格氏栲和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层溶解有机碳浓度及季节动态

于2002 年的1 月、4 月、7 月和10 月对中亚热带格氏栲和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of Castanopsis kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33 年生) 枯枝落叶层(包括Oi、Oe 和Oa 层)进行了取样,并采用TOC 分析仪测定枯枝落叶层样品的溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度。结果表明,杉木人工林枯枝落叶层DOC 平均浓度(1341.7 mg·kg-1)高于格氏栲人工林(1178.9 mg·kg-1)。两种林分枯枝落叶层中,Oe 层的DOC 浓度均高于Oi 和Oa 层。格氏栲和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层不同分解层次DOC 浓度的季节变化模式基本相似,均在秋季或冬季出现最大值。枯枝落叶层DOC 浓度及季节变化与温度、湿度、生物活性及枯枝落叶层中有机质数量等有关。表2 图2 参31。     

枫香人工林林内外降水重金属含量变化

为揭示长沙市郊天际岭枫香人工林林内外降水中重金属含量的迁移规律,对该区域森林生态系统降水再分配过程中重金属含量变化进行了研究.结果表明:(1)枫香人工林林外降水、穿透水和树干茎流中各种重金属含量明显不同.林外降水中Zn含量最高(2.532mg/L),Cu含量最低(0.044mg/L);穿透水和树干茎流中Mn含量最高.分别为0.572mg/L、0.563mg/L,Cu含量最低,分别为0.047 mg/L、0.049 mg/L.(2)Fe和Zn在穿透水和树干茎流中的含量低于林外降水,出现明显的负淋溶现象.(3)在林外降水中检测到的Cd在穿透水和树干茎流中未检测到.表明枫香林冠对Cd具有较强的吸附能力.(4)随着降水量的增大,林外降水、穿透水和树干茎流中的重金属含量均明显减小.     

祁连山排露沟流域青海云杉林对降水化学特征的影响

以祁连山排露沟流域青海云杉林为研究对象,2013年5—9月份测定了33场大气降水、穿透雨和树干茎流的TOC、N、P、K、Ca和Mg等化学元素的浓度,分析了青海云杉林对降水化学特征的影响。结果表明:(1)生长季穿透雨和树干茎流与大气降水化学元素浓度相比,除穿透雨N和P浓度比值变小或没明显的变化外,其他化学元素浓度增加的倍数明显大于大气降水,其中K、Ca和Mg元素表现尤为明显;(2)生长季大气降水TOC、N、P、K、Ca、Mg等元素浓度大小分别为22.25、12.06、0.76、1.00、1.91、0.43 mg/L,穿透雨和树干茎流对应元素浓度大小分别为32.72、11.08、0.70、4.74、3.51、1.34 mg/L和40.71、17.97、3.00、26.16、11.49、2.47 mg/L;(3)总体来看,除TOC外,其他元素浓度较大值出现在5月份;随时间推移,树干茎流元素浓度均不断减小且波动明显,大气降水和穿透雨的TOC、N、P、K、Ca和Mg等元素浓度变化规律相似且波动不明显。     

枫香人工林林冠截留降水分配及养分特征

采用定位研究方法,根据2007年5月到2008年3月的观测数据,对长沙市天际岭林场枫香人工林生态系统的降水再分配中养分输入进行了研究。结果表明:林外降水、穿透水中以Ca含量最高;树干茎流中NH4+-N的含量最高;NH4+-N、NO3--N、P、Ca、K、Mg、Cu、Mn含量在穿透水和树干茎流中呈上升趋势,其中Mn含量增加幅度最大;Fe、Zn、Cd元素含量在穿透水和树干茎流中呈下降趋势;降水再分配过程中各元素含量随着降水量的增加而降低。     

亚热带城市森林中湿地松的降水化学性质变化

对亚热带城市林林中湿地松的大气降水、树干茎流、穿透水中的N、P、K、ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、和SiO_28种养分含量进行了测定。结果表明:该温地松树分的树干茎流总养分含量中,K、Ca、NH_4~ -N、NO_3~-含量最高,SiO_2、Mg、Mn含量居中,P、Cu含量最低。林外降水中各养分元素平均含量排列顺序为NH_4~ -N>K>Ca>SiO_2>NO_3~-N>Mg>P>Cu>Mn,林内穿透水中各元素含量按大小排序为Ca>K>NH_4~ -N>NO_3~--N>SiO_2>Mg>Cu>P>Mn。相对于林外雨,养分均出现富集化,但树干茎流养分富集化高于穿透雨。树干茎流出现强烈的酸化,而穿透雨酸化现象不明显。     

长沙市郊枫香人工林降水再分配及养分动态

采用定位试验研究方法对长沙市郊枫香人工林生态系统水文过程及养分动态进行了研究.结果表明：该森林生态系统春季平均降雨量为18.73 mm,其中以林冠穿透雨形式输入林地水量占降雨量的81.63%,以树干流形式输入林地水量占1.54%;树冠截留率随降雨量的增大而减小,平均树冠截留率为16.83%;在枫香人工林中,降水pH值的变化不大,且基本呈中性;养分元素质量浓度在各过程中变化不尽相同,Ca^2＋、K^＋质量浓度在穿透水和树干茎流中呈上升趋势,NH4^＋质量浓度在树干茎流中呈上升趋势,Zn^2＋、PO4^3-质量浓度呈下降趋势,Mg^2＋、Cu^2＋质量浓度变化不大.     

黑龙江省东部山地白桦人工林对水质的影响

对黑龙江省东部山地白桦人工林生态系统的大气降水、穿透水、树干茎流和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、总溶解固体、电导率、氧化还原电位、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行了测定.结果表明:大气降水经过白桦人工林生态系统后,浊度和总溶解固体值逐渐升高.穿透水除Ca元素外,其他化学元素含量均有不同程度的增加,化学元素含量排序为:K＞ Ca＞ Na＞ Mg＞ Mn＞ Fe ＞Zn＞ Cu.树干茎流中各化学元素含量排序为:K＞Ca＞Mg ＞Na＞Fe ＞Mn ＞Zn ＞Cu.地表径流中各化学元素含量为:K＞ Ca＞ Na＞ Mg＞ Fe＞ Mn＞ Zn＞ Cu.除Na、Ca元素外,大气降水中其他元素的变异系数均较大.穿透水和树干茎流中Cu元素的变异系数大于其他元素,地表径流中Zn元素的变异系数最大.根据淋溶系数的大小排列,穿透水中各化学元素的淋溶序列是:Mn＞K＞Mg＞Fe＞Cu ＞Zn＞ Na＞ Ca.树干茎流中各化学元素的淋溶序列是:K ＞Mn＞ Mg＞ Fe ＞Cu ＞Zn＞ Ca＞ Na.经过淋洗后,穿透水和树干茎流中K和Mg元素增加较多,Ca元素出现负淋溶.     

三峡库区马尾松林穿透雨和树干茎流空间变异特征

【目的】探讨马尾松林下穿透雨和树干茎流空间分布特征及其影响因素,为准确量化马尾松林下降水分配过程以及水源涵养功能评价提供科学依据。【方法】2017年5—9月,在1个马尾松林下布设16个截面面积为3 000 cm~2的雨量收集器来观测穿透雨,选择27株马尾松标准木研究树干茎流的空间变异特征,应用Pearson相关分析研究冠层结构参数与穿透雨、树干茎流之间的关系,并用Monte Carlo抽样方法确定在一定误差范围内估测穿透雨所需雨量收集器的数量。【结果】研究期间林外总降雨量1 008. 4 mm,林下总穿透雨量和树干茎流量分别为829. 8和14. 4 mm,各占总降雨量的82. 3%和1. 4%;树干茎流量和茎流率均随降雨量的增加而增加,但茎流量变异系数随着降雨量增加而减小,且茎流量变异系数达到60%后趋于稳定,树干茎流量与树木的冠幅面积和胸径呈显著正相关(P0. 01);穿透雨率随降雨量增加而增加,穿透雨率达到87%后趋于稳定,用"S"曲线函数可较好地拟合穿透雨率与降雨量的关系(P0. 01);在测定样地中,穿透雨量存在较大的空间异质性,其变异系数随降雨量增加先显著降低而后稳定,两者用倒数函数拟合效果较好(P0. 01);冠层结构是影响穿透雨量空间变异的主要影响因子,但其作用因降雨量的大小而不同;叶面积指数、冠层厚度、测点距树干的距离以及冠层覆盖度均能影响穿透雨的空间分布,其中以叶面积指数对穿透雨量的影响最大;不同雨量级在相同置信区间达到相同的误差水平,所用穿透雨收集器数量不同,随着雨量级增大,用较少雨量收集器就可以达到相同的误差水平,当雨量级在0～10mm时,所用穿透雨收集器数量最多,即95%置信区间下,5%误差范围内,所需最少的穿透雨收集器数量为13个;雨量级在大于40 mm时,达到相同误差水平所用集水槽数量最少,即95%置信区间下,测的穿透雨值在5%误差范围内,所需最少的穿透雨收集器数量为6个。【结论】马尾松林下穿透雨量和树干茎流量空间变异特征同时受降雨特征和冠层结构特征的影响,且穿透雨量和树干茎流量的空间异质性均随着降雨量增大而减小,而后趋于稳定,但树干茎流量的空间变异系数稳定值大于穿透雨,冠层结构决定了林内穿透雨量空间分布的总格局,其中以叶面积指数与穿透雨率相关性最强,而胸径对树干茎流量的影响最为显著;本研究在参考降雨量级0～10 mm时,在95%或90%的置信区间下,若将穿透雨数值控制在5%误差范围内,在50 m×50 m样地内至少需布设13或11个3 000 cm~2收集器。     

西江中下游生态公益林对降水截留分配效应研究

为了评估生态公益林涵养水源服务功能,选择德庆县三叉顶自然保护区生态公益林,定位观测2006年6月～2007年6月100次大气降水事件的截留分配效应。结果表明,观测期内降水总量为1 317.60mm,林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透水量分别是318.37,87.85和911.38 mm,林冠截留率、茎流率和穿透率分别为24.16%,6.67%和69.17%。林外降水量大于1.3 mm时才能观测到穿透雨,林外降水量达到3.0mm时才开始有树干茎流出现。林冠截留量、树干茎流量和穿透量与降水量均呈正相关,相关系数R2分别为0.788 8,0.957 7和0.965 9;林冠截留率与林外降水量呈负相关,而树干茎流率和穿透率呈正相关,相关系数R2分别为0.835 6,0.803 4和0.874 2。     

川西亚高山3种森林群落穿透雨和茎流养分特征研究

观测了王朗自然保护区紫果云杉林、岷江冷杉林和白桦林3种森林群落一个观测年的大气降雨量、穿透雨量和茎流量,并对其中的养分元素进行了同步取样分析。结果表明:1)3个森林群落穿透雨的硫(S)及铵态氮(NH4 -N)浓度都低于大气降雨中的浓度,说明S和NH4 -N在经过林冠表面时被吸附,而穿透雨中的硝态氮(NO3-N)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、全碳(C)和全磷(P)等元素浓度都高于大气降雨中的浓度;2)所有样地茎流中的养分元素浓度都明显高于大气降雨和穿透雨中营养元素的浓度;3)C、N(NH4 -N、NO3--N)、P、K、Ca、Mg、S等随大气降雨输入林地的量分别为40.57、6.44、0.40、38.69、39.92、8.27和44.25kg·hm-2a-1;4)测定期间,S(岷江冷杉林和紫果云杉林内)、P(紫果云杉林内)及3种森林群落中的NH4 -N、NO3--N和Ca的林地净输入量都为负值,而K、C、Mg、和P(白桦林和岷江冷杉林内)为正值;5)3种森林群落内穿透雨和茎流中的S和C可能主要来自于林冠淋溶,而NH4 -N、NO3--N、K(白桦林和紫果云杉林内)、Ca、Mg和P等主要来自于林冠截获的大气干沉降,岷江冷杉林内K与林冠淋溶和林冠截获的干沉降都密切相关。降雨持续时间长、降雨量小及较高的林冠截留量可能是造成林地净输入量为负值的原因。     

Concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in a Picea abies chronosequence on former arable land in Sweden

Shifting land use from agriculture to forestry induces major changes in the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, including fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON). This study investigated the long-term effects of afforestation on ecosystem DOC and DON dynamics using a chronosequence approach comprising four arable fields and nine differently aged (10–92 years) Norway spruce stands growing on similar former arable soils in the same area. Along the chronosequence, concentrations and fluxes of DOC and DON were determined in bulk precipitation, throughfall, O horizon leachate and mineral soil solution during a 2–3-year period. Soil water fluxes were calculated using a soil hydrological model (SWAP). Results showed that DOC concentrations and fluxes with throughfall were strongly positively correlated with tree height (r² = 0.95; P < 0.05 for both conc. and flux) and stand age, while DON showed no such trends, suggesting different origins of DOC and DON in throughfall. The highest concentrations and fluxes of DOC and DON occurred in soil leachate from the O horizon. Here, DOC flux was 250–310 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and DON flux 8–9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in stands afforested between 65 and 92 years ago. Concentrations and fluxes of DOC and DON in the mineral subsoil were consistently low. Flux calculations suggest that there was a net loss of >90% (230–280 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) of DOC leached from the O horizon within 0–60 cm of the mineral soil. There was no significant effect of land use or forest age on DOC concentrations in solution from the lower part of the A horizon. The effect of time since afforestation was masked by soil properties that influence DOM retention in the mineral soil. Our data indicate that DOC concentrations in the A horizon of the sites studied were primarily related to the oxalate-extractable Al and Fe amounts in the same horizon. Afforestation of arable land induced a gradual qualitative change in soil organic matter (SOM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM), with significantly increasing C:N ratios in soil and soil solution over time. The development of an O horizon and the subsequent leaching of DOC and DON to the underlying mineral soil are important drivers of a changing soil C and N turnover following afforestation.     

Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow fromSchima superba andCunninghamia lanceolata plantations in subtropical China

Despite growing attention to the role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in forest nutrient cycling, their monthly concentration dynamics in forest ecosystems, especially in subtropical forests only were little known. The goal of this study is to measure the concentrations and monthly dynamics of DOC and DON in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow for two plantations ofSchima superba (SS) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata, CF) in Jianou, Fujian, China. Samples of precipitation, throughfall and stemflow were collected on a rain event base from January 2002 to December 2002. Upon collection, all water samples were analyzed for DOC, NO₃ ⁻−N, NH₄ ⁺−N and total dissolved N (TDN). DON was calculated by subtracting NO₃ ⁻−N and NH₄ ⁺−N from TDN. The results showed that the precipitation had a mean DOC concentration of 1.7 mg·L⁻¹ and DON concentration of 0.13 mg·L⁻¹. The mean DOC and DON concentrations in throughfall were 11.2 and 0.24 mg·L⁻¹ in the SS and 10.3 and 0.19 mg·L⁻¹ in the CF respectively. Stemflow DOC and DON concentrations in the CF (19.1 and 0.66 mg·L⁻¹ respectively) were significantly higher than those in the SS (17.6 and 0.48 mg·L⁻¹ respectively). No clear monthly variation in precipitation DOC concentration was found in our study, while DON concentration in precipitation tended to be higher in summer or autumn. The monthly variations of DON concentrations were very similar in throughfall and stemflow at both forests, showing an increase at the beginning of the rainy season in March. In contrast, monthly changes of the DOC concentrations in throughfall of the SS and CF were different to those in stemflow. Throughfall DOC concentrations were higher from February to April, while relatively higher DOC concentrations in stemflow were found during September–November period. Foundation item: This study was supported by the Teaching and Research Award program for MOE P.R.C. (TRAPOYT). Biography: Guo Jian-fen (1977-), female, Ph. Doctor in College of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen leaching from Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch stands in southern Sweden

The effects of three common tree species - Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch - on leaching of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved nitrogen were studied in an experimental forest with podzolised soils in southern Sweden. We analyzed soil water collected with lysimeters and modeled water fluxes to estimate dissolved C and N fluxes. Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) was analyzed to get information about the quality of dissolved organic matter leached from the different stands. Under the O horizon, DOC concentrations and fluxes in the birch stands were lower than in the spruce and pine stands; annual fluxes were 21 g m⁻² y⁻¹ for birch and 38 g m⁻² y⁻¹ and 37 g C m⁻² y⁻¹ for spruce and pine, respectively. Under the B horizon, annual fluxes for all tree species ranged between 3 and 5 g C m⁻² y⁻¹, implying greater loss of DOC in the mineral soil in the coniferous stands than in the birch stands. We did not find any effect of tree species on the quality of the dissolved organic matter, as measured by SUVA, indicating that the chemical composition of the organic matter was similar in leachates from all three tree species. Substantial amounts of nitrogen was leached out of the soil profile at the bottom of the B horizon from the pine and birch stands, whereas the spruce stands seemed to retain most of the nitrogen in the soil. These differences in N leaching have implications for soil N budgets.     

Changes in dissolved organic matter with depth suggest the potential for postharvest organic matter retention to increase subsurface soil carbon pools

Research into postharvest management of forests often focuses on balancing the need for increased biomass yield against factors that may directly impact the productivity of the subsequent stand (e.g. nutrient and water availability, soil microclimate, etc.). Postharvest organic matter management, however, also exerts a strong influence over the translocation of carbon (C) into and through the soil profile and may provide a mechanism to increase soil C content. The effects of contrasting postharvest organic matter retention treatments (bole-only removal, BO; whole-tree removal, WT) on soil solution C concentration and quality were quantified at the Fall River and Matlock Long-term Soil Productivity (LTSP) studies in Washington state. Solutions were collected monthly at depths of 20 and 100 cm and analyzed for dissolved organic C (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and DOC:DON ratio. Comparisons of DOC concentrations with depth illustrate divergent trends between the two treatments, with an overall decrease in DOC with depth in the BO treatment and either an increase or no change with depth in the WT treatment. Trends in DON concentrations with depth were less clear, partly due to the very low concentrations observed, although the relationship of DOC:DON with depth shows a decrease in the BO treatment and little to no change in DOC quality in the WT treatment. This illustrates that more recalcitrant organic matter (higher DOC:DON) is being removed from solution as it moves through the soil profile. Only 35–40% of the DOC moving past 20 cm in the BO treatment is present at 100 cm. Conversely, 98–117% of the DOC at 20 cm in the WT treatment is present at 100 cm. Thus, 11 and 30 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ are removed from solution between 20 and 100 cm in the BO treatment at the Matlock and Fall River LTSP studies, respectively. Although much of this C is often assumed to be utilized for microbial respiration, DOC:DON ratios of the potential organic substrates and the unique mineralogy of the soils of this region suggest that a significant portion may in fact be incorporated into a more recalcitrant soil C pool. Thus, postharvest organic matter retention may provide a mechanism to increase soil C sequestration on these soils.     

Effect of nitrogen addition on DOC leaching and chemical exchanges on canopy leaves in Guangdong Province,China

The impact of nitrogen(N)deposition on dissolved organic carbon(DOC)fractions in throughfall is not well understood.We performed a laboratory experiment and compared DOC leaching from canopy leaves after dipping leaves in pure water(control)and NH4NO3 solution(N-treatment)for 18 h.Net changes of DOC,NH4^+,NO3^-,SO4^2-,K^+,Mg^2+,Ca^2+and H^+contents after dipping leaves were determined by comparing solutions with and without leaves.We recorded no differences of DOC leaching between control and N-treatment,implying that N deposition had minor impacts on canopy DOC production.This confirmed that previous experiments testing the effects of N addition on DOC dynamics without considering the effects of the canopy reaction successfully described the real situation.We also confirmed the previously-reported canopy exchange process in spite of a high background N deposition at our study site.N-treatment significantly increased base cation leaching,especially K^+,and the increase was positively correlated with foliar NH4?retention.Net leaching of H^+and SO4^2-was not affected by the N-treatment.     

Carbon pools in tree biomass and the soil in improved fallows in eastern Zambia

This study quantified tree and soil C stocks and their response to different tree species and clay contents in improved fallows in eastern Zambia. From 2002 to 2003, soil, and destructively harvested two-year old tree, samples were analysed for C. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in aboveground tree C stocks, and in net organic C (NOC) intake rates across coppicing tree species at Msekera and Kalunga. Aboveground C stocks ranged from 2.9 to 9.8 t ha^-1, equivalent to NOC intakes of 0.8–4.9 t ha^-1 year^-1. SOC stocks in non-coppiced fallows at Kalichero and Msekera significantly differed (P < 0.05) across treatments. SOC stocks to 200 cm depth ranged from 64.7 t C ha^-1 under non-coppicing fallows at Kalunga to 184.0 t ha^-1 in 10-year-old coppicing fallows at Msekera. Therefore, tree and soil C stocks in improved fallows can be increased by planting selected tree species on soils with high clay content.     

Controls of litter quality on the carbon sink in soils through partitioning the products of decomposing litter in a forest succession series in South China

Through the long-term measurement and development of a method for partitioning the products of decomposing litter, the impact of chemical components of forest debris on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation was studied in a forest succession series in South China. We quantified how litter quality is strongly correlated with the partitioning of respiration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and fragments of decomposing litter. In the succession sequence of 60-year-old pine forest (PF), to 80-year-old mixed pine and evergreen broadleaved forest (MF) to more than 400-year-old monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest (MEBF), the litter C/N ratios and lignin contents were gradually decreasing, which in turn were correlated with increasing litter decomposition constants (k-values), gradually shortening residence times of standing litter pool. And, 53.5%, 65.6% and 76.2% of the gravimetric litter mass losses were going belowground through both DOC and fragmentation. Correspondingly, the SOC accumulation rates in the top 20 cm of mineral soils for the three forests from 1978 to 2008 were 26 ± 4, 33 ± 5 and 67 ± 5 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. Results of the study support the idea that in order to increase carbon sequestration in soils and long-term functional ability of forest ecosystems to act as carbon sinks, “Kyoto Forests” should be designed and reconstructed with a high diversity of broadleaved species, especially containing nitrogen-fixing trees.     

Dissolved organic matter originating from the riparian shrub Salix gracilistyla

To estimate the importance of leaching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a pathway through which organic matter is supplied to stream ecosystems, we examined the amount of leachate over time and chemical properties of DOM leached from leaves in different conditions. The samples used were green leaves, yellow senescent leaves, and leaf litter of Salix gracilistyla Miq., which is the dominant riparian plant species in the middle reaches of rivers in western Japan. We analyzed dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total sugar, and polyphenol in the leachate of leaf samples collected from a fluvial bar in the middle reaches of the Ohtagawa River in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Considerable leaching of DOC from senescent leaves [37.3 mg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) leaf] and leaf litter (8.1 mg g⁻¹ dw leaf) occurred within 24 h after immersion. In contrast, DOC leached from green leaves was negligible until 1 week after leaf immersion. Carbon loss of leaves by leaching within 24 h after leaf immersion was estimated to be less than 8%, suggesting that leaching of DOC from S. gracilistyla leaves is a minor pathway through which organic matter is supplied to stream ecosystems. DOM leached from the leaves included sugar and polyphenol, which were among the major chemical forms of DOM leached from the leaves (based on the molecular mass). In a laboratory experiment in which the difference in the stability of DOM between the chemical forms was examined, sugar decomposed more rapidly than polyphenol.