放牧强度对黑麦草/白三叶混播草地种群牧草量构成与年生产力的影响

研究了不同放牧强度下(轻牧、适牧、重牧、过牧),黑麦草/白三叶混播草地的牧草现存量,种群牧草量构成及年产量变化。随放牧强度增大,草地牧草现存量呈下降,牧草利用率呈增加趋势。放牧强度对黑麦草茎、叶生长具明显影响,对白三叶影响则较小;黑麦草绿色茎叶比随放牧强度增大而降低,白三叶茎、叶植物量分配主要受季节影响。适牧的黑麦草和白三叶种群牧草量呈线形函数变化,而轻牧、重牧和过牧则呈幂函数变化,各放牧强度黑麦草现存量均随白三叶牧草量的增大而增多。黑麦草种群和群落产量均为:适牧>重牧>过牧>轻牧;白三叶种群产量为:适牧>过牧>重牧>轻牧。随放牧强度增大,黑麦草组分相近,白三叶组分呈增加,杂草和死物质组分呈降低趋势。因此,放牧能提高白三叶组分,抑制杂草植物生长,降低混播草地凋落、枯死损失,增强黑麦草和白三叶种群生长的正效应作用;适度放牧利于混播草地中黑麦草、白三叶组分比的稳定,维持混播草地高生产力。合理的草地利用率是保持高产、优质草地的关键。     

放牧对黑麦草＋白三叶混播草地植被构成的作用

通过4个放牧强度（轻牧、适牧、重牧和过牧,牧后草层高度分别为7.5、5.5、3.5和<2.0 cm）的轮牧试验,对黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)混播草地土壤化学特性;黑麦草分蘖和白三叶匍匐茎、叶片数及其茎叶构成,牧草高度、生物量与植被构成进行系统研究。结果表明,土壤速效养分含量对放牧强度响应较大,稳定性较弱。随放牧强度的增加,黑麦草分蘖密度和叶片生物量显著增加,黑麦草分蘖质量和白三叶匍匐茎密度及牧草高度和生物量显著下降;黑麦草叶片数,白三叶叶片数、茎叶比和匍匐茎质量在放牧强度间无显著变化。放牧强度在降低黑麦草和白三叶生长特性整齐度的同时,增加其可塑性生长;黑麦草对放牧强度的响应比白三叶敏感,但白三叶的可塑性生长比黑麦草的高。鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）和非播种植物种的生长特性在放牧强度内变异系数较大。综合分析认为,放牧对草地植被的作用体现于植物个体、种群和群落3个水平,播种的低组分禾草（鸭茅）和非播种禾草是混播草地植被构成变化的关键种。     

混播草地中多年生黑麦草与白三叶的生长特性及其共存表现

从混播牧草品种，刈牧制度，利用强度及施肥措施等方面综述了多年生黑麦草／白三叶混播草地中，多年生黑麦草分蘖个体和白三叶生长点的生长特性，二者种群产量及其竞争，共存变化的一般表现。指出，在适宜刈牧利用制度下，辅以一定农艺措施（施肥），可以提高白三叶对资源的利用能力和环境适应性，利于混播草地中多年生黑麦草与白三叶的长期稳定共存。     

刈割对混播草地种群生长与产量关系及种间竞争特性的影响

研究了不同刈割次数和时间下,混播草地中多年生黑麦草产量与叶片生长、分蘖数间的关系,白三叶产量与匍匐茎生长、分枝数间的关系,以及两者种间竞争特性变化。结果表明：黑麦草产量随分蘖数(年刈割8次和4次例外)或叶片生长长度增加呈弱显著或显著增加趋势,白三叶年产量与匍匐茎分枝数呈显著正相关;高频刈割利于黑麦草和白三叶种群生长的正效应发挥,低频刈割和对照增强种间个体的竞争;两者生长点数、种群产量关系由高频刈割的显著正相关向低频刈割和对照的显著负相关转化。可见,随刈割频率的降低和刈割日期的推后,黑麦草和白三叶的种间竞争渐趋明显。     

绵羊对两种混播草地采食强度的研究

用分蘖、分枝标记法估测了绵羊对多年生黑麦草＋白三叶和绒毛草＋白三叶两种混播草地的三个采自指标：采食率、采良量和采食强度。结果表明，绵羊对混播草地中多年生黑麦草和绒毛草的采食强度大于相应的白三叶；绵羊对多年生黑麦草的采食强度显著高于绒毛草，两种草地中白三叶草的被采食强度之间无显著差别。     

退化混播人工草地白三叶繁殖特性的变化

本文研究退化混播人工草地白三叶有性及无性繁殖特性的变化规律。结果表明，随着草地由轻到重的退化，白三叶无性繁殖能力则显著提高，另外单位面积种子量在重度退化地段有明显增加。但是由于土壤理化性状的变劣，白三叶种群的频率，密度和地上生物量均随着草地退化的加重而显著减少。     

不同放牧强度对多年生黑麦草—白三叶草地群体密度的影响

在中、高放牧强下黑麦草分蘖密度略有下降，而在低放牧强度下则有所上升。白三叶枝条密度受放牧强度影响较小。秋季的重牧使黑麦草分蘖密度极显著下降（P＜0．01）。6月份随着放牧强度的增强黑麦草案死亡数显著减少（P＜0．05），草地群体密度亦随之减少（P＜0.05）。在秋季随着放牧强度的增大黑麦草单蘖重明显减少（P＜0．05）。黑麦草和白三叶的单菜（枝）重与其密度均呈强负相关（P＜0．01）。白三叶的单枝重与生物量呈正相关（P＜0．05）。以上分析表明，中等放牧强度（70％利用率）有利于保持合理的草地群体密度和较高的生物量。     

白三叶与不同禾草混播群落17年稳定性经较研究

在适度放牧条件下开展了白三叶与多年生黑麦草、紫羊茅、草地早熟禾和无芒雀麦的两两豆禾混播群落的种间相容性、群落生产力和稳定性的研究。17年的研究结果表明,白三叶 紫羊茅组合的年均干物质产量502g/m2,显著高于其他组合(P<0.05),但前期以白三叶 多年生黑麦草最高(P<0.05)。在时间序列混播比例的变化上,白三叶逐渐增加,然后维持在一定的范围;多年生黑麦草第1年最高,后逐渐下降;紫羊茅和草地早熟禾变化不大,而无芒雀麦减少最快,并最终消失;白三叶 紫羊茅组合的比例动态变化最小,组分稳定,而且群落抵抗力最强,年均杂草侵入量仅为2.4 g/m2,极显著地低于其他处理(P<0.01)。参试禾本科牧草与白三叶的种间相容性为紫羊茅>多年生黑麦草≥草地早熟禾>无芒雀麦。种间相容性是混播群落长期稳定性的重要决定因素。时间梯度上的群落生产力变化趋势,白三叶 紫羊茅和白三叶 草地早熟禾呈平稳略升,而白三叶 多年生黑麦草和白三叶 无芒雀麦呈前高后低模式。对混播群落稳定性的判断存在时间尺度和空间尺度。     

白三叶对黑麦草、弯叶画眉草的化感作用初探

针对白三叶Trifolium repens与黑麦草Lotium perenne、弯叶画眉草Eragrostis curvula混播时导致后2种植物数量减少甚至消失的现象,通过白三叶的根部、地上部和植株水提液对黑麦草和弯叶画眉草种子进行发芽实验,以及白三叶与黑麦草、白三叶与弯叶画眉草种子混播进行实验,研究表明:白三叶(幼苗、2年生植株根及茎叶)的水提取液在原液以及稀释20倍时对受体植物的胚根和胚芽的生长均产生明显的抑制作用,而在100倍稀释液时表现出一定的促进作用;白三叶与黑麦草及白三叶与弯叶画眉草种子混播实验,表明5∶1的比例为最佳混播比例.     

贵遵高等级公路边坡人工植被状况调查研究

1998－2000年对贵遵高等级公路边坡人工植被调查，从中选出3个最具有代表性的样地进行物种组成和种群数量的动态分析，结果表明：高羊茅20％＋草地早熟禾50％＋黑麦草20％＋南美雀稗10％混播的人工草地为人工草被植物建植失败的例子，主要原因是物种选择不当：高羊茅30％＋草地早熟禾40％＋白三叶20％＋黑麦草10％混播的人工草再配植苗木为林草结合的生物护坡模式，效果较好，但由于草种配比不当，也出现不同程度退化现象；白三叶80％＋狗牙根20％为人工植被建植成功的例子，草种选择和配比都较恰当。     

Kikuyu over-sown with ryegrass and clover: dry matter production,botanical composition and nutritional value

The seasonality of growth and low nutritional value of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pasture restrict milk production. The aim of the study was to determine the dry matter yield, botanical composition and nutritional value of irrigated kikuyu over-sown with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. westerwoldicum), white clover (Trifolium repens) and red clover (T. pratense) or a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with white and red clovers under intensive grazing conditions with dairy cows. The incorporation of annual ryegrass, perennial clover or perennial ryegrass–clover into kikuyu pasture changed the seasonal fodder flow and increased the spring dry matter (DM) production. The over-sowing of kikuyu with annual ryegrass had no effect on the DM production of kikuyu during the summer and autumn. Kikuyu and kikuyu–ryegrass, fertilised with nitrogen fertiliser, had a higher DM production rate than kikuyu–clover pastures. Kikuyu–ryegrass pasture transformed from ryegrass-dominant in spring to kikuyu-dominant in summer and only kikuyu in autumn. This led to a decrease in metabolisable energy (ME) and increase in neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of the pasture during spring, summer and autumn as kikuyu became more dominant. The clover content of kikuyu over-sown with clover decreased annually but was still higher than 30% at the end of two years after establishment. As the kikuyu content of the kikuyu–clover pastures increased, the seasonal growth rate changed from a low autumn growth (37.9 kg DM ha^?1 d^?1) in the first year to a higher autumn growth (48.5 kg DM ha^?1 d^?1) in the second year. The over-sowing of kikuyu with clover resulted in lower DM production and NDF values and higher crude protein (CP), ME and calcium (Ca) values. The lowest CP content in kikuyu–ryegrass pasture was during summer and autumn when kikuyu was dominant. The Ca content of the grass pastures (kikuyu and kikuyu–ryegrass) was low. The phosphorus (P) content of both the kikuyu–clover and grass pastures exceeded the requirement needed for dairy production (0.38%). The mean Ca:P ratio of the kikuyu–clover pasture meets the 1.6:1 ratio needed by dairy cows. The kikuyu and kikuyu–ryegrass pasture had a Ca:P ratio lower than 1:1 and Ca supplementation would be needed for dairy cows. The incorporation of annual ryegrass, perennial clover or perennial ryegrass–clover into kikuyu pasture improved the seasonal DM production and nutritional value of the pasture.     

5个草地型草地牧草的生长速率和养分动态研究

在牧草生长季节(5~9月)对小哨牧场放牧演替形成的5个草地型草地的牧草进行生长速率、牧草产量及养分的逐月观测,生长速率测定显示,白三叶+东非狼尾草和东非狼尾草+非洲狗尾草两个草地型草地均出现两个生长峰值,分别在6月和9月,其余3个草地型草地只有一个生长高峰。干物质产量和牧草养分测定结果表明,白三叶+东非狼尾草和白三叶+非洲狗尾草+画眉草两种草地型草地表现最好,可以在气候环境条件类似的地区推广种植利用;白三叶+画眉草和白三叶+非洲狗尾草两种草地型草地表现优良,可以在草地改良中,根据当地实际情况选择性地加以种植;东非狼尾草+非洲狗尾草型草地表现较差,不提倡种植。     

多年生黑麦草和白三叶人工草地生物量动态研究

本文研究了多年生黑麦草和白三叶人工草地地上生物量、地下生物量以及全植层生物量的形成规律。结果表明，地上生物量的形成曲线为双峰型，而地下生物量的曲线为三峰型，且后者峰值的出现时间较前者早近一个月；地上部和地下部生物量受两种牧草生长节律的制约。     

The effect of pasture species on parasitism and performance of lambs grazing one of three grass-white clover pasture swards

Lamb parasitism and performance were compared on three pasture treatments: browntop/white clover, Yorkshire fog/white clover, and ryegrass/white clover swards maintained at a sward height of 5cm in each of two years by using continuous variable stocking management. In year 1, lamb performance (both suppressively drenched (SD) and trigger drenched (TD)) was similar on ryegrass and browntop swards but was poorer (P<0.05) on Yorkshire fog swards. In year 2, lamb performance (both SD and TD) was markedly better on ryegrass than on Yorkshire fog or browntop swards. This coincided with an increase in white clover content in the ryegrass/white clover swards and a decrease in white clover content in the browntop/white clover swards. Lamb performance was related to the white clover content of the swards (R2=85.4, P<0.001 and R2=77.5, P<0.001 for SD lambs and TD lambs, respectively). Differences among pasture treatments in faecal egg count (FEC) of TD lambs were greater in year 2 than in year 1 when no significant pasture effects were observed. In year 2, FEC was lowest in lambs which grazed ryegrass/white clover, intermediate in those which grazed Yorkshire fog/white clover and highest in lambs which grazed browntop/white clover, despite herbage allowance (kg herbage mass/kg lamb mass) being greater on the browntop/white clover and Yorkshire fog/white clover swards than the ryegrass/white clover swards. Circulating antibodies to gastrointestinal parasites were measured at the end of year 2. Antibody titres were highest (P<0.05) in the plasma of lambs which grazed ryegrass/white clover swards, and lowest in lambs which grazed browntop/white clover swards due to differences in levels of antibody to (P<0.05) Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta larvae and adults, but not Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae or adults. These findings indicate that pasture composition, especially, the proportion of white clover, can help alleviate the production losses due to gastrointestinal parasitism. This information can provide a quick and readily adoptable practice for farmers who aim to reduce drench reliance and could become a key component of any integrated parasite control programme.     

Some effects of feeding pasture silage as a supplement to pasture on reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows

Supplementation of a ryegrass/white clover pasture diet with pasture silage is a common management practice in New Zealand dairy herds. The effect of this supplementation on reproductive performance has not been investigated. Five herds of 20 cows were formed before calving commenced on 1 June 1992. From 5 August to 4 September, two of these herds were fed 5 kg/cow/day of pasture silage in addition to the ryegrass/white clover pasture offered to all herds. Pasture silage supplementation did not alter the intervals from calving to first ovulation, first oestrus, or to conception. However, it reduced the first service conception rate (37.5% v. 53.3%; difference +/- sed = 15.8 +/- 10.0%, for pasture and silage and pasture only cows, respectively). A positive effect on reproductive performance of pasture silage supplementation was not demonstrated in this trial.     

高寒山区白三叶／多年生黑麦草放牧草地植物组分季节动态研究

将高寒山区白三叶／多年生黑麦草放牧草地植物组分分成白三叶、多年生黑麦草、单子叶杂草、阔叶杂草和死物质5种进行季节动态研究，进而对该草地牧草季节供给质量进行评价，找出生产管理上的不足并加以改进。该草地多年生黑麦草占据绝对优势，但豆科牧草含量不足；冬春季节死物质含量过高，夏秋季节利用强度不足。草地供给的牧草质量9月最高，播种牧草含量达79．90％，12月最差为44．68％；而可利用牧草含量最高为8月的97．04％，12月最低为45．55％。     

云南省冷凉山区退耕还草适宜牧草品种的筛选

在海拔2530 m的南方冷凉山区退耕地上对18个牧草品种进行了引种试验。通过对各牧草的物候期、绝对生长率、相对生长率、茎叶比、产草量、青干比、净同化率等生产性状和经济指标的分析表明:18个牧草品种中15个品种能在冷凉山区正常生长,其中多年生黑麦草(马达)、多花黑麦草(旺饲)、紫花苜蓿(WL-612)和紫花苜蓿(四季旺)、白三叶(海法)各性状表现优良,可作为冷凉山区退耕还草的推广草种(品种)。     

白三叶种间竞争与草地数量化管理指数的关系

采用封闭式环境因子梯度试验设计,运用相对竞争系数来评价白三叶与其它6种植物种之间的竞争能力,通过对白三叶人工草地各管理因子的数量化,分析了牧草种间竞争与管理指数的关系。研究表明,数量化管理指数是对草地管理因子标准化研究的有效方法;白三叶与其它种的竞争特征表现出白三叶的竞争能力明显弱于鸭茅,但强于黑麦草、绣线菊、芒、白茅和地榆;白三叶与其它种的竞争系数随管理指数的提高而减弱,其中白三叶与白茅的竞争指数随管理指数变化呈“凸型”减弱趋势,而白三叶与黑麦草、绣线菊、芒、白茅、地榆、鸭茅的种间竞争指数随管理指数变化呈“凹型”减弱趋势。