矮化密植苹果园土壤养分对果实品质的影响

以"金世纪"苹果为试材,对昆明市西山区团结街道办事处4个矮化密植苹果园的土壤养分状况、果实品质进行了调查、测定和分析。结果表明:4个矮化密植苹果园的土壤pH值平均为5.99;土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量偏低,且果园之间各肥料的施用水平存在较大差异。土壤有机质与土壤各养分间均呈正相关,pH值与土壤各养分间呈负相关;不同土壤养分与果实品质也存在着相关性,其中单果质量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全硼、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾均呈正相关,与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关,可溶性固形物与pH值、有机质、全氮、速效钾呈正相关。     

湖南省不同纬度温州蜜柑园土壤和叶片营养及果实品质分析

【目的】探究湖南省不同纬度的温州蜜柑园土壤养分含量、叶片营养及果实营养与品质状况,为果园土壤科学管理提供理论依据。【方法】2011—2016年,连续6 a(年)对湖南省3个地区147个温州蜜柑园的土壤养分含量、叶片营养和果实营养与品质进行测定,运用相关性分析的方法,探索土壤养分、叶片养分与果实品质3者之间的关系,指出不同纬度的温州蜜柑园土壤养分存在的问题。【结果】湘北、湘中、湘南3个地区的供试果园土壤p H适宜比例仅为8.3%~19.0%;3个地区有机质含量总体适宜,多数果园土壤有效铁、锰、铜、锌、钙、钼、镁含量适宜或过量,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量偏低,土壤有效硼含量严重缺乏。湖南省不同纬度温州蜜柑园叶片磷、硼略微缺乏,氮、钾、锌不足,钙、镁、钼严重缺乏,铁、锰过量。3个地区的温州蜜柑果实钾含量与纬度的回归方程为y=-0.024x+1.231,纬度与其他果实品质则无明显差异。纬度对土壤、叶片营养和果实品质有一定的影响,其中土壤速效钾、速效锰含量从北到南依次递减;叶片铁、镁含量从北向南逐渐降低,而钾、锰、硼、钼含量由北向南逐渐升高;果实中钾含量与可溶性固形物含量由北往南依次增加。运用相关分析发现,影响果实品质的主要土壤因素为有机质、速效锌、有效钙、有效镁、有效硼。【结论】改善各地区土壤p H,增加土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效硼含量是湖南温州蜜柑果园今后土壤管理的重点。     

沙田柚果园土壤酶活性与土壤肥力的相关性研究

沙田柚果园土壤酶的活性与上还养分含量均随土壤肥力水平的提高而提高，随土层的加深而递减。根据相关分析，该土壤的脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶活性均与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾呈极显著相关，说明沙田柚果园土壤这三种酶的活性均能专性或综合地表征土壤的有机质、氮、磷、钾状况。不同土壤酶活性之间存在着极显著的相关性。用酶活性作为评价土壤肥力水平的指标是可行的。     

生草对果园土壤速效养分含量及树体发育的影响

该文探究了苹果园生草后土壤速效养分变化规律及对树体生长发育状况的影响。以7年生‘寒富’/GM256/山定子为试材,设置红三叶、黑麦草2个行间生草处理,以清耕为对照(CK),测定果园行间土壤养分含量、土壤呼吸速率及树体生长发育等指标。结果表明,生草使果园土壤有机质与碱解氮含量变化波动减小,种植黑麦草使果园土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别较对照增加82.1%和20.4%,生草果园的土壤微生物碳、微生物氮几乎都高于对照,果园土壤呼吸水平从高到低为红三叶、黑麦草、对照;红三叶与黑麦草处理的树体主枝数量较对照提高22.1%和23.2%,产量分别提高8.5%和12.5%。总之,果园生草能改善土壤环境条件,不同程度地提升果园土壤肥力,增加土壤微生物活性,加大土壤速效养分的周转速率,为树体发育提供所需养分,有效促进苹果树生长发育。     

VA菌根真菌对马铃薯养分吸收的影响

在不灭菌的土壤中,研究了不同马铃薯接种不同菌根对马铃薯养分吸收以及土壤中速效氮、磷、钾的影响,接种菌根,几乎所有处理花期植株氮磷钾含量都高于对照,马铃薯成熟期土壤中速效氮、速效磷总的趋势增加,速效钾全部增加,但不同组合之间存在差异.     

伊犁地区苹果园主产区土壤有机质氮磷钾养分含量与分布特征

以伊犁地区7个主要产区苹果园的土壤为试材,采用土壤分析法测定了有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH等指标,研究伊犁苹果园土壤有机质氮、磷、钾养分含量与分布特征,以期为果农提供更好的施肥建议。结果表明:与全国第2次土壤养分分级标准相比,霍城县、伊宁县苹果园有机质含量分别为17.80、17.40 g·kg~(-1),处于适宜状态;察布查尔县、伊宁县苹果园土壤的碱解氮含量分别为54.40、46.41 mg·kg~(-1),处于缺乏状态;伊宁县苹果园土壤速效磷含量为7.90 mg·kg~(-1),处于适宜状态,巩留县、新源县、伊宁市地区果园土壤养分处于适宜且丰富的状态。从土壤养分分布状况来看,伊犁地区16.6%的果园土壤处于有机质含量缺乏状态,其中巩留县地区和察县地区分别占所调查伊犁地区的5.6%和2.8%,有机质含量较缺乏;碱解氮含量缺乏的地区占2.8%,主要分布在新源县;速效磷在各果园中含量较丰富,未出现缺乏状况;速效钾缺乏区域占伊犁地区的33.3%,主要分布在伊宁县和察布查尔县。     

辽宁绥中苹果园土壤肥力现状调查研究

监测了辽宁省绥中县苹果园土壤养分含量,分析了苹果园土壤肥力状况,为当地苹果的科学施肥提供参考。2018年9月下旬至10月上旬,选取代表性强的苹果园,0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层取样,测定p H值和有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、速效钙、速效镁含量,分析土壤肥力状况。绥中县苹果园表层0～20 cm土壤有机质含量为13.01 g/kg,达到丰富水平的占7.84%;全氮含量为1.67 g/kg,达到丰富水平的占52.94%;速效磷含量为112.30 mg/kg,达到丰富水平的占86.27%;速效钾含量为174.2 mg/kg,达到丰富水平的占50.98%;速效钙含量为645.7 mg/kg,达到丰富水平的占50.98%;速效镁含量为436.1 mg/kg,达到丰富水平的占92.16%。土壤有机质处于中等偏低水平,全氮、速效磷、速效钾、速效钙、速效镁含量高,特别是速效磷和速效镁含量较为丰富。绥中县区域间养分存在明显差异,前所镇果园0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土壤有机质含量分别较沙河镇高72.84%、49.42%和48.44%,全氮含量分别较沙河镇高69.37%、26.81...     

沈阳近郊耕地土壤养分状况分析

以沈阳近郊耕地土壤为研究对象,对土壤养分状况(主要是土壤有机质和速效氮、磷、钾养分)进行了分析和研究,摸清了沈阳近郊耕地土壤养分的变化与丰缺状况.总的趋势是:土壤有机质稍有提高,碱解氮略有下降,而有效磷大幅增加,速效钾却显著降低.从丰缺指标上看,有机质和碱解氮含量大部分处于中等水平,绝大多数土壤速效磷含量丰富,但速效钾含量缺乏.     

凌源市耕地、果园土壤肥力状况

凌源市采集土壤样品238个,对有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效镁、有效硅、有效钙、有效硼、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌等12项土壤养分指标进行了测试分析。结果表明,凌源市土壤有机质含量稍缺,碱解氮和有效磷含量中等,速效钾含量很丰富,中微量元素含量都不缺。旱田土壤的速效钾含量最低,菜田土壤的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量都是最高的,果园土壤的碱解氮和有效磷含量最低。     

不同树龄‘库尔勒香梨’园土壤养分的特征

【目的】掌握土壤养分在不同树龄‘库尔勒香梨’园中的分布特征,明确土壤养分丰缺状况和果园土壤肥力障碍因素。【方法】选取不同树龄(8~25 a)‘库尔勒香梨’园,采集0~30 cm土样,测定土壤中有机质、速效养分和微量养分含量。【结果】土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效铁和有效锰含量随着‘库尔勒香梨’树体种植年限的增加而增加,但随着树龄的增加不同树龄段间土壤有机质、碱解氮含量差异性逐渐减小,有效铁、有效锰含量差异不显著;有效磷、有效锌含量随着‘库尔勒香梨’树体种植年限的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,但随着树龄的增加不同树龄段间土壤有效磷、有效锌含量差异不显著;速效钾、有效铜含量随着‘库尔勒香梨’树体种植年限的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,但随着树龄的增加不同树龄段间土壤速效钾含量差异显著,有效铜含量差异不显著;【结论】不同树龄段‘库尔勒香梨’园土壤肥力总体水平都较低,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和有效铜含量属于平的水平,速效钾、有效锌含量属于丰的水平,有效铁、有效锰的含量属于缺的水平。     

Growth response of Ficus benjamina to limited soil volume and soil dilution in a skeletal soil container study

The interactive effects of rooting volume and nutrient availability in a skeletal soil medium designed to meet street tree and pavement needs were observed in a containerized experiment. Benjamin fig (Ficus benjamina L.) was grown in a stone-soil blended skeletal soil material (CU-Soil™) and compared to a loam soil. The same topsoil used as the soil component in the skeletal soil material was used as the sole component in the comparison soil-only treatment.Plants grown in the skeletal soil material had reduced leaf tissue N content and depressed growth compared with plants grown in non-diluted soil. No other mineral deficiencies were found. Leaf number, chlorophyll concentration, shoot weight, and root characteristics were all affected.Reduced growth from soil dilution could be offset by the provision of an enlarged rooting volume for root development. Large containers of skeletal soil were observed to have smaller root systems compared to equivalent net volumes of loam soil at the first two harvest dates of the study. By the end of the study, the large containers of skeletal soil were observed to have developed larger root systems compared to equivalent net volumes of loam soil; resulting in comparable leaf N levels and total plant dry matter. Plants in skeletal soil had lower shoot: root ratios at the end of the study. Investing resources to further root growth in times of nutrient shortages is a probable plant reaction as evidenced by differences in specific root length between treatments. The study allowed a method for directly partitioning the containerization effect by having equivalent amounts of soil over two volumes.     

Comparison of available soil water capacity estimated from topography and soil series information

We present a simple and generalized method to predict Available Soil Water Capacity (ASWC-TOP) for a given area using a topographic index, defined as ln(/tan), where is the upslope area draining past a certain point per unit width of slope, and is the local surface slope angle. The estimated results (ASWC-TOP) were then compared with the available soil water capacity calculated from soil series information provided by Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (ASWC-SCS). The model implementation was tested with three study cases: the Seeley-Swan valley, Montana, with pixel resolutions of 100 m and 1 km, respectively; and the state of Montana, U.S.A., with a pixel resolution of 1 km. A linear relationship exists between ASWC-SCS and ln(/tan). Standard errors between ASWC-TOP and ASWC-SCS were about 4.4 cm in the Seeley-Swan valley and 5.5 cm in the state. The number of pixels with absolute residuals 4 cm between ASWC-TOP and ASWC-SCS accounted for 68.2, 64.4, and 51.9% for the valley 100 m, valley 1 km, and the state respectively. Some of the mismatches between ASWC-TOP and ASWC-SCS may indicate an improvement using this method compared to existing data because the topographic method reflects the higher spatial variation of the inputs. The increasing availability of digital elevation data, at various resolutions, may provide an alternative to soil series for estimating ASWC. The accuracy of ASWC-TOP depends on estimation of mean and maximum ASWC for a study area.     

土壤调理剂对杏园土壤性状及根系分布的影响

对10a生龙王帽杏园地表喷施300倍液Agri-SC土壤调理剂,研究了土壤调理剂对杏园土壤主要理化性质、微生物数量及树体根系分布的影响。结果表明,土壤调理剂不同程度降低了各土层土壤容重,增加了各土层总空隙度、田间持水量,提高了各土层碱解氮、速效磷、有机质含量,改善了土壤理化性质。土壤调理剂显著增加了细菌、固氮菌等微生物数量,增强了过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶活性,抑制了脲酶活性。促进各土层细根生长,须根数量在0～30、30～60、60～90cm土层分别是对照的2.10、1.85、1.56倍。研究结果还表明,土壤调理剂在0～60cm土层作用效果显著。     

Productivity of greenhouse roses following changes in soil moisture and soil air regimes

Following 2 years of different soil moisture and air regimes for ‘Baccara’ roses, the optimal regimes were chosen and kept uniform for each growth medium. These regimes were implemented for an additional year (1971–1972).Soil moisture and soil air regimes employed in previous years (1969–1971) had significant after-effects on flower yields in 1971–1972, but no effect on flower quality or weight. The effect of previous suboptimal moisture and air regimes was apparently due to the number of main branches formed per plant in the initial two years, which was unaffected after implementation of optimal regimes.Approximately 4 weeks after cessation of cutting, the root system consituted 11–15% of the total weight of the plant. While 65% of the root system in non-separated beds was located in a soil layer between 30 and 60 cm, only 27% were located above this layer.     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯市公园绿地土壤肥力调查与评价

通过土壤样品采集和实验室分析,系统研究鄂尔多斯市公园绿地土壤的化学特性及养分丰缺状况,包括pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷以及有效氮、磷、钾,分析养分因子之间的相关性,评价公园绿地土壤的肥力状况,揭示出鄂尔多斯市公园绿地土壤存在的问题：土壤pH值偏高,其中85.7%的土壤呈强碱性,其余呈碱性;多数土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量处于缺乏及以下水平;土壤pH值与有机质、速效钾分别显著和极显著负相关;有机质与其他养分因子之间均极显著相关。     

砂、黏土对苹果幼树生长发育的影响

砂土、黏土两种土南对新红星苹果幼树生长发育情况影响的研究表明，砂土中新红星苹果幼树较黏土中的当年生根春季生长量显著大，根活力强，封顶枝所占比例高、叶面积大、干物质积累多、矿质营养（N、P、K）含量高，有利于花芽分化和提早结果。     

葡萄园不同土壤管理模式对土壤理化性状及细菌群落的影响

在山东省蓬莱市瑞枫·奥塞斯葡萄基地检测了连续7年清耕、使用除草剂、自然生草、种植狗牙草和种植高羊茅对土壤理化性状和细菌群落的影响。结果表明:相比于清耕,其他4种土壤管理模式均降低了土壤容重,以种植高羊茅最为明显;除种植狗牙草显著提高土壤p H值外,其他3种土壤管理模式对土壤p H值无显著性影响;其他4种土壤管理模式均降低了土壤电导率,以自然生草最明显,降幅达48.1%;生草不同程度地提高了土壤氮磷钾和有机质含量,使用除草剂对氮磷钾含量无显著影响,而使有机质含量降低了39.6%。与清耕相比,生草和使用除草剂均增加了土壤微生物数量和群落多样性,以种植狗牙草的土壤细菌OTU数量和多样性最高;生草提高了土壤有益菌丰度,降低了有害菌丰度,总体上看以种植狗牙草效果最为突出;使用除草剂显著降低了大多数有益菌丰度。对土壤最主要的30个细菌菌落而言,不同土壤管理模式对其产生了不同影响,高羊茅和除草剂对微生物菌属的影响最接近,狗牙草对微生物菌属的影响与其他2种草差异较大。总之,生草模式优于清耕和使用除草剂,不同草种各具优势。     

Agricultural soil redistribution and landscape complexity

A number of hypotheses and conceptual models, particularly those emphasizing nonlinear dynamics and self-organization, postulate increases or decreases in complexity in the evolution of drainage basins, topography, soils, ecosystems, and other earth surface systems. Accordingly, it is important to determine under what circumstances and at what scales either trend might occur. This paper is concerned with changes in soil landscape complexity due to redistribution of sediment by fluvial, aeolian, and tillage processes at historical time scales in an agricultural field system near Grifton, North Carolina. Soil mapping and soil stratigraphic investigations were used to identify and map soil changes associated with erosion and deposition by water, wind, and tillage; reconstruct the pre-agricultural soil pattern; and identify transformations between soil types. The Kolmogorov entropy of the pre- and post- agricultural landscapes was then compared. The soil transformations associated with erosion and deposition created four distinct new soils and made possible new transformations among soil series, increasing the number of soil types from seven to 11 and the number of possible transformations from 14 to 22. However, the entropy and complexity of the soil landscape decreased, with associated increases in information and redundancy. The mass redistributions created a lower-entropy landscape by concentrating particular soils and soil transformations in specific landscape settings. This result is contrary to studies showing a trend toward increasing pedological complexity at comparable spatial scales, but over much longer time scales. These results point to the importance of temporal scale, and to the fact that environmental complexity is influenced by factors other than the number of different landscape units present.     

The impact of soil compaction on soil aeration and fine root density of Quercus palustris

The soil around Quercus palustris trees, 30 cm (11.8 in) average diameter breast height (DBH) were treated by compaction (C) or C plus clay slurry (CS) treatments in November 1994 and repeated in May 1996. Soil oxygen diffusion rate (ODR), fine root density (FRD), DBH, twig growth, leaf area and dieback were monitored for 4 years beginning in 1996. Both compaction treatments significantly reduced ODR at 15 cm. Early each season, ODR was below the 0.20 g/cm²/min threshold level reported to inhibit root growth in several species [Stolzy, L.H., Letey, J., 1964. Correlation of plant response to soil oxygen diffusion rates. Hilgardia 35, 567–576] for all treatments and depths. In summer each year, ODR was adequate in the shallow soils of all treatments, though often still significantly lower in compacted soils. At 30 cm, there were no consistent differences in ODR between compacted and uncompacted soil. Significant differences in FRD due to compaction treatments were inconsistent and limited to the upper 9 cm of soil in years 2 and 3. Reduced FRD in compacted soils may be a response to the reduced ODR in spring. There were no differences in DBH, twig growth, leaf area or dieback rating. Given the minimal difference in root growth, the lack of differences in top growth are understandable. This controlled study, and others preceding it, have failed to clearly show the underlying causes of tree decline and death commonly associated with soil compaction and addition of fill soil in real landscapes.