全林整体生长模型推导林分密度控制图的方法。指出由全林整体生长模型推导出的林分密度控制图与由它推导出的多种常用林分表如标准表、正常收获表；不同初植密度林分的自然生长过程表、可变密度收获表等之间是相容的。     

基于改进林分密度指数的栎类天然林最大密度线

【目的】构建栎类天然林最大密度线,探究栎类天然林自稀疏规律,从理论上丰富种群生态学,为天然林林分密度管理与控制提供理论参考。【方法】以湖南省265块栎类天然林连续清查样地为研究对象,对现有林分密度指数进行改进,采用分位数回归和随机前沿分析评估Reineke林分密度指数和改进林分密度指数在构建栎类天然林最大密度线方面的适用性,并对不同林分类型栎类天然林的自稀疏特点进行分析。【结果】与Reineke林分密度模型相比,改进林分密度模型的预测误差显著降低（P<0.05）,模型以林分平均胸径和优势树种平均高为基础变量,能够更好诠释林分自稀疏的内涵;随机前沿分析方法在模拟天然林最大密度线模型方面更加客观且精度较高,分位数回归方法也可提供有价值的补充;天然混交林自稀疏过程受林分平均胸径和优势树种平均高的共同影响,林分平均胸径越大,自稀疏速率越快;林分优势树种平均高越大,林分可容纳株数越多。天然林自稀疏速率在不同类型林分之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）,栎类相对纯林的自稀疏速率更快、死亡率更高。【结论】构建栎类天然林最大密度线,探究其自稀疏规律,可为栎类天然林自稀疏状态的判别提供定量依据,...     

杉木林分自然生长和人为控制密度生长模型研究

在会同杉木人工林林分全林整体模型的基础上,分析并建立了会同杉木人工林完满立木度林分自然生长和一般林分的自然生长的规律和模型,并采用人工神经网络方法建立了会同杉木人工林人为控制密度生长过程模型.检验结果表明,这组生长模型可以满足林业生产和科研的精度要求.     

Integrated Stand Growth Model of Mongolian Oak and It’s Application

利用汪清林业局1997年、2007年森林经理调查的61块蒙古栎林的固定样地数据建立了蒙古栎林全林整体模型.全林整体模型是一组非线性联立方程组,它由8个非线性模型组成.利用Forstat2.0软件中的“非线性误差变量联立方程组”方法求解模型参数,保证了模型的无偏性.“刀切法”检验结果表明各林分因子的平均相对误差和相对均方误差均在15％以下.应用全林整体模型可以进行不同初始条件林分的生长分析及制定不同立地条件的林分密度控制图,为蒙古栎林的经营提供参考.     

蒙古栎林全林整体生长模型及其应用

利用汪清林业局1997年、2007年森林经理调查的61块蒙古栎林的固定样地数据建立了蒙古栎林全林整体模型。全林整体模型是一组非线性联立方程组,它由8个非线性模型组成。利用Forstat2.0软件中的"非线性误差变量联立方程组"方法求解模型参数,保证了模型的无偏性。"刀切法"检验结果表明各林分因子的平均相对误差和相对均方误差均在15%以下。应用全林整体模型可以进行不同初始条件林分的生长分析及制定不同立地条件的林分密度控制图,为蒙古栎林的经营提供参考。     

北京落叶松人工林全林分模型研建

以北京森林资源一类调查中侧柏的数据为基础,以Rechards方程为模版,通过spss统计建模工具进行拟合,建立了包括落叶松的树高模型、立地指数、林分密度、断面积指数、全林收获模型、林分生长模型在内的全林分模型。林分生长模型保持了与收获模型的相容性,在此基础上利用林分生长模型,可根据某一时期的林分收获量预知未来某一时期的林分蓄积。通过检验证明,此北京落叶松人工林全林分的林分生长模型有很强的适用性,为有关林业部门确定最优密度指数、立地指数等因子来改善落叶松的经营方式提供了依据。     

林分密度指数研究现状

林分密度指数是基于林分层次,对于量化林分密度与生长情况所提出的一项指标,其研究的核心是掌握林分的自然稀疏规律。在森林决策经营问题上,林分生长收获预估研究是最重要的一环,但其中林分生长收获模型的建立及预测的准确性一直是个难题,考虑众多林分生长指标后,林分密度成为了林分生长预估模型的核心问题。对于多种多样的林木种类和复杂的林分立地条件,林分密度指数的应用范围也受到限制,本文将就林分密度指数研究现状展开论述。     

A growth model for Pinus radiata D. Don stands in north-western Spain

A dynamic whole-stand growth model for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) stands in north-western Spain is presented. In this model, the initial stand conditions at any point in time are defined by three state variables (number of trees per hectare, stand basal area and dominant height), and are used to estimate total or merchantable stand volume for a given projection age. The model uses three transition functions derived with the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) to project the corresponding stand state variables at any particular time. These equations were fitted using the base-age-invariant dummy variables method. In addition, the model incorporates a function for predicting initial stand basal area, which can be used to establish the starting point for the simulation. Once the state variables are known for a specific moment, a distribution function is used to estimate the number of trees in each diameter class by recovering the parameters of the Weibull function, using the moments of first and second order of the distribution. By using a generalized height-diameter function to estimate the height of the average tree in each diameter class, combined with a taper function that uses the above predicted diameter and height, it is then possible to estimate total or merchantable stand volume.     

不同整地方式对林分质量的影响

通过对11年生樟子松和落叶松林分调查研究,结果表明:利用开沟或穴状整地方式营造的“两松”林分比全面整地方式造林的树木提前2 a进入高、径生长速生期。开沟整地的18年生樟子松每公顷蓄积量比常规整地的每公顷高出0.396倍。开沟整地的11年生落叶松林分,每公顷蓄积量比常规整地高出0.23倍。开沟整地方式的落叶松林分中土壤含水率为16.95%,比常规整地的高出2.9个百分点;容重比常规整地的减少0.29 g.cm-3,总孔隙度比常规整地的增加9.8个百分点。有机质、有效N、全N分别比常规整地的高出2.07、2.33、1.51倍。     

闽东地区木荷人工林标准表的编制

利用标准地材料,以林分每公顷胸高断面积为因变量,林分平均高为自变量,采用最小二乘法拟合多个方程,经分析对比选择合适的方程作为编制木荷人工林标准表的数学模型。在此基础上,应用有约束条件的改进单纯形法建立疏密度1.0的标准林分每公顷胸高断面积模型,配合形数模型,按蓄积三要素计算疏密度1.0的林分每公顷蓄积量,据此编制了木荷人工林标准表。可为森林资源清查确定木荷人工林的蓄积量和疏密度提供科学依据。     

间伐林分的断面积生长模型研究

利用Richards和Schumacher模型对人工落叶松和杉木林分进行断面积模型的拟合,结果表明:两种模型在同时选择单位面积株数或同时选择林分密度指数作为自变量时,Schumacher式都比Richards式拟合和预估效果好。Richards式用林分密度指数比用单位面积株数的拟合和预估效果明显要好,Schumacher式用林分密度指数比用单位面积株数拟合效果略好。在生产实践中,由于单位面积株数容易测定,而Schumacher形式比较简单,建议用来预估林分的断面积,并可作为间伐和未间伐林分的兼容模型。     

Effect of thinning intensity on tree growth and temporal variation of seed and cone production in a Pinus koraiensis plantation

Thinning of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) is used to facilitate timber and cone production. The present study in Northeast China investigated the effects of thinning intensity on individual tree growth, temporal variation in cone yield, and seed quality in Korean pine plantation. In 2005, five thinning intensity levels (none, extreme, heavy, moderate and light) were set in 15 permanent plots in a 32-year-old Korean pine plantation at Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. We recorded tree growth and seed cone production from 2013 to 2016, i.e., from 8 to 11 years after thinning. Except for height growth, thinning increased tree growth (diameter at breast height and crown size) and improved cone yield. The extreme thinning treatment (to 300 trees per hectare) resulted in the largest tree diameter, tree volume, crown size and 4-year cone production per tree. The highest cone yield per tree in the mast year (2014) was observed when stands were thinned to 500 trees per hectare (heavy thinning). Although the best cone and seed quality and the largest cone and seed mass per tree were recorded in the heavily thinned stand, no significant differences were found between heavy and moderate thinning stands (750 trees per hectare). At the stand level, the moderately thinned stand had the highest basal area, stock volume and seed cone production per stand. Our results suggest that thinning to 750 trees per hectare will improve timber and cone productivity in 40-year-old P. koraiensis stands.     

Development of a stand density management diagram for even-aged pedunculate oak stands and its use in designing thinning schedules

Density management is the usual method used by silviculturiststo achieve a desired future stand condition, and one of themost effective methods of design, display and evaluation ofalternative density management regimes in even-aged stands isthe use of stand density management diagrams. In the presentstudy, we describe a method for developing thinning schedulesfor even-aged pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) stands in Galicia(north-western Spain), using a density management diagram. Thediagram integrates the relationships among stand density, dominantheight, quadratic mean diameter and stand volume in a singlegraph. The data used in its construction were obtained from172 sample plots located throughout Galicia. The diagram isbasically composed of two equations: the first relates the quadraticmean diameter to the stand density and dominant height; thesecond relates the stand volume to the quadratic mean diameter,stand density and dominant height. These equations were fittedsimultaneously using full information maximum likelihood. Therelative spacing index is used to characterize the growing stockand the diagram provides isolines for dominant height, numberof trees per hectare, quadratic mean diameter and stand volume.Dominant height isolines together with the site index curvesallow specification of the timing of thinnings while intermediateand final harvest volumes are calculated using the stand volumesisolines.     

Determination of number of stems in coniferous forest stands by means of aerial photo‐interpretation

Two models for determination of the number of stems per hectare in forest stands (N) from attributes derived by aerial photo‐interpretation were developed. The models relied on the assumption that N could be determined by dividing the total stand volume per hectare with the volume of the “average tree”; defined by stand mean height and the diameter corresponding to mean basal area of a stand. Input variables of the models were stand mean height, crown closure and site quality. Additionally, model II required input of average stand volume per hectare and average mean diameter derived from stratified field sample plot inventories. Material for 143 coniferous stands was used for the testing of the models. The stands were recorded by intensive field measurements. Aerial photographs at the approximate scale of 1:15 000 were used for photo‐interpretation. The N value was underestimated in model I by 5.4–47.0%. The standard deviation for the differences was 15.2–26.2% for mature stands and 41.4–44.2% for young thinning phase stands. For model II, the mean difference between the predicted and observed N value was in the range ‐16.1% to 12.2%.     

史密斯桉树母树林营建技术研究

在云南省保山市隆阳区国营林场长岭岗营林区开展了史密斯桉母树林营建技术研究,结果表明:建立史密斯桉母树林要以优良种源选择为基础,并在立地条件较好、交通便利的地块组织实施;依次按50％、40％、40％的疏伐强度进行3次疏伐管理,母树林合理保留密度约270株·hm-2.7年生史密斯桉母树开始开花,花期10-12月,预计种子将于11月一翌年1-2月趋于成熟;母树平均胸径23.1 cm,平均树高17.4m,平均冠幅7.9m,长势十分理想.可为史密斯桉的大面积推广种植提供借鉴和参考.     

内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗大五家流域森林涵养水源功能与林分因子的相关性研究

以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗大五家流域内不同林分类型为研究对象,以林分涵养水源功能为目标,研究涵养水源功能与林分因子的相关性,旨在通过林分因子来评判森林涵养水源功能的高低。结果表明：平均树高、胸径、冠幅、冠层厚度、公顷蓄积量、年蓄积生长量、郁闭度、地被物盖度、下木盖度、群落结构的相关关系最密切,影响也最大,该10个林分因子可作为评价不同林分类型涵养水源功能高低的因子。与枯落物层涵蓄水分能力相关性较大的林分因子为胸径（0.734 7）、年蓄积生长量（-0.806 8）、冠层厚度（0.464 7）、冠幅（-0.674 6）、群落结构（-0.370 0）、地被物盖度（0.677 6）、公顷蓄积量（-0.617 9）、郁闭度（-0.587 2）;土壤层涵蓄水分能力相关性较大的林分因子为树高（0.592 1）、胸径（0.275 0）、公顷蓄积量（0.827 5）、郁闭度（0.317 3）、年蓄积生长量（0.767 7）、冠幅（0.749 0）。枯落物层有效拦蓄水量和土壤层有效涵蓄水量相关性较大的因子为郁闭度、公顷蓄积量、下木盖度、胸径、冠幅;林地总的蓄水量相关性较大的因子为地被物盖度、公顷蓄积量。     

Influence of precommercial thinning grade on branch diameter and crown ratio in Pinus sylvestris in southern Sweden

Precommercial thinning is regarded as one of the most important measures for influencing timber quality in stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The present study considers the influence of both thinning intensity and tree height at the time of thinning on diameter of the thickest branch and crown ratio. A total of 115 plots (either naturally regenerated, planted or sown, and either thinned down to 528–8000 stems?ha^?1 or untreated) included in 20 sites in southern Sweden were analysed. The average tree height after thinning varied from 1.2 to 8.3?m. An increasing number of remaining stems resulted in a reduction in branch diameter, although the reduction appeared to be only minor if the number of stems after thinning was more than 3000 stems?ha^?1. It was found that late thinning reduced the diameter of the thickest branch. The crown ratio decreased with stand height, number of stems after thinning and average height at thinning. The results were consistent for all trees and for the 500 thickest trees per hectare.