磁场对中国东北主要土壤酶活性的影响

Soil enzyme activities as affected by applied magnetic field were studied with three main soils (brown soil,black soil and albic soil) collected from Northeast China,Appropriate intensities of magnetic field could obviously enhance the activities of hydrogen peroxidases,invertases,amylases and phosphatases in the three soils,although the effect varied with types and water regimes of the soils.Increasing times of magnetic treatment could multiple its good effect on the activities of hydrogen peroxidases in soils.     

一种新的提高树苗盐容量的移植方法

The influence of quinclorac (3,7-dichloroquinoline-8-carboxylic acid) on enzyme activities in flooded paddy soils was assessed under laboratory conditions. The enzymes differed markedly in their response to quinclorac. Quinclorac inhibited proteinase, hydrogen peroxidase, phosphorylase, and urease activities. The higher the concentration of quinclorac applied, the more significant the inhibition to these observed activities with a longer time required to recover to the level of the control. However, soils supplemented with quinclorac were nonpersistent for proteinase~ phosphorylase and urease as opposed to soils without quinclorac. Dehydrogenase activity was also sensitive to quinclorac. Three soil samples with concentrations of quinclorac higher than 1 μg g^-1 soil declined to less than 20% of that in the control. However, the highest dehydrogenase activity (up to 3.28-fold) was detected in soils with 2 μg g^-1 soil quinclorac on the 25th day after treatment. Quinclorac had a relatively mild effect on saccharase activity at the concentrations used in this experiment and a stimulatory one on soil respiration when added to soil at normal field concentrations. Nonetheless it was inhibited at higher concentrations in paddy soils. Quinclorac is still relatively safe to the soil ecosystem when applied at a normal concentration (0.67 μg g^-1 dried soil) but may have some effects on soil enzymes at higher concentrations.     

土壤中氮磷钾肥转化中的交互作用: Ⅰ.土壤pH的动态变化

Dynamic changes of soil pH as influenced by ammonium sulfate (AS), monocalcium phosphate (MCP),potassium chloride (KCl) and their interaction in soils were evaluated in incubation experiments. Applyingthese fertilizers significantly reduced soil pH values in all cases and followed sequences of AS ＞ MCP ＞KCl, MCP ＞ KCl ＞ AS and KCl ＞ AS ＞ MCP for the paddy, calcareous and red soils, respectively. TheAS-induced reduction of pH in the three soils followed the sequence of red soil ＞ paddy soil ＞ calcareous soil,while in MCP and KCl systems the reduction of pH followed the sequences of calcareous soil ＞ paddy soil ＞red soil and red soil ＞ calcareous soil ＞ paddy soil, respectively. The interactions of the NPK fertilizers on pHwere significant. MCP plus KCl or MCP plus AS reduced pH values more than the fertilizers applied solelyin the paddy soil, but AS partly counteracted the effect of MCP on pH in the 1 d sample of the calcareoussoil. The effect of MCP on pH was trivial when MCP was applied in combination with KCl or AS in the redsoil. When applied in combination with AS, KCl did not affect soil pH initially, but suppressed the reductionof pH at the later incubation stage, which was related to inhibition of nitrification by KCl in the soils.     

土壤溶质迁移的柱滞留方程

The relationship between magnetic properties and particle size of soils derived from metamorphic rock,basalt,granite,Quaternary red clay,limestone and mudstone from Zhejiang Province,East China was studied,Based on the variations of the mass magnetic susceptibility (χ),anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM),and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) with soil particle size,the relationship could be classfied into three groups.For the soils derived from metamorphic rock and basalt,magnetic values were the highest in the gravel and coarse sand fractions and decreased with decreasing soil particle size.The soils derived from sedimentary rock had a bimodal distribution of magnetic values.with peaks in 1-0.5 and 0.005-0.0005mm fractions.The soil developed on granite was characterized by a peak of magnetic value in 0.001-0.0005mm fractions.The soil developed on granite was characterized by a peak of magnetic value in 0.001-0.0005 mm fractions.Frequency-dependent susceptibility(χfd)and ratios of magnetic parameters (ARM/χ,SIRM/χand SIRM/ARM) of soil particle fractions showed that variations in ferrimagnetic grain size paralleled those in particle size,χfd peaked in caly fraction and decreased with increasing particle size,irrespective of soil parent materials.The acquisition curves of IRM and demagnetization paramenter of different soil particles indicated that there were different magnetic minerals assemblages in different particle fractions.     

不同土壤水分状况下遮蔽对棉花叶片气体交换的影响

An incubation experiment was carried out in laboratory to study the effect of temperature,moisture,phosphorus,organic matter,cropping and previous elemental sulfur application on elemental sulfur oxidation in four selected soils,fluvo-aquic soil,black soil,yellow-brown soil and red soil,In all the soils tested,sulfur oxidation rate was influenced by temperature and the temperature coefficient(Q10) values at the range from 10 to 30℃ were 4.41,,6.19 and 3.71 for the four soils,respectively.The rate of sulfur oxidation was parabolically related to soil water content.The optimum moisture content for the maximum oxiation rate was different among soils,Phosphorus increased the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur by 57.7%,33.1%,21.7% and 26.4% for the above four soils,respectively,compared with the control (no phosphorus applied).Organic material of corn straw which was gound and passed through a 0.5-mm sieve also increased th oxidation rate of elemental sulfur in the four soils by 59.8%,7.8%,39.2% and 540.4%,respectively.Elemental sulfur which was applied previously to soils significantly enhanced the oxidation of elemental sulfur subsequently added and increased sulfur-oxidizing populations such as autotrophic elemental sulfur oxidizers with pH optimum 6.8,autotrophic thiosufate oxidizers with pH optimum 6.8,heterotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers and heterotrophic sulfate producers.Cropping had little effect on elemental sulfur-oxidizing potentiality of soils.     

配位体交换在减慢由酸雨造成的可变电荷土壤酸化速度中的意义

For the purpose of evaluating the role of ligand exchange of sulfate ions in retarding the rate of acidification of variable charge soils,the changes in pH after the addition of different amounts of HNO3 or H2SO4 to representative soils of China were measured .A difference between pH changes caused by the two kinds of acids was observed only for variable charge soils and kaolinite,but not for constant charge soils and bentonite,The larger the proportion of H2SO4 in the HNO3-H2SO4 mixture,the lower the calculated H^ ion activities remained in the suspension.The difference in H^ ion activities between H2SO4 systems and HNO3 systems was larger for soils with a low base-saturation(BS) percentage than those with a high BS percentage.The removal of free iron oxides from the soil led to a decrease in the difference,while the coating of Fe2O3 on a bentonite resulted in a remarkable appearance of the difference.The effect of ligand exchange on the acidity status of the soil varied with the soil type.Surface soils with a high organic matter content showed a less pronounced effect of ligand exchange than subsoils did.It was estimated that when acid rain chiefly containing H2SO4 was deposited on variable charge soils the acidification rate might be slower by 20%-40% than that when the acid rain chiefly contained HNO3 for soils with a high organic matter content,and that the rate might be half of that caused by HNO3 for soils with a low organic matter content,especially for latosols.     

城郊土壤不透水表面有土壤机碳转化及其相关性质的研究

Installation of impervious surface in urban area prevents the exchange of material and energy between soil and other environmental counterparts, thereby resulting in negative effects on soil function and urban environment. Soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm depth in Nanjing City, China, in which seven sites were selected for urban open soils, and fourteen sites with similar parent material were selected for the impervious-covered soils, to examine the effect of impervious surface on soil properties and microbial activities, and to determine the most important soil properties associated with soil organic carbon （SOC） transformation in the urban soils covered by impervious surfaces. Soil organic carbon and water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC） concentrations, potential carbon （C） and nitrogen （N） mineralization rates, basal respiration, and physicochemical properties with respect to C transformation were measured. Installation of impervious surface severely affected soil physicochemical properties and microbial activities, e.g., it significantly decreased total N contents, potential C mineralization and basal respiration rate （P 〈 0.01）, while increased pH, clay and Olsen-P concentrations. Soil organic carbon in the sealed soils at 0-20 cm was 2.35 kg m-2, which was significantly lower than the value of 4.52 kg m-2 in the open soils （P 〈 0.05）. Canonical correlation analysis showed WSOC played a major role in determining SOC transformation in the impervious-covered soil, and it was highly correlated with total N content and potential C mineralization rate. These findings demonstrate that installation of impervious surface in urban area, which will result in decreases of SOC and total N concentrations and soil microbial activities, has certain negative consequences for soil fertility and long-term storage of SOC.     

不同类型的污泥对土壤微生物性质的影响: 地中海退化土的田间试验研究

The recycling of suitable organic wastes can enhance soil fertility via effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. To compare the effects of digested (DS), thermally dried (TDS) and composted dewatered (CDS) sewage sludge on soil microbiological properties, an experiment was conducted at field sites for more than one year (401 d) when applied to two Mediterranean degraded soils (loam and loamy sand soils). All three types of sewage sludge had a significant effect on measured parameters. I...     

中国北方温带草原土壤微生物对气温变暖与添加氮素的响应特征

The responses of soil microbes to global warming and nitrogen enrichment can profoundly affect terrestrial ecosystem functions and the ecosystem feedbacks to climate change. However, the interactive effect of warming and nitrogen enrichment on soil microbial community is unclear. In this study, individual and interactive effects of experimental warming and nitrogen addition on the soil microbial community were investigated in a long-term field experiment in a temperate steppe of northern China. The field experiment started in 2006 and soils were sampled in 2010 and analyzed for phospholipid fatty acids to characterize the soil microbial communities. Some soil chemical properties were also determined. Five-year experimental warming significantly increased soil total microbial biomass and the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in the soils. Long-term nitrogen addition decreased soil microbial biomass at the 0-10 cm soil depth and the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soils. Little interactive effect on soil microbes was detected when experimental warming and nitrogen addition were combined. Soil microbial biomass positively correlated with soil total C and N, but basically did not relate to the soil C/N ratio and pH. Our results suggest that future global warming or nitrogen enrichment may significantly change the soil microbial communities in the temperate steppes in northern China.     

Effects of Soil Texture and CaCO3 on Turnover of Organic Material in Chao Soils

Decomposition experiments of ^14C-labelled sickle alfalfa in chao soils of different texture and these soils after removal of CaCO3 were carried out under field and laboratory conditions respectively.The amount of residual ^14C in,or ^14CO2 evolved from,the soils at intervals after the beginning of devomposition were measured and the distribution of native and labelled C between particle size fractions isolated from these soils was edtermined.Results showed that contents of both labelled (^14C) and non-labelled (^12C) carbon decreased with increasing particle size.The enrichment factor for ^14C was higher than that for ^12C in the clay fraction,the reverse being true for the silt enrichment factors.The effect of soil texture on the decomposition of plant material could not be observed in chao soils when the clay content was lower than 270g kg^-1,while it became obvious once CaCO3 was removed was correlated from these soils.The decomposition rate of plant material in the soil from which the native CaCO3 Was removed was correlated significantly to both the clay content of the soil and the application rate of CaCO3.A preliminary correction equation describing the effect of clay and CaCO3 on the decomposition of organic material in chao soil was derived from the results obtained.     

磁场对棕壤脲酶活性的影响

通过对棕壤风干土样和相对含水量70%的湿土样进行磁场处理研究发现,对棕壤风干土脲酶活性抑制作用最大的处理为500mT5分钟,对棕壤湿土脲酶活性抑制作用最大的处理为100mT10分钟。土壤湿度对棕壤脲酶活性的磁致效应大小有一定影响;无论是对于风干土或是湿土,500mT场强10分钟处理对棕壤脲酶活性的抑制作用时间最长,磁处理42天后抑制效果仍然显著。     

Soil Biology Changes as a Consequence of Organic Amendments Subjected to a Severe Drought

Effect of severe drought events in combination with organic amendments (municipal solid waste, MSW, sheep manure, SM, and cow manure, CM) on soil dehydrogenase, urease, β‐glucosidase and phosphatase activities and microbial community by analyzing phospholipid fatty acids was studied under controlled laboratory conditions for one year. Two levels of irrigation were used: (1) watered soils, where the soils were maintained at 60% of their water holding capacity through the experiment, and (2) non‐watered soils, without irrigation through the experiment. The severe drought conditions negatively affected the soil enzymatic activities and total bacterial and fungal PLFA concentrations. The application of organic amendments to the soil subjected to severe drought increased soil water retention and encouraged the growth and activity of soil microbial populations. However, the chemical composition of the organic matter applied to the soil also strongly influenced soil moisture. In non‐watered soils and compared with the unamended soil, the dehydrogenase activity was 71 · 3%, 60 · 9% and 38 · 6% higher in the soil with SM, CM and MSW, respectively. Urease activity was 60 · 6%, 51 · 5% and 37% higher in the soil with SM, CM and MSW, respectively. β‐glucosidase and phosphatase activities had a similar trend. Water retention was higher when the organic wastes applied to the soils had a higher content of humic acids than fulvic acid contents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

寿光大棚菜地土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、pH与EC的变化研究

为防治土壤退化、促进农业可持续发展提供科学依据,以寿光地区露地土壤作对照,研究了连作1、5、8和12年大棚蔬菜(番茄)土壤有关生物学指标的变化。结果表明,土壤呼吸强度和脱氢酶活性棚内高于棚外,并随连作年限延长开始增强而后减弱,由于管理差异,12年棚龄土壤又回升。随着连作年限延长,土壤脲酶活性逐渐减弱,而过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增强;土壤呼吸强度和酶活性都由表层向底层逐渐减弱。土壤pH随连作年限增加逐渐下降,而EC逐渐增加,至12年棚龄时,与对照比0—20 cm土层pH下降了1.06单位,其他层次变化不显著。试验还表明,该地区表层土壤pH变化于6.45~7.51,EC 0.5 mS/cm,能较好地满足作物生长需要,同时,EC是影响土壤pH及酶活性变化的重要因素。土壤EC及过氧化氢酶活性可作为反映大棚菜地土壤质量变化的参考指标。     

Degradation of an acylated starch-plastic mulch film in soil and impact on soil microflora

Degradation of an acylated starch-plastic mulch film was evaluated in two soil types, a gray lowland soil (A) and a volcanic andosol (V). Weight loss, tensile strength (TS) loss and loss of percentage elongation (%E) were measured under laboratory conditions (black and white mulch films), and in the field (black films). Changes in the counts of total bacteria, total fungi, gram-negative bacteria, total Fusarium, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) content, % nitrification, pH (H₂O), and total C and total N contents were determined at 4,8, 12, and 20 months in the field test soils where the mulch was repeatedly applied, and compared with controls. Film weight loss was greater in soil V than in soil A in both the laboratory and the field, and the losses were greater in the laboratory than in the field in both soils A and V. Significant TS losses and considerable %E losses were observed. Values were similar in the laboratory and in the field. No significant changes in the counts of bacteria, fungi, gram-negative bacteria, and Fusarium were observed. The ATP content of the test soils increased slightly compared with the initial values. The ATP content in the control soils initially fell, and then increased in response to weeding. Nitrification remained almost unchanged in the test soils, but fell in the control soils until the last sampling. However, the mulch film underwent a definite process of degradation in the soils, with great loss of physical properties and lesser weight loss. This degradation had no adverse impact on the soil microflora.     

潮土和潮褐土中重金属形态与土壤酶活性的关系

采用大田取样 ,运用连续提取方法 ,研究了河北平原潮土、潮褐土两种土壤中Cd、Pb的化学形态特征与四种土壤酶 (脲酶、H2 O2 酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶 )活性间的关系。结果表明 :大田两种土壤中交换态Cd、Pb对脲酶活性有显著抑制作用。因此 ,在石灰性土壤中 ,把交换态Cd、Pb和脲酶活性共同作为评价土壤Cd、Pb污染程度的主要生化指标是可行的     

Detection of protease genes in field soil applied with liquid livestock feces and speculation on their function and origin

The origin of soil protease in field soil was estimated using culture-dependent and independent approaches. Overall soil protease activity was much higher in field soils with an annual application of liquid livestock feces (120 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 600 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) compared with the activity recorded in other field soils, and the character of the soil proteases became highly homogeneous (approximately 70% metalloprotease in a 600 t field). Selective incubation studies suggested that bacteria were the most important source of soil protease. There were significantly higher correlations between serratial metalloprotease and the overall soil protease in both feces-applied fields in terms of the effect of inhibitors, and the bacteria, which produced serratial metalloprotease, were suggested to proliferate in both the 120 t and 600 t fields. The gene homologous to serratial metalloprotease gene was amplified in directly extracted DNA from field soils using selective DNA primer and proteolytic Serratia marcescens was certified to be one source of soil protease in these field soils. Proteolytic S. marcescens and its metalloprotease gene have occasionally been isolated and detected in field soils applied with raw feces, and have rarely been isolated or detected from other field soils. Proteolytic S. marcescens is believed to be introduced in the raw feces and subsequently colonizes the field soil and replaces the indigenous bacteria in the soil.     

浙江慈溪不同利用年限水稻土肥力特征的比较

温室盆栽条件下比较了浙江慈溪不同利用年限水稻土（50至2000年）水稻生长与谷物产量的差异,以及无施肥条件下种植水稻对水稻土微生物生物量与转化酶、脲酶活性的影响。结果发现,利用年限较长水稻土上种植的水稻植株相对较高（p 0.10）,水稻秸秆、根系及谷粒的生物量均随水稻土利用年限延长而显著增加（p 0.05）;N、P、K等营养元素在植株不同部位的分异状况不同,其中秸秆的全P和全K含量均随水稻土利用年限延长而显著升高（p 0.05）,而米粒的全N含量也趋于升高（p 0.10）。温室盆栽试验之后,水稻土的微生物生物量及酶活性与利用年限之间的关系规律和种植水稻之前基本一致,且整体上又趋于下降,即无施肥条件下种植水稻转化利用了土壤部分微生物生物量,并减弱了与碳氮转化相关酶的活性,对保持水稻土的营养水平造成不利影响。结果表明,水稻土的肥力质量历经两千年的长期稻作长盛不衰、粮食生产能力不减反增,而且是在作物有效养分可循环利用（如秸秆还田或外施肥料）的前提下实现持续利用的。     

Contrasting physical and biochemical properties of orchard soils suppressive and conducive to Fusarium wilt of banana

Fusarium wilt disease is one of the most serious soil‐borne diseases in banana orchards worldwide. Some soils are suppressive to Fusarium wilt, although the mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, two typical banana‐growing soils (ultisol and inceptisol), which were either suppressive or conducive to Fusarium wilt, were collected from Hainan, China. Particle size distribution, pH values, electrical conductivity (EC ), enzyme activities and microbial polymerase chain reaction amplification of the soil samples were analysed. The suppressive soils had significantly more >2 and <0.053 mm aggregates than the conducive soils. In addition, the suppressive soils had a comparatively even size distribution within the range of 0–0.25 mm. Total carbon, total nitrogen and soil enzyme activities in the aggregates of suppressive soils were also significantly higher than those in the conducive soils. For example, soil invertase activities in the >2 mm aggregates were 7.9–11.9 and 3.2–3.3 mg/g for the suppressive and conducive soils, respectively. Furthermore, in situ EC can be applied as an indicator of the integrated contrast between the suppressive and conducive soils, and could be a new tool for monitoring soil‐borne disease.     

Changes in soil aggregate‐associated enzyme activities and nutrients under long‐term chemical fertilizer applications in a phosphorus‐limited paddy soil

Paddy soils in subtropical China are usually deficient in phosphorus (P) and require regular application of chemical fertilizers. This study evaluated the effects of chemical fertilizers on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N) and available P, and on the activity of the associated enzymes in bulk soil and aggregates. Surface soils (0–20 cm) were collected from a 24‐yr‐old field experiment with five treatments: unfertilized control (CK), N only (N), N and potassium (NK), N and P (NP), and N, P and K (NPK). Undisturbed bulk soils were separated into >2, 1–2, 0.25–1, 0.053–0.25 and <0.053 mm aggregate classes using wet sieving. Results showed that both NP‐ and NPK‐treated soils significantly increased mean weight diameter of aggregates, SOC, available P in bulk soil and aggregates, as compared to CK. Most SOC and total N adhered to macro‐aggregates (>0.25 mm), which accounted for 64–81% of SOC and 54–82% of total N in bulk soil. The activities of invertase and acid phosphatase in the 1–2 mm fraction were the highest under NPK treatment. The highest activity of urease was observed in the <0.053 mm fraction under NP treatment. Soil organic carbon and available P were major contributors to variation of enzyme activities at the aggregate scale. In conclusion, application of NP or NPK fertilizers promoted the formation of soil aggregates, nutrient contents and activities of associated enzymes in P‐limited paddy soils, and thus enhanced soil quality.