紫云英根瘤菌种内不同菌株群体感应信号分子差异性和交互性分析

根瘤菌可以和豆科植物共生固氮,在很多根瘤菌中群体感应系统参与了结瘤固氮等相关生理过程的调节。本研究从野外不同生境紫云英宿主根部瘤体中分离了26株根瘤菌,体外定量检测了各菌株产生自体诱导物(AI)信号分子的能力,以及不同菌株AI激活中慢生华癸根瘤菌Mh菌株AHLs合成酶基因mrh I表达的情况,发现紫云英根瘤菌种内不同菌株间存在群体感应交互性。通过导入外源Att M水解酶观察菌株AI活性的变化,应用薄层层析法定性分析不同菌株的AI结构,初步揭示了不同紫云英根瘤菌产生AI特性的差异和多样性。     

几种主要牧草根瘤菌生理生化分析

实验表明参试的２０株牧草根瘤菌均具有快生型根瘤菌一般生理生化特性，但它们对柠檬酸的利用能力及对盐的耐受力有差异，试验还看出快生型根瘤菌对盐的耐受力高于慢生型根瘤菌，对碳的利用范围较慢性型要瘤菌广泛。     

甘宁黄土高原地区重要水土保持植物共生固氮资源及特性研究

甘肃省黄土高原区不同生态条件下栽培和野生豆科植物根瘤菌资源及共生固氮特性的调查结果表明 ,从 112份 2 4属 5 3种根瘤样品中分离获得 87株根瘤菌。它们与豆科植物共生结瘤 6 3 .5 %为有效根瘤。不同种根瘤固氮活性差异较大 ,一般比较低 ,小于 1μmol/(g·h)占 35 %。大于 10 μmol/(g·h)仅占6 %。根据研究结果对这些豆科植物在水土保持中的作用及意义进行了讨论。     

赤泥颗粒对韭菜吸收污染土壤中铅锌的抑制效应研究

采用盆栽试验方法,通过添加赤泥颗粒修复铅锌污染土壤,按照火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定不同时期种植韭菜的土壤中重金属的含量,分析赤泥颗粒对土壤中重金属的钝化行为与机理,确定赤泥颗粒对土壤修复和对韭菜生长促进最佳的添加量。结果表明,赤泥颗粒能缓释OH-,促进重金属铅、锌化学形态转化和抑制生物吸收。铅、锌污染土壤修复的最佳赤泥颗粒添加量为5%,此时,土壤中铅、锌的生物有效态含量在修复期内分别降低了41.03%、26.55%;结合铅锌污染土壤修复与韭菜生长影响,初步确定赤泥颗粒的最佳施用量为1%,此时,土壤中铅、锌的生物有效态含量在修复期内分别降低了24.81%、15.9%;赤泥颗粒对铅锌污染土壤的修复能力大小为铅〉锌。     

豆科植物和根瘤菌在生态环境中的地位和作用

随着我国人口的增加和城市化进程的加快,人类对土地资源的需求不断增加,土地使用的透支趋势明显;另一方面大量使用农用化学物质,对生态环境的胁迫增大。豆科植物在根系中因其可与根瘤菌共生形成特殊结构---根瘤,具有生物固氮作用而受到广泛关注。种植豆科植物,利用豆科植物和根瘤菌形成的共生固氮体系可以减少氮肥的投入,增加土壤的有机质含量,改善土壤生态环境,是一种天然的利于生态环境的农业生产方式。本文介绍了豆科植物和根瘤菌的一些重要特征,论述了豆科植物与根瘤菌共生的关系,表明发展豆科植物对于生态环境的修复、维持土地的生产力以及节能减排方面的重要作用,以期为改善生态环境提供一些可参考的方法和依据。     

大豆秸秆生物炭对铅锌尾矿污染土壤的修复作用

采用盆栽空心菜的方法,研究了大豆桔杆生物炭对铅锌尾矿污染土壤的修复作用。污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量分别为50,400,1 119,3.4mg/kg。结果表明:土壤无论是否受到铅锌尾矿污染,添加3%生物炭(w/w)均能显著提高土壤pH;3%生物炭能够抑制铅锌尾矿污染导致的土壤pH降低。大豆桔杆生物炭对尾矿污染土壤和未污染土壤中重金属有效态的影响不同,与未污染土壤相比,3%生物炭的钝化作用不能抵消铅锌尾矿污染导致的重金属有效态含量的增加。铅锌尾矿污染抑制空心菜生长;施加3%生物炭可以消除铅锌尾矿污染对空心菜生长的抑制作用。生物炭显著降低污染土壤空心菜根部重金属含量,而对地上部分的影响,不同元素表现出不同的特点;3%生物炭能够阻控铅锌尾矿污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd向空心菜地上部迁移富集。大豆桔杆生物炭对空心菜吸收重金属的影响,在铅锌尾矿污染土壤和未污染土壤上表现不同,存在元素之间的拮抗作用以及由于生物炭提高空心菜生物量所产生的稀释作用。在研究设置条件下,与未污染土壤相比,从空心菜生物量和可食部分吸收重金属含量来评价,施加3%大豆桔杆生物炭可以修复铅锌尾矿导致的土壤污染。     

抗春雷霉素大豆根瘤菌突变株的诱变及其生物固氮特性的分析

根瘤菌与豆科植物共生可以固定大量的氮。根瘤菌剂接种豆科作物是一项普遍推广应用、有效的农业技术。但由于大量土著根瘤菌的存在，产生竞争障碍，降低了接种菌剂的占瘤率。大多数的土著根瘤菌对春雷霉素敏感，因此接种抗春雷霉素的高效结瘤固氮根瘤菌，并用春雷霉素处理种子，可抑制土著根瘤菌，提高接种菌剂的占瘤率，从而达到高结瘤、高固氮和提高产量的目的。本文将探讨诱变对根瘤菌抗春雷霉素突变的作用，并对获得的抗性突变株的生物固氮特性进行分析。     

铅锌银尾矿区土壤微生物活性及其群落功能多样性研究

通过对浙江省天台铅锌银尾矿区土壤微生物活性指标以及微生物群落功能多样性研究 ,结果表明 ,尾矿污染区土壤几种重金属含量比非矿区土壤有明显的增加。尾矿区土壤微生物特征发生了显著的变化 ,微生物生物量和可培养细菌数量显著降低 ,但土壤基础呼吸和微生物代谢商 (qCO2 )值却明显升高。Bi olog测试结果显示 ,随着重金属污染程度的加剧其土壤微生物群落结构发生了相应变化 ,尾矿区土壤微生物群落代谢剖面 (AWCD)及群落丰富度、多样性指数均显著低于非矿区土壤 ,且供试土壤间均达极显著水平差异 (p <0 .0 1) ,表明尾矿区重金属污染引起了土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降 ,减少了能利用有关碳源底物的微生物数量、降低了微生物对单一碳源底物的利用能力     

云南会泽铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为进一步探讨云南会泽铅锌冶炼厂历史遗留的环境问题,掌握新址所在区域土壤环境质量状况,以会泽铅锌冶炼厂新、旧场址周边土壤作为研究对象,随机布设14个采样点,采集42个土壤样品,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪测定土壤样品中的Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg。采用综合污染指数法、地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价方法对土壤中重金属污染特征及其健康风险进行评价。结果表明,云南会泽铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤中Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd、As和Hg的平均含量水平分别为92.25、226.81、1 567.45、65.16、394.66、1 451.63、11.16、43.81、0.47 mg·kg-1,除Cr、Hg外,其他重金属含量均超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》二级标准值,其中Cd的最高超标倍数为274倍。地积累指数评价结果表明,该区域土壤中Cd污染最为严重,处于偏重-极重污染范畴;潜在生态危害综合指数评价结果显示:该区域重金属污染处于强-很强的生态风险程度;健康风险评价结果表明:旧场址周边土壤中Pb、Cd对儿童均具有显著的潜在健康风险。     

北方地区大豆根瘤菌的生物学特性

对北方地区大豆根瘤菌的生物学特性进行了较为系统的研究,结果表明,黑、辽地区分离、纯化的17株根瘤菌均具有典型的根瘤菌的个体形态和菌落特征,生理生化指标接近,可与辽豆15共生结瘤,分为快生菌和慢生菌。所有根瘤菌均可不同程度地利用供试的5种碳源。耐酸碱度、耐盐性及温度敏感实验表明,菌株HS3可在pH6.0~9.0生长,菌株HH4可耐受1.5%氯化钠,菌株HH4,HH2可在13℃~39℃生长。     

云南会泽废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区中华山蓼根际真菌镉耐性研究

采用常规、含Cd2＋和含Pb2＋的马丁氏培养基,对云南省会泽县废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区中华山蓼（Oxyria sinensis Hemsle）根际真菌进行分离,将分离的菌株接种到含不同浓度（0、0.05、0.5和5mmol·L-1）Cd2＋的马铃薯葡萄糖培养液中,研究和比较了废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区中华山蓼根际真菌的镉耐性。结果表明,Cd2＋显著抑制铅锌矿区和非矿区中华山蓼根际真菌的生长;Cd2＋对常规、含Cd2＋和含Pb2＋的马丁氏培养基分离的铅锌矿区中华山蓼根际真菌的EC50平均值和最大值均明显大于非矿区,表明铅锌矿区中华山蓼根际真菌对Cd2＋的耐性强于非矿区,采用含Cd2＋培养基,从铅锌矿区中华山蓼根际分离出的真菌Cd2＋耐性最强。     

矿区植物根内嗜鱼外瓶霉对重金属的耐性和超积累作用

从云南会泽铅-锌矿区自然生长植物密序野古草(Arundinella bengalensis(Spreng.)Druce)的健康根内分离得到一株深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes,DSE)。据其形态学特征和ITS1-5.8S-rDNA-ITS2序列分析,鉴定为一株嗜鱼外瓶霉(Exophiala pisciphila)。纯培养条件下研究了其对Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的耐性和超积累作用。结果表明,此菌株在液体合成培养基上可以分别耐受2、3和0.5 g/L的Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+;在含Pb2+、Cd2+培养基中生长其菌丝可以富集超过其干重25%以上的Pb2+和5%以上的Cd2+;显示此菌株属于极端耐性并具有超积累作用的真菌。此真菌在植物根系的定殖或许可以通过菌丝体对金属离子的固持作用缓解植物根围土壤微环境中超量金属离子对植物的毒害作用。     

云南会泽废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区三种野生植物根际微生物研究

采用稀释平板法,调查云南省会泽县铅锌矿区和非矿区3种野生植物——小花南芥、毛萼蝇子草和中华山蓼的根际微生物在含不同浓度镉或铅的选择平板上的生长情况,结果表明:除放线菌外,铅锌矿区和非矿区3种植物根际微生物能在含Pb或Cd的选择平板上生长,但Pb和Cd显著或极显著抑制根际微生物在含Pb或Cd的选择平板上生长的数量;铅锌矿区3种植物耐Pb和耐Cd的根际微生物数量显著或极显著多于非矿区。     

Impact of Past Mining Activity on the Quality of Water and Soil in the High Moulouya Valley (Morocco)

Physical and chemical properties and the total content of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in waters and soils were studied from the High Moulouya Valley (Morocco) in order to assess the impact of the past mining activity on their quality and to lay the foundations of a potential reclamation of the area. Surface water and groundwater samples were collected from the Moulouya River and mine pit lakes; tailings and soils were sampled inside and outside the mine sites of Zeïda, Mibladen, and Aouli. Both waters and soils were alkaline, due to the limestone environment, and contained Pb and Zn as main metallic contaminants. Pollution levels were highest within the Mibladen mining site, and soil pollution was mainly restricted to the areas where activities of metal concentration were carried out. Tailings and soils from these areas besides Pb and Zn were also polluted by As, Cd, and Cu showing clay fraction highly enriched in metal contaminants. At the time of study, all soils and wastes (including the highly polluted tailings) were in advanced stage of spontaneous herbaceous and arbustive revegetation. It is concluded that, in the High Moulouya Valley, the processes governing PTM transfer from the element-rich sites to the nearby environment are strongly influenced by pH, carbonate content, and semi-arid climate reducing metal mobility from the mining waste impoundments by dissolution. The transfer by wind and water erosion of metal-enriched fine waste particles is likely to be a much more important vector for metal dispersion. In this perspective, among a range of land remediation techniques available, natural and oriented revegetation could represent a low-cost and possible permanent solution.     

Limitations for revegetation in lead/zinc minesoils (NW Spain)

Purpose

Metal mining is the main cause of soil contamination caused by heavy metals. Mine tailings and minespoils generally offer hostile environments for plant growth due to their low nutrient availability, low organic matter content, and high trace metal content. This study was carried out with the aim of characterizing the soils that have developed on the tailings from an abandoned lead and zinc mine in Galicia (NW Spain) and determining the soil factors that limit revegetation.

Materials and methods

We selected three zones: (a) the minespoils, (b) in the mining area, and (c) the settling pond, where the sludge from the flotation process was deposited. A control soil was also sampled outside of the mining area. We analyzed the physicochemical properties and metal levels in the mine spoil and soil samples we collected.

Results and discussion

The results indicate that the main physical limitations of minesoils are their low effective depth, high porosity and stoniness, while the main chemical limitations are low organic matter content and low CEC and an imbalance between exchangeable cations. These minesoils are strongly affected by high Zn and Pb levels which hinder revegetation.

Conclusions

As high concentrations of toxic trace elements and a high pH are important factors in limiting the plant growth, the restoration procedure must overcome the oxidation processes by adding organic amendments that also contribute towards fixing heavy metals or by implanting spontaneous vegetation adapted to the mine conditions, such as common broom (Cytisus scoparius) or white birch (Betula celtiberica).     

Symbiotic effectiveness of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in acid soils can be predicted from their sensitivity to acid soil stress factors in acidic agar media

In acid soil, low pH, reduced availability of nutrients, and toxicity of Al and Mn limit plant growth and the survival and effectiveness of rhizobia. The symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia is particularly sensitive to acid soil stress. A pot experiment evaluated whether Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain growth on acidic agar media would predict ability to colonize the rhizosphere and form effective nodules in acidic soils. Three Indonesian strains of B. japonicum with similar effectiveness at neutral pH in sand culture but with different tolerance of acid soil stress factors in agar media, and an acid-tolerant commercial strain (CB1809) of comparable effectiveness, were tested in three acid soils using the Al tolerant soybean (Glycine max cv PI 416937). At 7 days after inoculation all strains had achieved large rhizosphere populations, but by day 14 the rhizosphere population of the acid-sensitive strain had decreased, while the more acid-tolerant strains increased. The acid-tolerant strains had significantly greater nodulation and symbiotic effectiveness than plants inoculated with the acid-sensitive strain. Laboratory prescreening of B. japonicum for acid, Al and Mn tolerance in acid media successfully identified strains which were symbiotically competent in low pH soils.     

宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染研究

通过野外采样和实验室分析,在分析土壤基本理化性质的基础上,重点研究宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤中重金属元素的含量和形态特征,并进行了污染评价。结果表明,宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr的平均含量分别为31.8、41.3、102.6、704.6、14.4、37.4、83.2mg·kg-1,均高于陕西省和全国土壤元素背景值,尤其是Cu、Pb和Zn。土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr主要以残余态的形式存在,Pb、Mn和Co主要以可还原态和残余态的形式存在,重金属的迁移顺序为Mn（63.91%）〉Pb（60.08%）〉Co（51.70%）〉N（i37.12%）〉Zn（32.09%）〉C（r30.58%）〉Cu（19.95%）,其中,Mn、Pb和Co有50%~65%可以发生迁移,易被生物体利用,危害较大。评价结果表明,宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤主要受到了Pb的轻度污染。