保雨灌溉技术的研究与推广

保雨灌溉技术的核心是向天空要水，与蒸发夺水，充分利用自然降水和土壤水分，满足作物需要。在作物需水不足时，提取地下水补充灌溉。三年试验结果表明，保雨灌溉比常规井灌年均节水２０８１ｍｍ／ｈｍ＾２，增产粮食２０２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，促进了优质高效农业的发展。     

基于ET灌溉对设施尖椒生长及水肥利用效率的影响

随着农作物精细化管理水平的不断提高,基于蒸散量和水量平衡的灌溉决策方法应用越来越多,对于设施作物基于ET灌溉的试验研究有待进一步深入。本试验设置两个灌水水平(W1:70%ET、W2:90%ET)和两个施氮水平(N1:120 kg/hm~2、N2:150 kg/hm~2),探讨基于ET灌溉和不同施氮量对设施尖椒生长及水肥利用效率的影响。试验结果表明:尖椒生育期内的耗水量随生育期推进而增强,高水高肥(W2N2)处理下作物耗水强度高于其他处理,高灌水量和高施氮量处理的株高、茎粗和叶面积也相对较大,而各处理之间的产量差异没有达到显著水平,但相同施氮量情况下,低灌水处理氨基酸、还原性Vc含量较大,说明高水高肥促进了作物生理生长,而低水低肥有利于尖椒品质的形成,并且显著提高了水分利用效率。因此建议北京地区设施温室尖椒的灌溉制度采用W1N1处理,即灌水量为作物需水量的70%(70%ET),施氮量为120 kg/hm~2,对设施作物基于ET决策灌溉的系统可以适当降低百分比,以达到更加节水、提质、保产的目的。     

宁夏扬黄灌区玉米滴灌水肥一体化灌溉施肥制度试验研究

为了促进宁夏扬黄灌区玉米滴灌技术的推广应用,针对宁夏扬黄灌区规模推广玉米大田滴灌缺乏相关水肥一体化灌溉、施肥制度的突出问题,采用大田小区对比试验方法,开展了玉米滴灌水肥一体化灌溉、施肥制度试验研究。在综合分析不同灌溉量、施肥量对玉米生育期土壤含水率变化、耗水量、作物产量、水分生产效率的影响,研究提出了玉米生育期滴灌灌水定额225~450 m~3/(hm~2·次)、灌水11次、灌溉定额3 600 m~3/hm~2、纯施肥量459 kg/hm~2(其中N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为255、123、81 kg/hm~2,分10次在每次灌水中部时段施肥)的水肥一体化灌溉、施肥制度。玉米大田滴灌产量达到17 250 kg/hm~2,水分生产效率达到2.80 kg/m~3以上。     

国内外微灌技术的发展

当今世界工农业生产迅速发展,人口不断膨胀,水资源危机波及全球,全世界有耕地14亿hm~2,灌溉面积仅占17%,节水灌溉,越来越受到世界各国的重视,我国人均水占有量仅为世界人均占有量的1/4,受旱面积达0.13亿hm~2～0.2亿hm~2,每年农业缺水高达300亿m~3,1996年,我国受旱减产粮食260亿kg,另外我国水分布极为不均,北方及西北地区水的形势更为严峻,为此,江泽民总书记在十五大报告中明确提出要大力发展节水农业的方针。我国现代微灌始于1974年引进墨西哥滴灌设备,80年代形成体系,近年来发展迅猛。微灌,是按照作物需水要求,通过低压管道系统与安装在末级管道上的特殊灌水器,将水和作物生长所需的养分以较小的流量,均匀、准确地直接输送到作物     

温室膜下滴灌条件下黄瓜经济灌溉制度及其下限值的研究

以温室黄瓜为试验材料,采用膜下滴灌,对最适宜作物生长的温度、水分胁迫指数和干物质转化因子3个作物生长模型参数进行了率定,并以此为依据分析确定了膜下滴灌黄瓜的经济灌溉制度。结果表明:采用经济灌溉制度比实际灌水有显著的增产增收效果,产量和效益分别增加2.54t/hm~2和2.36万元/hm~2,节约灌溉水量7.59%;在经济灌溉条件下灌水前土壤含水率(0~60cm)随时间的变化幅度较作物生长期土壤含水率的变化幅度小得多,取各次灌水前土壤含水率的平均值作为作物经济灌溉的灌水下限值,对于本研究中的黄瓜,其值为0.240。按照该灌水下限值灌水,可使温室膜下滴灌黄瓜单位面积的灌溉效益最大。     

施氮和加气灌溉对黄瓜根区土壤环境及产量的影响

为了揭示施氮和加气灌溉对根区土壤环境及黄瓜产量的影响,以期为加气灌溉条件下黄瓜合理施肥、土壤环境改善和作物增产提供一定的理论基础与科学依据。本试验以黄瓜为供试作物,设置0、240、360 kg/hm~2 3个施氮水平和加气、不加气两种灌水模式,共6个处理。结果表明,与不加气地下滴灌相比,加气灌溉下土壤O_2含量提高2.0%,土壤温度和充气孔隙度略有增大,土壤呼吸显著提高了25.2%(P0.05),黄瓜的水分利用效率也有所提高,改善了黄瓜根区土壤环境。此外,在施氮量为240 kg/hm~2时进行加气灌溉,为作物根区土壤提供了充足的氮肥供应和良好的水气配合,使土壤中水、肥、气、热达到相对最优平衡状态,对黄瓜土壤呼吸、土壤温度以及水分利用效率的促进作用更为明显,黄瓜产量达到72266 kg/hm~2,显著高于其他处理(P0.05)。     

不同灌溉水量下春小麦复种西兰花产量及水分利用效率研究

为降低河套灌区土壤盐渍化,充分利用光、热资源,提高闲置农田利用率,进行了不同灌溉量下春小麦-西兰花复种试验研究,通过对产量、水分利用效率及氮肥偏生产力影响的研究分析,以寻求春小麦-西兰花复种模式下的最佳灌溉量。结果表明:春小麦不同灌溉量(2 175、2 700、3 225 m~3/hm~2)与西兰花不同灌溉量(2 325、2 730、3 000 m~3/hm~2)均可提高相应产量及水分利用效率。其中,春小麦灌溉量为2 700 m~3/hm~2时,产量、水分利用效率及氮肥偏生产力分别提高28.72%、38.40%、94.81%,整体上增加效果较佳;西兰花灌溉量为2 730 m~3/hm~2时,产量、水分利用效率及氮肥偏生产力分别提高32.83%、42.56%、77.82%,增加效果较佳。通过对两种作物产量、水分利用效率及氮肥偏生产力增幅效果综合考虑,建议春小麦-西兰花复种模式下各自最佳灌灌量为2 700～2 730 m~3/hm~2。     

引黄灌溉对黄河下游盐碱地土壤水盐含量的影响研究

为探究引黄灌溉对黄河下游盐碱地土壤水盐运移的影响,选择4种典型的灌水定额(570、780、990、1 200 m~3/hm~2),通过田间试验与室内试验,从土壤含水率与全盐量综合调控的角度,对比分析灌溉前后0～100 cm土层土壤的水盐变化。结果表明:灌溉前土壤含水率较低不适宜作物生长,灌溉后较灌溉前土壤含水率增加7%～12.07%,达到作物生长需求;灌溉前,1 m内土壤盐渍化等级为中度盐渍化,灌溉后土壤盐渍化等级由中度盐渍化降为轻度盐渍化。综合考虑灌溉对土壤水盐含量的影响,确定780～990 m~3/hm~2的灌水定额既能有效地增加土壤含水率,又能减少土壤含盐量,为灌区理想的水盐调控灌水定额。     

水分调控对宁夏枸杞光合特性及产量的影响

为了探索适宜宁夏中部干旱带滴灌枸杞的灌溉定额,在同心县下马关镇示范基地进行了大田试验,研究了不同灌溉定额对滴灌枸杞光合特性、水分利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明:灌溉定额2 160 m3/hm~2时,滴灌枸杞净光合速率、蒸腾速率最高,灌溉定额1 890 m3/hm~2时次之而叶片胞间CO2浓度以灌溉定额2 160 m3/hm~2最低,为230.55μmol/mol,表明随着灌水量的增加,枸杞净光合速率与蒸腾速率增加,而胞间CO2浓度随之减少;各处理的叶片水分利用效率LWUE峰值在12∶00左右出现,W4处理的LWUE最高,W2处理的最低;灌溉定额1 620 m3/hm~2时产量最高,为9 923.4 kg/hm~2,灌溉定额1 350 m3/hm~2时产量最低,为7 792.2 kg/hm~2,灌水量在一定范围内可增产,但超出1 620 m3/hm~2,产量与灌溉定额不呈正相关关系。     

不同灌溉定额对枸杞光合特性及产量的影响

针对宁夏灌溉水资源紧缺的生产实际,以覆膜滴灌枸杞为研究对象,设置不同灌溉定额进行田间试验,研究了不同灌溉定额对枸杞光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:1净光合速率日变化,低水分呈双峰型,高水分呈抛物线型;蒸腾速率日变化呈单峰型,不同水分处理的蒸腾速率峰值出现时间点不同;胞间CO_2浓度随着灌水量的增加而降低;2灌溉定额2 700m~3/hm~2时叶绿素相对含量最大,为67.2,灌溉定额3 600m~3/hm~2时最小,为64;3灌溉定额2 700m~3/hm~2时产量最高,为10 440kg/hm~2,灌溉定额3 600m~3/hm~2时产量最低,为7 126.2kg/hm~2,灌水量在一定范围内可增产,但超出2 700m~3/hm~2,产量与灌溉定额不呈正相关关系。     

Landscape irrigation by evapotranspiration-based irrigation controllers under dry conditions in Southwest Florida

Due to high demand for aesthetically pleasing urban landscapes from continually increasing population in Florida, new methods must be explored for outdoor water conservation. Three brands of evapotranspiration (ET) controllers were selected based on positive water savings results in arid climates. ET controllers were evaluated on irrigation application compared to a time clock schedule intended to mimic homeowner irrigation schedules. Three ET controllers were tested: Toro Intelli-sense; ETwater Smart Controller 100; Weathermatic SL1600. Other time-based treatments were TIME, based on the historical net irrigation requirement and RTIME that was 60% of TIME. Each treatment was replicated four times for a total of twenty St. Augustinegrass plots which were irrigated through individual irrigation systems. Treatments were compared to each other and to a time-based schedule without rain sensor (TIME WORS) derived from TIME. The study period, August 2006 through November 2007, was dry compared to 30-year historical average rainfall. The ET controllers averaged 43% water savings compared to a time-based treatment without a rain sensor and were about twice as effective and reducing irrigation compared to a rain sensor alone. There were no differences in turfgrass quality across all treatments over the 15-month study. The controllers adjusted their irrigation schedules to the climatic demand effectively, with maximum savings of 60% during the winter 2006-2007 period and minimum savings of 9% during spring 2007 due to persistent dry conditions. RTIME had similar savings to the ET controllers compared to TIME WORS indicating that proper adjustment of time clocks could result in substantial irrigation savings. However, the ET controllers would offer consistent savings once programmed properly.     

Can we maintain turf to customers’ satisfaction with less water?

Science-based, holistic, site-specific water conservation practices can reduce water use on turfgrass sites without adversely affecting turfgrass performance. However, when water use is decreased below a certain threshold, performance declines. Water conservation measures that reduce turfgrass performance essentially decrease its economic, environmental, recreational, and aesthetic values, which can in turn adversely impact many ‘stakeholders’, including the local economy and those affected by increased wind erosion, water erosion, or fire hazard. On larger turfgrass sites, considerable costs are associated with some water conservation strategies, especially when the quality of an alternative irrigation water source is poor or redesign of the landscape and/or irrigation system is involved.     

广泛实施集流节灌挖掘农业发展潜力

系统阐述了集流节灌对抑制水害（利于山区的水土保持和平原的雨季排水）、缓解水资源矛盾（水电的时空调节）、提高农作物品质方面的意义。进而提出大力推广集流节灌技术,开发利用农业用水资源,挖掘发展潜力,保证农业可持续发展     

农田灌溉中节水与养水的哲理思考

本文阐述了节水灌溉的内涵,辨证地分析了节水灌溉对地下水一的影响,提出了不同水源条件下节水与养水所采以的相应措施。认为我国目前推广节水灌溉工作中,应把涵养水源和水结合真情为,以确保农业持续发展中维持水资源的良性循环。     

国内外灌溉水利用系数研究进展

灌溉水利用系数是定量评价灌溉水利用程度的一项指标。正确确定灌溉水利用系数,并利用灌溉水利用系数对灌区用水进行管理,对于农业节水及水资源的可持续利用都至关重要。对国内外灌溉水利用系数方面的研究进行了综述和评价,对本领域的研究前沿进行了展望。     

微纳米气泡增氧灌溉技术在水稻灌区节水减排中的应用研究

以离式螺旋微气泡泵为微纳米气泡发生装置,对比研究了微纳米气泡增氧灌溉技术在双季稻灌区节水减排中的应用效果。结果表明,微纳米气泡增氧灌溉技术可以减少灌水量、排水量和耗水量,提高降雨利用率和灌溉水利用率,从而有效减少氮磷地表径流排放量。与常规水灌溉处理相比,早、晚稻采用微纳米气泡增氧灌溉技术分别节水(灌水量)7.44%和4.46%,降雨利用率分别提高5.92%和4.28%,灌溉水利用效率分别提高13.36%和10.54%,总氮排放量分别减少8.36%和8.12%,总磷减少27.5%和27.27%。     

Irrigation water conservation by using wide-spaced furrows

Studies of wide-spaced furrow irrigation were conducted at Goodwell, OK. Wide-spaced furrow irrigation applies water to the root zone while maintaining a relatively dry soil surface. This condition reduced evapotranspiration losses and can reduce water requirements by 20 to 50%. Probability of a yield reduction with this water conservation method is lessened by either: (a) abandoning the wide-spaced furrow irrigation method on 1 August of a high water-stress season; or (b) alternating the dry furrows in an alternate-furrow scheme. A high stress season is defined as one in which the August wind velocity averages greater than 1.8 m/s and less than 7.5 cm of rain falls between 15 July and 1 September (in the temperate northern hemisphere). The test for high stress conditions consists of measuring rain and wind velocity beginning on 15 July. The averages are examined on 1 August. If rainfall average is less than 1.6 mm/day and wind average is more than 1.8 m/s then normal irrigation is practiced on subsequent irrigations. Studies were conducted in 60 m plots and in field scale research with 0.8 km rows.     

地下滴灌条件下土壤处理剂对土壤水分以及大豆产量的影响

对土壤处理荆Guilspare进行室外大豆地下滴灌试验,得到以下结论:土壤处理荆喷施浓度2%的处理在50%,75%,100%灌水量下,平均土壤含水率分别较对照组高22.24%,36.58%,12.80%,体现了较好的保水性能;该土壤处理剂在一定灌水量下对大豆生长有明显的促进作用;同时该土壤处理剂具有一定的增产功效,在50%,75%,100%灌水量下,其产量分别较对照组增产11.49%,7.83%,16.02%.最终分析比较得出土壤处理剂喷施浓度2%的处理在50%灌水量下单方产量最高为1.06 kg/m3,其节水增产综合方面效果最为显著.     

亭子口库区农田防护工程保水保土性能试验研究

为探讨亭子口库区农田防护工程低地垫高方案的可行性,利用室内大型土柱,对该方案的保水保土问题进行了试验研究。试验采用了不同土壤质地、不同土壤厚度、不同压实度、不同垫层、不同灌水量等共计24组方案,结果表明,经过一定的压实,低地垫高方案土壤保水性能能够达到或好于天然状态;不会出现细颗粒流失问题,耕作层厚度0.7 m能够满足保水保土要求。     

Investigating water availability for introducing an additional crop yield in dry season on hill land at Rubirizi, Rwanda

The study explores the potential of introducing an additional crop during dry season in Rwanda, comparing the efficiency of in situ soil moisture conservation techniques to sustain rain-fed agriculture. Comparative study of in situ soil moisture conservation techniques in bench terraces and unterraced field with maize crop had been conducted from June 2007 to October 2007. Bench terrace increased the average soil moisture content in 90 cm soil depth by more than 50% than that of unterraced land. Within the bench terraced field compartment bund and ridges and furrows increased soil moisture by 19.5% and 27.9% higher than plain bed. In terms of efficiency of moisture conservation, ridges and furrows performed well with 85.8% followed by compartment bund with 75.9% in terraced field. Unterraced field conserved moisture very poorly with 13.9% efficiency inferring importance of bench terraces for soil moisture conservation. No maize grain yield was recorded in all the techniques because soil water depleted to 60% and above from the beginning of the cropping period inferring the need of supplementary irrigation. Analysis of rainfall, crop water demand and in situ moisture conservation reveals exciting opportunities for water productivity enhancements by integrating components of water management within the context of rain-fed farming through water harvesting and supplemental or microirrigation for dry spell mitigation. Detailed analysis is needed for feasibility of lift irrigation with different crops under different altitudes to derive suitable policy for hill land irrigation.