南方花岗岩红壤区不同土地利用类型坡地产流与侵蚀产沙研究

基于自然坡面径流小区,分析了南方花岗岩红壤区5种典型土地利用下坡面地表径流与侵蚀产沙规律.结果表明,不同地类地表径流与侵蚀产沙分异规律明显.裸露荒地、坡耕地、早地和疏林地的地表径流分别是典型林分林地的1 354.9%,1 099.9%,712.3%和285.4%;不同地类土壤侵蚀强度排序为裸露荒地＞坡耕地＞旱地＞疏林地＞典型林分林地,说明植被能较好地调蓄地表径流和减少侵蚀产沙.在不同降雨强度和雨型条件下,不同土地利用的坡面产流与侵蚀产沙也表现出显著的差异.裸露荒地、坡耕地、旱地、疏林地是研究区主要的侵蚀产沙地类.基于径流小区次降雨条件下径流和侵蚀产沙观测资料,建立了不同地类坡面径流与侵蚀产沙的回归方程.     

N Leaching from Small Upland Headwater Catchments in Southwestern Norway

We investigated nitrogen leaching and input-output budgets from 12 small, upland headwater catchments with differing fractions of peat, heather and bare rock in SW Norway. A close relationship was found between annual inorganic nitrogen loss and the fractional cover bare rock explaining 74% of the variation. It was not possible to distinguish between the N leaching from the peat and heather dominated catchments in this investigation. Nitrate loss was negatively correlated to the C/N ratio of the soil organic horizon. Lowest soil C/N ratios of the soil organic surface horizon occurred in catchments receiving the highest amounts of N deposition. Our data for Norwegian moorland are in agreement with previous investigations relating soil C/N ratio and N leaching in forest soils. Runoff from the catchments showed a seasonal pattern in NO₃ ^? concentrations. The low values during the summer are presumably due to increased biological activity (plant uptake and immobilization by soil microbes). The winter and spring NO₃ ^? concentrations in 2001 in all catchments were much higher than in 2000, perhaps due to soil freezing.     

Runoff sediment particle sizes associated with soil erosion in the Lake Tahoe Basin,USA

Runoff sediment from disturbed soils in the Lake Tahoe Basin has resulted in light scattering, accumulation of nutrients, and subsequent loss in lake clarity. Little quantified information about erosion rates and runoff particle‐size distributions (PSDs) exists for determining stream and lake loading associated with land management. Building on previous studies using rainfall simulation (RS) techniques for quantifying infiltration, runoff, and erosion rates, we determine the dependence and significance of runoff sediment PSDs and sediment yield (SY, or erodibility) on slope and compare these relationships between erosion control treatments (e.g., mulch covers, compost, or woodchip incorporation, plantings) with bare and undisturbed, or ‘native’ forest soils. We used simulated rainfall rates of 60–100 mm h⁻¹ applied over replicated 0·64 m² plots. Measured parameters included time to runoff (s), infiltration and runoff rates (mm h⁻¹), SY (g mm⁻¹ runoff), and average sediment concentration (SC, g L⁻¹) as well as PSDs in runoff samples. In terms of significant relationships, granitic soils had larger particle sizes than volcanic soils in bulk soil and runoff samples. Consequently, runoff rates, SCs, and SYs were greater from bare volcanic as compared to that from bare granitic soils at similar slopes. Generally, runoff rates increased with increasing slope on bare soils, while infiltration rates decreased. Similarly, SY increased with slope for both soil types, though SYs from volcanic soils are three to four times larger than that from granitic soils. As SY increased, smaller particle sizes are observed in runoff for all soil conditions and particle sizes decreased with increasing slope. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Controls of infiltration–runoff processes in Mediterranean karst rangelands in SE Spain

Semiarid karst landscapes represent an important ecosystem surrounding the Mediterranean Basin for which little is known on runoff generation. Knowledge of the sources and patterns of variation in infiltration–runoff processes and their controls is important for understanding and modelling the hydrological functions of such ecosystems. The objectives of this paper are to determine the infiltration rates and their controls in a representative mountain karst area (Sierra de Gádor, SE Spain) at micro-plots and to investigate the integrated response of rainfall on a typical hillslope. Rainfall simulations in micro-plots and natural rainfall-runoff monitoring on a hillslope were carried out complementarily. We investigated the role of soil surface components (vegetation, rock outcrop, fracture, and soil crust), topographic position, antecedent soil moisture, and rainfall characteristics in regulating infiltration–runoff processes. Results of rainfall simulation revealed the importance of vegetation cover and the presence of rock fractures in promoting the infiltration in the limestone karst landscape, while bare patches and rock outcrops acted as sources for runoff. All plots with > 50% vegetation cover had no runoff with up to 55 mm h^− 1 of simulated rain. In contrast, nearly all bare plots had runoff under the same simulated rain, with runoff coefficients ranging from 3.1 to 20.6% on dry soil surface conditions, and from 2.0 to 65.4% on wet soil surfaces. Runoff coefficients amounted to 59.0–79.5% for rock outcrops without cracks, but were drastically reduced by the presence of cracks. The surfaces with rock fragments resting on the soil (generally located in the middle of the slopes) prevented more effectively the runoff generation than those surfaces where rock fragments were embedded in the top soil. Antecedent soil moisture had significant impact on runoff generation, with wet soil having doubled runoff coefficient, shortened time to runoff, and increased runoff rate compared to the same but dry soil. Linear regressions indicated that the main controls for constant infiltration rate were the cover percentages of vegetation and litter, plus rainfall intensity; while the major controls for runoff coefficient were the bare soil and vegetation coverage, plus rainfall intensity. High infiltration rates measured at the micro-plots agreed with low intra-event runoff coefficients (mostly below 1%) observed under natural rainfalls at the hillslope. Runoff depth and coefficient at the hillslope was significantly correlated with rainfall depth, maximum hourly rainfall intensity and antecedent precipitation over 20 days (AP₂₀). During the 1.5-year monitoring period from Sep-2003 to Mar-2005, the overall infiltration was 41% of the total rainfall amount and the maximum infiltration rate was almost 94% of the largest single rainfall event. The results from this study contribute to improved understanding of the magnitude and controls of the surface runoff in semiarid karst mountain areas.     

Occurrence and hydrological effects of water repellency in different soil and land use types in Mexican volcanic highlands

Little is known on the hydrological behavior of the volcanic ash soils, which are characterized by extremely high porosities and hydraulic conductivities. In this study the occurrence and hydrological effects of water repellency were investigated at a plot scale for different types of land use and volcanic soils in Mexican volcanic highlands from Michoacan, Mexico: [1] fir, pine and oak mixed forest soils developed from lavas, [2] soils developed from volcanic ashes and pyroclastic sediments under sparse fir, pine and oak forest and shrubland, [3] pine and oak forested soils developed from lavas and pyroclastic sediments, and [4] bare soils on recent ash sediments in plain surfaces. Soil water repellency was assessed using the water drop penetration time test and rainfall simulations were performed on circular plots (50 cm in diameter) during 30 min and at an intensity of 90 mm h^− 1 in order to study the hydrological response of each area. The return period for storms with a similar intensity in the area is 10 years. The shape and depth of the wetting front after simulated rainfall was also analyzed. Soil water repellency showed a high variability among the different studied zones. Organic matter content, soil texture and acidity were the most important factors for developing hydrophobicity. A wide range of soil water repellency classes (hydrophilic to severely water-repellent soils) has been found in soils under dense fir, pine and oak mixed forests or shrubland, while inexistent or slight water repellency has been observed in soils under sparse forest or at bare ash-covered areas. At a plot scale, marked differences in the hydrological behavior of the studied land use and soil zones were observed after the rainfall simulations. Soil water repellency contributes to fast ponding and runoff generation during the first stages of rainstorms. Runoff was enhanced in water-repellent forested soils (average runoff coefficients between 15.7 and 19.9%), in contrast to hydrophilic or slightly water-repellent soils, where runoff rates were lower (between 1.0 and 11.7%). Shallow and irregular wetting fronts were observed at water-repellent zones, reducing the soil water storage capacity. The implications of soil water repellency in soil hydrology and erosion risk in the area shed light on the soil hydrology of the studied ecosystems, and can contribute to develop better management policies.     

Spatial and short-term temporal variations in runoff,soil aggregation and other soil properties along a mediterranean climatological gradient

Physical and chemical soil properties were measured along a mountainous climatological gradient in the province of Alicante (Spain). The objective was to evaluate how the climate affects certain soil properties at different temporal and spatial scales. These properties include infiltration, runoff and sediment concentrations resulting from rainfall simulation experiments performed in winter and in summer. Chemical soil properties like carbonate content, organic matter content and CEC were analysed in reference soil profiles along the gradient. Physical soil properties like soil moisture content, macroaggregation and waterstable microaggregation were measured at monthly intervals during a year. The comparison of the results was done at different spatial (site, slope and patch) and temporal (monthly and seasonal) scales by means of some statistical tests. It can be concluded that there are some soil properties positively related to the gradient, like organic matter, clay content and CEC which increase with the annual rainfall. However, runoff coefficients and erosion are higher when the climatic annual rainfall. However, runoff coefficients and erosion are higher when the climatic conditions become more arid. Aggregation and infiltration capacity are higher on north-facing slopes and in vegetated patches than in south-facing slopes and in bare patches.     

公路边坡绿化覆盖物水土保持效果试验研究

公路施工过程中产生大面积裸坡,植物无法迅速生长,土壤流失量也特别大,铺设覆盖物是一种有效而廉价的保持水土的方法。为了研究不同覆盖物在坡面的水土保持效果,该文基于自制的室内人工模拟降雨器,在对其进行标定后,对已覆盖无纺布、遮阳网或草帘子的正在进行绿化喷播施工的模拟公路边坡进行人工模拟降雨试验,对3种覆盖物在公路边坡的水土保持效果进行了详细描述。3种覆盖物下坡面的径流量、径流系数、泥沙浓度以及产沙量均明显(P=0)小于裸坡的,说明无纺布、遮阳网和草帘子均可以有效的减少公路边坡喷播绿化过程中的水土流失。其中,草帘子覆盖下坡面的径流量(1.9mL/s)比裸坡减小69.9%,径流系数(6.4%)比裸坡减小14.9%,坡面产沙量(1.5g/m2)仅为裸坡的3.4%,且远小于无纺布和遮阳网覆盖下的,说明草帘子对公路边坡的水土保持效果较好。该文为公路边坡绿化施工中覆盖物的水土保持效果提供理论依据,为覆盖物的选择提供科学参考。     

Factors limiting denitrification in a Mediterranean riparian forest

In situ denitrification (DNT) and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) were measured in a Mediterranean riparian forest soil during two periods under contrasting soil moisture conditions in order to investigate the factors that affect denitrification through the year. Results showed that in summer, soil moisture limited denitrification throughout the entire soil profile, whereas in winter, anaerobic conditions in the soil were more favourable for denitrifiers. The potential for denitrification was larger at shallow depths (<30 cm), and neither nitrate nor organic carbon limited denitrification significantly. Some denitrification was measured during winter at depths below 30 cm, suggesting that a reduction of groundwater nitrate could occur in some areas of this riparian forest during the wet period. In summer, low denitrification, together with high mineralization rates, brought about an increase of soil N, which could be leached to the stream channel during rainfall events. This study suggests that Mediterranean riparian soils act as sources or sinks of dissolved nitrogen depending on the period of the year.     

Runoff Development and Soil Erosion in a Wet Tropical Montane Setting under Coffee Cultivation

The western interior portions of Puerto Rico offer optimal climatic conditions for coffee cultivation. However, land and water degradation result when abrupt topographic relief and high annual rainfall combine with forest conversion for coffee farming. Small‐scale rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to quantify runoff and erosion from four land surface types (i.e., mulched, weed‐covered, and bare soils under active cultivation, and unpaved roads) representative of coffee farms in Puerto Rico. Results show that mulch‐covered soils had runoff coefficients similar to those from undisturbed forested conditions (~4%), and that they eroded at rates about a quarter of those for bare cultivated soils. Weed‐covered soils had surprisingly high runoff coefficients (~70%), yet their erosion rates were only three‐fourths of those for bare soils. Annualized erosion rates from unpaved roads were 65 Mg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, or ten times greater than bare soils and about a hundred times higher than weed‐ or mulch‐covered surfaces. Farm‐scale sediment production estimates amount to ~11 Mg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, about two‐orders of magnitude higher than under forested conditions. At the farm‐scale, only 2 – 8% of the total sediment is potentially attributable to cultivated hillslopes. In contrast, unpaved roads may account for over 90% of the sediment budget, even though they comprise only 15% of the farm surface area. Therefore, while providing mulch or a vegetative cover to bare cultivated soils should be part of effective soil management, mitigating the effects of coffee cultivation on downstream water resources must focus on the unpaved road network as the primary sediment source. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自然降雨条件下红壤坡面有机碳的选择性迁移

依托江西水土保持生态科技园,2015年3月―8月期间,对裸地、草地、果园和湿地松人工林四种类型径流小区自然降雨条件下侵蚀过程中径流泥沙和土壤有机碳的流失特征进行了原位监测。结果表明,监测期间24场降雨下,径流系数和侵蚀模数基本上均随雨型的增大而增加。随着土地利用类型由裸地向果园、草地和林地的转换,减流效益和减沙效益依次增大。径流量和泥沙流失量最主要的影响因素分别是降雨量和径流量。裸地、草地、果园和林地四种类型坡面上,自然降雨下土壤有机碳随泥沙迁移的比例分别为64.67%、47.38%、53.94%和36.03%,碳流失强度分别达到560.3、1.98、122.5和2.66 mg m-2。径流有机碳含量与径流量之间、泥沙含碳量与泥沙量之间均呈负相关关系。裸地、果园、草地和林地四种径流小区泥沙有机碳富集比分别为1.27、1.10、0.80和0.58,即随着土壤侵蚀模数的降低,有机碳富集比也减小。泥沙有机碳富集比均随雨强的增大而减小,有机碳的选择性迁移在低强度降雨条件下表现更为明显。     

Phosphorus Runoff from Coastal Plain Forest Soil in Louisiana

Although not a common practice, poultry litter (PL) may be used for forest fertilization. Despite usually low soil phosphorus (P) and runoff under forest, repeated or high rates of PL application may cause appreciable P loss. Phosphorus in natural runoff under loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) fertilized with PL, downslope P enrichment of surface soil, and P runoff during simulated rainfall (a) 5 years post-application and (b) where straw was harvested were measured. Relationships of runoff P (dissolved reactive, dissolved, and total) concentration and load to soil P (Bray 2 and water-extractable in two depths) and hydraulic conductivity were examined. Post-application loss of P was lower than reported for pasture. There was little downslope P movement. Runoff P was related to the corresponding form of soil P (R² = 0.28–0.48) but likely affected by P leached from the O horizon. Loads could be estimated from regressions.     

黄土丘陵区植被类型和降雨对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响

基于定西市安家沟流域2014―2016年连续3年侵蚀性降雨产流产沙资料,研究了植被类型和降雨对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,侵蚀性降雨可分为3类:A雨型(短历时、中高雨强)、B雨型(中雨量、小雨强)和C雨型(大雨量、小雨强),产流产沙频次为B雨型C雨型A雨型。径流系数油松林(6.915%～9.379%)、小麦地(5.838%～9.034%)和苜蓿地(6.610%～9.671%)分别是冰草地(2.724%～5.246%)的1.7～2.5倍,是沙棘林(2.296%～3.863%)的2～3倍。A雨型的径流系数大于B雨型和C雨型,B雨型和C雨型是产流的主要降雨类型。年均土壤流失量为小麦地(1.478～3.478 t/hm~2)苜蓿地(0.558～2.079 t/hm~2)油松林(0.459～0.887 t/hm~2)冰草地(0.097～0.253 t/hm~2)沙棘林(0.012～0.038 t/hm~2)。小麦地的土壤流失量分别是油松林的3～5倍,是冰草地的14倍,在坡度10°,15°,20°年均土壤流失量分别是沙棘林的123,130,92倍。C雨型对油松林产沙量的贡献率最大,B雨型次之,A雨型最小。A雨型对沙棘林产沙量的贡献率高达79%～86%,高强度、短历时降雨是沙棘林产沙的主要雨型。A雨型对小麦地和苜蓿地产沙量贡献率随着坡度的增大而增大,在坡度20°中、高雨强是小麦地和苜蓿地产沙量增加的主要雨型。小麦地、苜蓿地、油松林、冰草地的径流深与土壤流失量之间呈极显著线性正相关关系(P0.01),土壤流失量的增速为小麦地苜蓿地油松林冰草地,随着坡度的增大产沙速度加快。研究结果可为坡面侵蚀预报模型的建立提供重要的理论依据,同时对科学指导坡面水土保持措施配置有重要的实践意义。     

Soil N dynamics in a natural calcareous grassland under a changing climate

 This paper reports the results from a medium-term field scale investigation into the effects of simulated climate change on soil N mineralisation in a semi-natural calcareous grassland in southern England. The experiment utilised soil warming cables, automatic rainshelters and a watering system to examine two climate change scenarios: warmer winters with summer drought and warmer winters with enhanced summer rainfall. Gross N mineralisation rates in treated plots were determined, using ¹⁵N pool dilution techniques, at 6-weekly intervals over a 3-year period. Results from control plots showed a strong seasonality of mineralisation with highest rates in autumn and winter and lowest rates in summer. They suggest that water availability is the main constraint on microbial processes and plant growth. Unexpectedly, additional summer rainfall had no direct effect on N mineralisation at the time of application (summer). The treatment did, however, significantly (<0.05%) reduce rates in subsequent autumn and winter months. In contrast, summer drought significantly increased N mineralisation rates in autumn and winter. Winter warming similarly had no direct effect on N mineralisation in winter but decreased rates in spring. We hypothesise that the observed treatment effects result from changes in organic C and N input, in plant litter, resulting from the direct impact of climatic manipulation on perennial plant growth, death and senescence. This paper compares and contrasts the response to climate manipulation in the grassland system with results from other ecosystem types such as northern forests. Received: 1 December 1997     

Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the dynamics of interrill erosion during soil surface sealing

Soil erosion during rainfall is strongly affected by runoff and slope steepness. Runoff production is drastically increased when a seal is formed at the soil surface during rainfall. Therefore, a complex interaction exists between soil erosion and surface sealing. In this study, the dynamics of interrill erosion during seal formation is studied under different simulated rainfall and slope conditions. A sandy soil was exposed to 70 mm of rainfall at two intensities, 24 mm h^− 1 and 60 mm h^− 1, and five slope gradients, from 5% to 25%. Infiltration, runoff and soil loss rates were monitored during rainfall. Final infiltration rates increased with slope gradient at both rainfall intensities, this effect being stronger for the higher intensity. Cumulative runoff at the end of the rainfall event was lower as slopes were steeper, while an opposite trend was obtained for soil loss. For the 5% and the 9% slopes, the sediment concentration in runoff reached quickly a stable value during the whole rainfall event, while it reached a peak value before declining for the higher slopes. The peak value and its timing were rainfall intensity dependent. Soil erodibility during seal formation was evaluated using two empirical multiplication-of-factors type models. It seems that slope and rainfall erosivity are accounted for only partly in these models. For mild slope gradients below 9%, the value of K_i estimated by means of the two expressions becomes practically constant shortly after runoff apparition. Consequently, the estimates resulting from this type of expressions remain valuable from the practical point of view.     

Simulated rainfall evaluation of revegetation/mulch erosion control in the Lake Tahoe basin—3: soil treatment effects

Revegetation, or other erosion control treatments of disturbed soil slopes in forested areas and along highways of the Lake Tahoe basin are directed at reduction of sediment loading to waterways reaching the lake. However, following treatment, little vegetation monitoring, or hydrologic evaluation has been conducted either to determine if the various treatments are successful or to assess the duration of erosion control anticipated in the field. Here, we build upon results from use of the portable rainfall simulator (RS) described in the first two papers of this series to evaluate cover and revegetation treatment effects on runoff rates and sediment concentrations and yields from disturbed granitic and volcanic soils in the basin. The effects of slope on rainfall runoff, infiltration and erosion rates were determined at several revegetated road cut and ski run sites. Rainfall simulation (∼60 mm h⁻¹, approximating a 100‐year, 15‐minute storm) had a mean drop size of ∼2·1 mm and approximately 70 per cent of ‘natural’ rainfall kinetic energy. Measurements of: time to runoff; infiltration; runoff amount; sediment yield; and average sediment concentration were obtained. Runoff sediment concentrations and yields from sparsely covered volcanic and bare granitic soils can be correlated to slope. Sediment concentrations and yields from nearly bare volcanic soils exceeded those from granitic soils by an order of magnitude across slopes ranging from 30–70 per cent. Revegetation, or application of pine‐needle mulch covers to both soil types dramatically decreased sediment concentrations and yields. Incorporation of woodchips or soil rehabilitation that includes tillage, use of amendments (biosol, compost) and mulch covers together with plant seeding resulted in little or no runoff or sediment yield from both soils. Repeated measurements of sediment concentrations and yields in the subsequent two years following woodchip or soil rehabilitation treatments continued to result in little or no runoff. Revegetation treatments involving only use of grasses to cover the soils were largely ineffective due to sparse sustainable coverage (< 35 per cent) and inadequate infiltration rates. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulated rainfall evaluation of revegetation/mulch erosion control in the Lake Tahoe Basin—1: method assessment

Revegetation of road cuts and fills is intended to stabilize those drastically disturbed areas so that sediment is not transported to adjacent waterways. Sediment has resulted in water quality degradation, an extremely critical issue in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Many revegetation efforts in this semiarid, subalpine environment have resulted in low levels of plant cover, thus failing to meet project goals. Further, no adequate physical method of assessing project effectiveness has been developed, relative to runoff or sediment movement. This paper describes the use of a portable rainfall simulator (RS) to conduct a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of a variety of erosion‐control treatments and treatment effects on hydrologic parameters and erosion. The particular goal of this paper is to determine whether the RS method can measure revegetation treatment effects on infiltration and erosion. The RS‐plot studies were used to determine slope, cover (mulch and vegetation) and surface roughness effects on infiltration, runoff and erosion rates at several roadcuts across the basin. A rainfall rate of ≈60 mm h⁻¹, approximating the 100‐yr, 15‐min design storm, was applied over replicated 0·64 m² plots in each treatment type and over bare‐soil plots for comparison. Simulated rainfall had a mean drop size of ≈2·1 mm and approximately 70% of ‘natural’ kinetic energy. Measured parameters included time to runoff, infiltration, runoff/infiltration rate, sediment discharge rate and average sediment concentration as well as analysis of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and dissolved phosphorus (TDP) from filtered (0·45 μm) runoff samples. Runoff rates, sediment concentrations and yields were greater from volcanic soils as compared to that from granitic soils for nearly all cover conditions. For example, bare soil sediment yields from volcanic soils ranged from 2–12 as compared to 0·3–3 g m⁻² mm⁻¹ for granitic soils. Pine‐needle mulch cover treatments substantially reduced sediment yields from all plots. Plot microtopography or roughness and cross‐slope had no effect on sediment concentrations in runoff or sediment yield. RS measurements showed discernible differences in runoff, infiltration, and sediment yields between treatments. Runoff nutrient concentrations were not distinguishable from that in the rainwater used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

典型泥石流小流域降雨和土地利用对坡面侵蚀的影响

[目的]揭示泥石流小流域降雨和土地利用对流域内坡面侵蚀的影响和作用,为泥石流的生态治理提供科学依据。[方法]以白龙江流域一级支沟——甘家沟泥石流小流域为研究区,基于该流域已建的5个径流小区(裸地、坡耕地、草地、土坎梯田、经济林地)连续5年的观测资料,利用K-均值聚类法,选择降雨量(P)、降雨历时(D)和最大30 min降雨强度(I₃₀)3个降雨指标,将该流域46次侵蚀性降雨事件划分为3类雨型(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型),以平均径流系数和平均土壤流失量为主要指标,定量化分析了不同降雨雨型和土地利用类型对坡面产流产沙的影响和作用。[结果]径流和土壤流失对降雨的响应存在差异,平均径流系数为Ⅰ型降雨最高,其次为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型降雨;土壤流失量为Ⅱ型降雨>Ⅰ型降雨>Ⅲ型降雨。最大30 min降雨强度与5种土地利用类型的径流系数和土壤流失量的正相关性最高,其次为降雨量、降雨历时。5种土地利用类型的平均径流系数为裸地>经济林地>坡耕地>草地>土坎梯田,土壤流失量为裸地>坡耕地>经济林地>草地>土坎梯田。降雨和土地利用相互作用下,径流...     

不同下垫面径流小区次降雨对产流产沙的影响

[目的]揭示南方红壤区人工径流小区次降雨对径流泥沙作用规律,为区域水土保持工程实践与基础理论研究提供参考。[方法]基于云南摩布小流域3种下垫面(林地、农地、裸地)人工径流小区2013—2015年自然降雨观测资料,采用M-K趋势检验、灰色相关分析及双累积曲线等方法研究了次降雨量、径流量、泥沙量和入渗率的变化趋势及相关关系,以及降雨因子对径流泥沙的影响。[结果](1)2013—2015年摩布径流小区月降雨均呈先增加后减少的波动性变化趋势,3a降雨量无显著性变化趋势。(2)相同降雨量各下垫面径流小区产流差异显著(p0.05),其中林地最小,农地次之,裸地最大;3种下垫面次降雨径流深增长速率大小规律与此相同。(3)次降雨产沙量与降雨量、径流量均存在密切相关关系,相关系数分别为0.67~0.82,0.69~0.85。径流小区产沙能力随雨强增大而增强。相同雨量下,林地产沙能力最小,而裸地累积产沙量增速最大。(4)3个径流小区的入渗率均随降雨量和雨强增大而增大,其中林地入渗率最大,平均入渗率为94.03%;裸地入渗率最小,平均入渗率为86.28%。[结论]与农地和裸地相比,林地不同程度提高了土壤入渗性能,降低了产流量和产沙量。     

Using rainfall simulation and site measurements to predict annual interrill erodibility and phosphorus generation rates from unsealed forest roads: Validation against in-situ erosion measurements

The measurement of soil erosion rates under natural rainfall conditions is costly and time consuming. Data provided by rainfall simulation and static site measurements can be used to predict erosion rates under natural conditions, however the accuracy of this method is largely untested. This is especially true for erosion rates from unsealed forest roads. In this study, the values for a range of erodibility indices calculated from rainfall simulation experiments are compared to observed erodibility index values from 1 year of detailed in-situ erosion monitoring of seven different forest road types. The prediction of phosphorus generation rates from rainfall simulation and/or soil sampling was also evaluated. The results showed that a series of commonly used erodibility indices such as sediment per unit rainfall, sediment per unit runoff, sediment per unit EI₃₀, and sediment per unit rainfall energy were poorly predicted from the rainfall simulation experiments. Five of the six indices tested substantially overpredicted the observed erodibility at one site, a gravel road subjected to minimal traffic. For the other six road sites predictions were poor and highly variable, the coefficient of efficiency ranging from − 13.32 to 0.17 for these erodibility indices. A modified index, the ratio of sediment per unit rainfall energy to the mean rate of rainfall energy input, was able to predict annual erosion rates from six different road surfaces using rainfall simulation data with a coefficient of efficiency of 0.9. The results indicate that existing erodibility indices are not suitable for predicting observed erosion rates on forest roads using rainfall simulation data as collected in this study. It is argued that the modified index is more suited to sites (such as compacted roads) where interrill processes dominate, and erosion rates are less sensitive to peak flows. With respect to nutrient generation rates, rainfall simulation was able to accurately predict the observed proportion by mass of total phosphorus (TP) in runoff with a coefficient of efficiency of 0.96. Direct soil sampling of the road surface could also be used to predict the proportion by mass of TP in runoff. Concentrations of total nitrogen in forest road materials were found to be at the lower detection limit of the laboratory instruments.     

Effect of Mulching with Vegetative Residues on Soil Water Erosion and Water Balance in an Oxisol Cropped by Cassava in East Cameroon

Soil water erosion is a major agricultural concern in tropical Africa with high precipitation and low soil fertility where Oxisols are generally distributed. A field experiment was conducted in east Cameroon during the rainy season in 2013 to investigate the effects of surface mulching with the residues of Imperata cylindrica on soil losses and surface runoff water generation in a cassava cropland on an Oxisol. Three treatments were established using two small plots for each treatment: bare plot (BA), cassava plot (CA) and cassava with mulch plot (CM). Soil loss and surface runoff water were measured, and water budgets of rainfall, surface runoff and soil moisture within rainfall events were measured in all treatment plots. Runoff coefficients in all treatment plots were suppressed below 8·0% because the large volume of large pores of surface soil of Oxisols contributed to the high drainage capacity over a rainy season even under wet soil moisture conditions. Total soil loss in CM was decreased by 49% compared with that in BA and CA, despite there not being a large difference in runoff water among treatments. These results suggest that surface mulching with the residues of I. cylindrica can substantially suppress soil losses caused by particle detachment by raindrops, while it maintain soil surface with originally high permeability in cassava croplands on Oxisols. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.