Language and the origin of numerical concepts

Reports of research with the Pirah? and Mundurukú Amazonian Indians of Brazil lend themselves to discussions of the role of language in the origin of numerical concepts. The research findings indicate that, whether or not humans have an extensive counting list, they share with nonverbal animals a language-independent representation of number, with limited, scale-invariant precision. What causal role, then, does knowledge of the language of counting serve? We consider the strong Whorfian proposal, that of linguistic determinism; the weak Whorfian hypothesis, that language influences how we think; and that the "language of thought" maps to spoken language or symbol systems.     

Exact and approximate arithmetic in an Amazonian indigene group

Is calculation possible without language? Or is the human ability for arithmetic dependent on the language faculty? To clarify the relation between language and arithmetic, we studied numerical cognition in speakers of Mundurukú, an Amazonian language with a very small lexicon of number words. Although the Mundurukú lack words for numbers beyond 5, they are able to compare and add large approximate numbers that are far beyond their naming range. However, they fail in exact arithmetic with numbers larger than 4 or 5. Our results imply a distinction between a nonverbal system of number approximation and a language-based counting system for exact number and arithmetic.     

The limits of counting: numerical cognition between evolution and culture

Number words that, in principle, allow all kinds of objects to be counted ad infinitum are one basic requirement for complex numerical cognition. Accordingly, short or object-specific counting sequences in a language are often regarded as earlier steps in the evolution from premathematical conceptions to greater abstraction. We present some instances from Melanesia and Polynesia, whose short or object-specific sequences originated from the same extensive and abstract sequence. Furthermore, the object-specific sequences can be shown to be cognitively advantageous for calculations without notation because they use larger counting units, thereby abbreviating higher numbers, enhancing the counting process, and extending the limits of counting. These results expand our knowledge both regarding numerical cognition and regarding the evolution of numeration systems.     

基于ArcGIS Engine的地下水数值模拟平面三角网格自动剖分系统设计与实现研究

为有效地模拟地下水水流和溶质运移,快速、准确评价地下水资源,针对地下水数值模拟中空间离散与平面三角网格自动剖分问题,提出了一种基于ArcGIS Engine的平面三角网格自动剖分方法,并利用当前流行的.NET框架和C#语言设计实现了地下水数值模拟三角剖分系统。系统不仅能自动输出剖分所得三角形顶点与位置信息,同时可以进行手动校正与局部加密,最后结合实例对模拟区做了剖分分析,结果能较好地满足地下水数值模拟的要求。     

Workstations in science

Recent advances in microprocessor technology are making a new generation of personal computers feasible and affordable. These computers, called "workstations," can be connected with other workstations, with mainframe computers, with supercomputers, and with remote networks. Workstations provide the graphical interface to supercomputers and can run applications that formerly required the use of mainframe computers. Emerging standards for communications, graphics, databases, numerical algorithms, and languages allow workstations to share programs with various types of computers, including mainframe and personal computers.     

模具零件工程图的孔特征识别与分组统计

提出了面向模具零件工程图的孔特征识别与分组统计方法,采用特征识别实现了尺寸功能语义的再现,基于此进一步实现了孔系的自动分组统计.该方法在AutoCAD软件中利用VisualLISP得到实现.测试结果表明所提出的算法可以很好地解决尺寸完整性问题,完善了模具零件尺寸自动标注功能.     

液体闪烁探测技术乳化剂筛选初报

利用评价~(14)C阳~3H液体闪烁探测的主要参数:本底、效率、随机符合率(RCM％)、相稳定牲及样品容纳量,在大量实验基础上,提出优值的修正公式F=(1/3.6)(E~2·n·X/B·RCM％),由此,评价了六种乳化剂在液体闪烁乳化测量中的特点,筛选出上海白描牌、徐州海鸥牌餐具洗净剂可作为液体闪烁乳化测量的乳化剂。     

Regulation of X-chromosome counting by Tsix and Xite sequences

In mammals, X-inactivation establishes X-chromosome dosage parity between males and females. How X-chromosome counting regulates this process remains elusive, because neither the hypothesized inactivation "blocking factor" nor the required cis-elements have been defined. Here, a mouse knockout and transgenic analysis identified DNA sequences within the noncoding Tsix and Xite genes as numerators. Homozygous deficiency of Tsix resulted in "chaotic choice" and a variable number of inactive X's, whereas overdosage of Tsix/Xite inhibited X-inactivation. Thus, counting was affected by specific Tsix/Xite mutations, suggesting that counting is genetically separable from but molecularly coupled to choice. The mutations affect XX and XY cells differently, demonstrating that counting and choice are regulated not by one "blocking factor," but by both a "blocking" and a "competence" factor.     

20世纪结构主义哲学的流变以及对建筑和景观设计的影响

结构主义哲学于20世纪中叶在法国兴起,围绕"能指"和"所指"的相互关系展开了对语言学的探讨。结构主义由于过分重视"语言"体系(整体)而忽视了"言语"(个体),以及其过分注重共时性而忽视历时性,有形而上学的倾向,这就使得后结构主义——解构主义对它的批判有机可乘。这种由结构主义哲学向解构主义哲学的思潮转变对建筑设计和景观设计也产生了重要的影响。     

玉米高产栽培多媒体专家系统的研制

应用ＶｉｓｕａｌＣ＾＋＋,ＶｉｓｕａｌＢ,专家系统推理机和玉米生长模拟模型“ＣＥＲＥＳ”建立了玉米高产栽培多媒体专家系统（ＭｕｌｔｉｍｅｄｉａＥｘｐｅｒｔｓｙｓｔｅｍｆｏｒＨｉｇｈＹｅｉｌｄｏｎＭａｉｚｅ,缩写为ＭＥＳＨＹＭ）该软件模拟结果与实际的生产情况吻合较好,ＭＥＳＨＹＭ预测功能强,专家系统咨询答案准确,由于媒体技术的应用,一些不易表达的专家经验能被恰当地表达,并使系统面面清晰,直观,操作方     

MCSYS系统的开发及微机CAD/CAM (Ⅱ)CAM系统

本文论述了MCSYS系统的第二部分——CAM系统。该系统以CAD部分的数据为基础,按着线元数据生成数控加工指令,其特点是用通用算法语言实现了自动编程。通过简单运算,排除了刀具与工件间的相互干涉,在粗加工和精加工刀具路线生成后,给定具体加工条件即可生成实际的数控指令。     

Measurement structures and psychological laws

Empirical laws psychology may be based on physical measurements (for example, voltages, times), counting, ordering, or just classifying. It is a pointless, though widespread practice to use a physical measure or a count as a "definition" of a psychological variable; this practice obscures the fact that all one has done is measured a physical variable, or counted. What is important are the empirical laws that are established by use of such quantitative or qualitative observations. Some kinds of empirical relations and laws yield measurement structures, akin to the qualitative structures underlying fundamental measurement in physics. Measurement structures are empirical structures that can be described most simply by introduction of a new numerical function; such a function is a new measure, and is typically interpreted as measuring some particular psychological variable Measurement structures, formulated abstractly, sometimes provide valuable tools for formulating new empirical hypotheses to be tested; but in many instances, other kinds of theory may be more appropriate. The main focus of research ought always to be the discovery of simple laws; these may or may not lead to new measures.     

Carbon-14 dating: a comparison of Beta and ion counting

Accelerator ion counting compares favorably with conventional beta counting. The major advantage of ion counting is that milligram samples can be analyzed. When sample size is not limiting, ion counting complements beta counting for the more routine carbon-14 determinations. Further development is needed before ion counting can achieve the same high precision as beta counting for large samples (+/- 2 per mil). A solution to the background variability has to be found before ion counting can be used to date samples back to the 75,000-year limit of beta counting.     

气象数值预报模式WRF自动化业务构建系统的搭建试验

利用Shell、Fortran、Grads等高级语言构架并实现了WRF并行计算的自动化业务系统,该系统能够定时下载数据、定时运行,自动绘制数值预报产品,极大地提高了工作效率。     

Automated image-processing for counting seedlings in a wheat field

Wheat field seedling density has a significant impact on the yield and quality of grains. Accurate and timely estimates of wheat field seedling density can guide cultivation to ensure high yield. The objective of this study was to develop an image-processing based, automatic counting method for wheat field seedlings, to investigate the principle of automatic counting of wheat emergence in the field, and to validate the newly developed method in various conditions. Digital images of the wheat fields at seedling stages with five cultivars and five seedling densities were acquired directly from above the fields. The wheat seedlings information was extracted from the background using excessive green and Otsu’s method. By analyzing the characteristic parameters of the overlapping regions (Overlapping region is a number of overlapping wheat seedlings in the image) of the fields, a chain code-based skeleton optimization method and corresponding equation were established for automatic counting of wheat seedlings in the overlapping regions. The results showed that the newly developed method can effectively count the number of wheat seedlings, with an average accuracy rate of 89.94 % and a highest accuracy rate of 99.21 %. The results also indicated that the accuracy of counting was not affected by different cultivars. However, the seedling density had significant impact on the counting accuracy (P < 0.05). When the seedling density was between 120 × 10⁴ and 240 × 10⁴ ha^?1, high counting accuracy (>92 %) could be obtained. The study demonstrated that the newly developed method is reliable for automatic wheat seedlings counting, and also provides a theoretical perspective for automatic seedling counting in the wheat field.     

Language discrimination by human newborns and by cotton-top tamarin monkeys

Humans, but no other animal, make meaningful use of spoken language. What is unclear, however, is whether this capacity depends on a unique constellation of perceptual and neurobiological mechanisms or whether a subset of such mechanisms is shared with other organisms. To explore this problem, parallel experiments were conducted on human newborns and cotton-top tamarin monkeys to assess their ability to discriminate unfamiliar languages. A habituation-dishabituation procedure was used to show that human newborns and tamarins can discriminate sentences from Dutch and Japanese but not if the sentences are played backward. Moreover, the cues for discrimination are not present in backward speech. This suggests that the human newborns' tuning to certain properties of speech relies on general processes of the primate auditory system.     

精读教学的语域视角

语言教学的主要目标是发展学生的意义潜势”,使之能够根据语境,在楷势”中选择适合语境的语言。而语言随语境不同产生不同的变体正是语域理论的所关注的焦点。本文探讨了如何将语域理论的知识运用于大学英语精读课教学的实践。作者认为这种尝试有利于培养学生选择得体语言表达自己的能力,从而最终使其惹义潜势”得以发展。     

基于GIS的气象核应急保障系统设计与实现

采用最新的HYSPLIT污染物扩散模式,通过本地化的WRFV3.1模式数值预报场为背景场及GIS软件建立了气象核应急保障系统。该系统基于地理信息系统（GIS）,利用面向对象的TatukGIS作为开发平台,并采用Delphi语言作为主要的开发工具。通过该系统的建立为省、市应急指挥中心提供连云港及其周边地区风向、风速、降水和温度等探测资料,进一步完善各核电站运行和应急期间的气象信息采集、分析、处理平台,并为事故提供应急指挥、危害评估、公众保护等决策服务的气象核应急保障系统。     

医学一体化情报语言的发展历程及未来前景

 

以医学一体化情报语言的发展历程为主线,回顾了不同类型的医学一体化情报语言的结构与应用,重点阐述中医药一体化语言系统的创新与突破,并展望医学一体化情报语言系统发展的未来前景。

     

微生物肥料中有效活菌数检测方法

对微生物肥中有效活菌数测定方法进行研究,从操作步骤、菌落形态、稀释度设置、计数选择、结果计算与判定规则方面对行业标准ＮＹ２２７－９４的适用性进行了验证和修订补充,用改进的 方法培养所得的菌体形态与标准菌体基本一致,且操作规范、重复性高、结果准确可靠。