贵州辣椒光合生理特性对干旱胁迫的响应

辣椒是贵州省特色经济作物之一,是农业产业结构调整的主导和优势产业,但贵州省大部分地区属喀斯特地貌,土壤保水性差,极易发生干旱,探明辣椒在干旱胁迫处理后的调节机制和变化规律,对实现贵州地区辣椒优质高产有重要的理论价值和实际生产意义。选取贵州省辣椒主栽品种辣丰三号,研究以土壤田间持水量80%为对照组（CK）,在轻度（土壤田间持水量为70%,LD）、中度（60%,MD）、重度（40%,SD）和特重（20%,TD）胁迫下,辣椒的产量、生长量、光合特性和果实生理特性的调节机制和变化规律。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,辣椒的果长、果粗、茎粗、株高、单果重以及干物质含量显著下降,且下降趋势随着干旱胁迫程度的增加越加明显。同一处理辣椒的净光合速率（P_n）表现出先上升后逐渐平稳的趋势,随着干旱程度的增加而逐渐降低,最大净光合速率（A_max）、表观量子效率（Q）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）和蒸腾速率（T_r）都显著下降,水分利用效率明显上升。干旱胁迫抑制了辣椒植株的生长,辣椒的粗脂肪和粗纤维含量较CK处理显著下降,LD处理二氢辣椒素含量显著低于CK处理,但是随着干旱程度的增加,辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量逐渐增大（除LD和TD处理外）。综上可知,在贵州喀斯特干旱地区,轻度至中度干旱胁迫（田间持水量60%~     

长柄扁桃对土壤干旱的生理响应

通过盆栽试验研究不同程度的干旱胁迫下长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pcdunculata Pall)的生理生化指标的变化。结果表明,丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素对土壤水分变化较敏感。随着土壤干旱胁迫程度的增加,过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)与超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性在干旱胁迫下的变化趋势大致相同,总体呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,但二者高峰期不同。叶绿素的含量表现出先升后降的趋势,在胁迫初期,迅速升高而后又开始下降。这表明,在干旱条件下长柄扁桃会通过提高MDA、叶绿素的含量以及提高保护酶POD、SOD的活性来忍耐土壤干旱胁迫的伤害。     

13种优良绿化攀缘植物对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为弥补国内在园林绿化攀援植物抗旱能力方面的研究空白,为园林绿化实践提供优良抗旱攀援植物品种,试验以叶片保水力、可溶性糖含量和游离脯氨酸含量等生理生态学指标,对项目组从资源圃中27科共54种攀援植物中筛选出的13种综合性状优良的攀援植物品种,在干旱胁迫下的生理响应进行了研究。研究结果表明,不同供试攀援植物品种在干旱胁迫下表现出来的反应差异比较明显,其中耐旱性最强和耐旱性最弱的材料在许多指标上的差异达到了1倍左右甚至更大,而且具有一定的规律。对13个供试攀援植物品种在抗旱性方面的综合表现进行了模糊评价,初步确定鸡蛋果、红萼龙吐珠、美丽赪桐、金银花、麻雀花、星果藤和清明花等7个品种为比较抗旱的品种,同时也具有较为优良的景观性状,可供将来生产实践中推广应用。     

消落带植物南川柳对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为了探明消落带植物南川柳(Salix rosthornii Seemen)的耐旱特性,为消落带种群构建和植物选择提供理论依据,在盆栽条件下,对南川柳1年生幼苗采用控水方式进行干旱胁迫处理,同时设置对照组进行正常灌溉,并测定叶片相对含水量(RWC)、电解质渗漏(EL)、丙二醛(MDA)等一系列与植物耐旱能力相关的生理指标以及抗氧化性酶活性的变化,系统讨论了南川柳对干旱的生理响应。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下南川柳幼苗叶片具有较强的水分保持能力,并且在复水后有相对较快的恢复能力;10天和20天的干旱胁迫对南川柳叶片电解质渗漏的影响与对照相比差异不显著,随胁迫时间的持续,EL和MDA都显著升高。在干旱胁迫下,南川柳幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性整体呈先升高后降低的趋势,其中CAT对胁迫最为敏感,而POD响应相对较为缓慢;在复水20天后3种酶活性有所恢复,但均未恢复到对照的水平。     

植物响应干旱的转录组学研究进展

转录组测序技术,能从mRNA水平全面地研究物种基因功能及特定的生物学过程,利用该技术能研究植物在干旱逆境下所有基因的表达水平情况,有助于揭示植物对干旱的应答机理。本研究综述了利用转录组技术揭示的干旱胁迫下植物信号转导、内源激素、光合作用、活性氧清除、渗透调节、次级代谢、细胞壁构建等途径中的差异基因表达情况,并展望了今后的研究趋势,以期为植物干旱研究提供参考。     

植物蔗糖合酶生理生化功能研究进展

蔗糖作为光合作用的主要产物之一,在植物体内有着多种多样的生理功能。而蔗糖合酶作为糖基转移酶家族的一类,在蔗糖代谢过程中起着重要的作用。在植物体内,蔗糖合酶可逆的催化蔗糖与二磷酸核苷(NDP)分解生成二磷酸核苷葡萄糖(NDPG)和果糖,该反应是糖代谢过程中最重要的限速步骤。蔗糖合酶在植物体内以基因家族的形式存在,系统发育显示,蔗糖合酶存在3个亚族,且不同亚族存在不同的表达模式。近些年来的研究表明,蔗糖合酶在植物体内主要有几大生理功能,如参与大分子糖类的合成、逆境响应、参与生殖生长、调控果实品质等。综述了蔗糖合酶近些年来的研究进展,并对未来研究方向进行展望以期为后面的研究做出参考。     

甘蔗响应干旱胁迫研究进展

甘蔗是重要的糖料作物和能源作物之一。干旱是限制甘蔗生长和产量的主要环境因素。了解干旱胁迫对甘蔗生长的影响及响应机制对改良甘蔗栽培技术、促进甘蔗育种有重要意义。本研究分析干旱胁迫对甘蔗生长的影响及抗旱响应机制,讨论了干旱胁迫下的根际微生物对甘蔗生长的影响,并展望了改善甘蔗抗旱性的潜在途径和方法。     

4种干旱指标在河西走廊地区的适用性评估

为了对比4种干旱指标在河西走廊地区的适用性,利用中国气象局提供的河西地区12个气象站点1960—2013年地面观测数据,计算出该区4种干旱指标,并对照《中国气象灾害大典》的实况干旱记录资料,评估这4种干旱指标在河西走廊地区的适用性。结果显示：（1）在年际尺度上,Pa和MI所判定的干旱等级高于实测干旱等级,SPI和SPEI的模拟能力相对较好;在季节尺度上,SPEI的判断结果与实际情况更为接近;（2）Pa、SPI和MI在整个河西走廊的部分区域均呈现不同程度的变湿趋势,而SPEI的倾向率空间分布特征表明河西走廊地区以不同的速率变干;（3）Pa、SPI和SPEI的干旱频率一致;MI在降水更加稀少的干旱区域适应性和可靠性相对较差;（4）SPEI与MI的相关性在干旱的疏勒河流域较差;（5）通过与实际干旱记录的对比,发现4种指标的出现错误的频率为MI＞SPI和Pa＞SPEI。     

植物铜胁迫响应的生理与分子机制研究进展

铜(Cu)是人体和动植物必需的金属,参与多种形态、生理和生化过程;铜是多种酶的辅因子,在光合、呼吸作用和电子传递链中起重要作用,也是防御基因的结构组成部分。为了给今后植物铜胁迫的研究提供更系统的理论参考,基于前期研究的过量铜对植物萌发、生长、光合作用和抗氧化等生理过程的不利影响的基础上,综述了铜的生物学功能;过量铜对植物生长发育的毒害;铜转运、伴侣蛋白的作用以及植物对铜胁迫的耐受机制。展望了未来的研究方向,为制定合理维持铜稳态的有效策略提供依据。     

ABA响应植物盐胁迫的机制研究进展

土壤盐渍化是迫使经济作物减产甚至严重限制农业生产的主要原因。作为主要的非生物胁迫因素,高盐可引起植物体内离子紊乱,最终导致植物产量降低,死亡率升高。ABA作为植物五大激素之一,是公认的抗性激素,在响应植物盐胁迫时起到积极作用。笔者就近年来ABA在响应植物盐胁迫时的相关性、作用机制及其信号转导途径进行综述,并对今后相关领域的研究予以展望。分析表明：ABA可响应植物盐胁迫,并在植物耐盐信号转导中发挥极为重要的作用,同时形成一系列适应性分子机制,使得植物通过自身响应机制抵抗高盐胁迫。     

紫穗槐种子萌发对盐旱逆境的生理响应

利用不同浓度的NaCl、PEG-6000及混合溶液处理紫穗槐种子,测定其对种子发芽率、发芽势、活力指数,幼苗叶片保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫强度的增加,种子发芽能力下降,幼苗生长指标下降;SOD、POD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量先升高后下降。对3种胁迫条件下生长及生理指标的分析表明,紫穗槐种子在萌发期和幼苗期有一定的抗盐能力和抗旱能力,萌发幼苗对盐、旱胁迫存在交叉适应现象。     

作物对干旱胁迫的响应机制及提高作物抗旱能力的调控措施研究进展

干旱是影响作物生长发育和产量的最主要非生物胁迫之一,在气候变化背景下,作物遭受干旱胁迫的风险越来越大。为了应对干旱,作物表现出一系列的抵御机制,包括形态特征和生理生化（抗氧化酶、渗透调节物质、内源激素）特性改变。本研究从上述2个方面总结了作物对干旱胁迫的响应机制,并对提高作物抗旱能力的调控措施进行了论述,主要包括：（1）筛选抗旱性品种,促进对深层土壤贮水的吸收利用;（2）地面覆盖,有利于降低土壤蒸发,增加土壤含水量;（3）节水灌溉技术,如微喷灌、滴灌等灌溉方式能实现少量多次灌溉,根区局部灌溉有利于调节气孔关闭,减少奢侈蒸腾,降低土壤蒸发;（4）抗蒸腾剂,在作物枝干及叶面表层形成超薄透光的保护膜,抑制作物水分过度蒸腾;（5）植物生长调节剂,调控植物生理代谢,增强抗旱性;（6）纳米肥料,改变作物生理生化反应,促进植株生长发育;（7）生物炭,有利于土壤通气保水,改善土壤的物理性质和土壤的持水能力。本研究系统地对以上7种措施提高作物抗旱能力的作用机理、应用前景及存在问题进行了论述,以期为应对干旱胁迫提供理论依据和技术参考。     

The Response of the Leguminous Fodder Plant Bituminaria bituminosa to Water Stress

Abstract Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirton (Fabaceae) is a biennial–perennial species, which grows throughout the Mediterranean basin and Macaronesia. It is cultivated to provide livestock fodder and shows promise as a source of furanocoumarins. This is the first report on its physiological and growth responses to water deprivation. We assessed these in a pot assay, in the field and in hydroponic culture, using two populations from southern Spain and two from the Canary Islands. Proline accumulation was much lower in the field than for pot‐grown plants, supporting recent indications that it is phytotoxic under combined drought and heat stress. In hydroponic culture, imposition of water stress by poly(ethylene glycol) increased the root/shoot ratio and decreased the root hydraulic conductivity. Overall, the results show B. bituminosa to be a species with high constitutive resistance to soil water deficit. For example, leaf turgor did not diminish, demonstrating its capacity for osmotic adjustment, and the specific leaf area in field conditions was similar to that of other species adapted to seasonal drought. Notwithstanding, the two Canarian populations (which complete their life cycles under very different conditions) maintained better their relative water content and water potential to avoid internal stress. Famara (Lanzarote, Canary Islands) is the most appropriate as a breeding line, which can maintain its shoot biomass under drought.     

Indices of Drought Tolerance in Wheat Genotypes at Early Stages of Plant Growth

Thirty diverse genotypes of bread wheat were evaluated for seed vigour index, germination percentage, root length, shoot length, root‐to‐shoot length ratio, coleoptile length and osmotic membrane stability under laboratory conditions. Considerable variation was observed for all the characters. Discrimination among the genotypes on the basis of mean values was better under normal than under moisture stress conditions, indicating suppression of variability under moisture stress conditions. Comparison of mean performance under normal and osmotic stress conditions indicated that the seed vigour index was the most sensitive trait, followed by shoot length, germination percentage and root length. The root‐to‐shoot length ratio, however, increased under osmotic stress. The magnitude of genetic components of variance and heritability were, in general, lower under osmotic stress than under normal conditions. All the characters except germination percentage, shoot length and coleoptile length showed considerable genetic variability. Heritability in the broad sense was also moderate to high for all the characters under both environments. Due to high heritability and genetic advance great benefit from selection can be expected for the osmotic membrane stability of leaf segments and root‐to‐shoot length ratio. Moderate progress can be expected from root length and seed vigour index. Correlation studies indicated that the osmotic membrane stability of the leaf segment was the most important trait, followed by root‐to‐shoot ratio and root length on the basis of their relationships with other traits.     

Drought Stress in Grain Legumes during Reproduction and Grain Filling

Water scarcity is a major constraint limiting grain legume production particularly in the arid and semi‐arid tropics. Different climate models have predicted changes in rainfall distribution and frequent drought spells for the future. Although drought impedes the productivity of grain legumes at all growth stages, its occurrence during reproductive and grain development stages (terminal drought) is more critical and usually results in significant loss in grain yield. However, the extent of yield loss depends on the duration and intensity of the stress. A reduction in the rate of net photosynthesis, and poor grain set and grain development are the principal reasons for terminal drought‐induced loss in grain yield. Insight into the impact and resistance mechanism of terminal drought is required for effective crop improvement programmes aiming to improve resistance to terminal drought in grain legumes. In this article, the impact of terminal drought on leaf development and senescence, light harvesting and carbon fixation, and grain development and grain composition is discussed. The mechanisms of resistance, management options, and innovative breeding and functional genomics strategies to improve resistance to terminal drought in grain legumes are also discussed.     

Carbohydrate Dynamics in Leaves of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Under Drought

Until now, the carbohydrate dynamics in leaves of rapeseed under drought have largely been unknown. For this reason, a growth chamber study was conducted to examine whether the accumulation of carbohydrates under drought stress contributes to osmotic adjustment in leaf tissue. Plants of the cultivar Titan were subjected to temporary drought in the vegetative and reproductive stages. A third variant of long‐term drought covered the period from leaf development to flowering. The level of sucrose decreased under moderate water deficit, but accumulated under severe long‐term drought. Concentrations of glucose, fructose and trehalose were significantly enhanced and that of raffinose decreased in all the variants of drought. There was no evidence that any of the carbohydrates analysed in this study or the activities of soluble acid and cell wall invertases contributed to a drought‐induced accumulation of osmolytes. The results of this study indicate that osmotic adjustment in response to drought in leaves of the rapeseed cultivar Titan is only limited. It is virtually impossible that carbohydrates function as osmoprotectants in leaves of this cultivar, rising above that of the frequently detected accumulation of proline in rapeseed under water deficit.     

Effect of Drought and Nitrogen Availability on Osmotic Adjustment of Five Pearl Millet Cultivars in the Vegetative Growth Stage

Growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is affected in areas with limited and erratic rainfall, often combined with nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, effects of severe drought and nitrogen availability on mechanisms of dehydration avoidance were investigated. Five pearl millet genotypes were cultivated in soil differing in nitrogen availability, low (N1), medium (N2) or high (N3) in a climate chamber. Thirty‐five days after sowing, the plants were exposed to drought for 12 days. Drought decreased leaf area and stomatal conductance strongly and caused leaf rolling. In the youngest fully expanded leaves, drought led to an osmotic adjustment from around ?0.5 to ?0.9 MPa, in N1 and N2 substantially achieved by potassium accumulation. Nitrate contributed to the osmotic adjustment in N2 and N3, proline only slightly, increasingly from N1 to N2, whereas the sum of glucose, fructose and sucrose did not play a role. The dehydration independent osmotic force for water uptake (osmotic potential at full turgor) was under drought strongest at N2 and in the landrace Dembi Yellow stronger than in the cultivars Ashana and Ugandi. This contributed to the higher relative water content (RWC) of ‘Dembi Yellow’, whereas due to other factors nitrogen had no effect on the RWC.     

Seed Priming with Ascorbic Acid Improves Drought Resistance of Wheat

The study, consisting of two independent experiments, was conducted to evaluate the role of seed priming with ascorbic acid (AsA) in drought resistance of wheat. In the first experiment, seeds of wheat cultivars Mairaj‐2008 and Lasani‐2008 were either soaked in aerated water (hydropriming) for 10 h or not soaked (control). In the second experiment, seeds of same wheat cultivars were soaked in aerated (2 mm ) AsA solution (osmopriming) or water (hydropriming) for 10 h. In both experiments, seeds were sown in plastic pots (10 kg) maintained at 70 % and 35 % of water‐holding capacity designated as well watered and drought stressed, respectively. Both experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design with six replications. Drought caused delayed and erratic emergence and disturbed the plant water relations, chlorophyll contents and membranes because of oxidative damage; however, root length in cultivar Lasani‐2008 was increased under drought. Hydropriming significantly improved the seedling emergence and early growth under drought and well‐watered conditions; however, improvement was substantially higher from osmopriming with AsA. Similarly, osmopriming with AsA significantly improved the leaf emergence and elongation, leaf area, specific leaf area, chlorophyll contents, root length and seedling dry weight. Owing to increase in proline accumulation, phenolics and AsA, by seed priming with AsA, plant water status was improved with simultaneous decrease in oxidative damages. These improved the leaf emergence and elongation, and shoot and root growth under drought. However, there was no difference between the cultivars in this regard. In conclusion, osmopriming with AsA improved the drought resistance of wheat owing to proline accumulation and antioxidant action of AsA and phenolics, leading to tissue water maintenance, membrane stability, and better and uniform seedling stand and growth.     

Differential Drought Responses of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Inbred Lines

Drought responses of 19 inbred faba bean lines of different origin were studied in the field under rain shelters with and without irrigation. Inbred lines differed significantly in response to drought (P < 0.01): those with a lower drought sensitivity index (SI) (more resistant) originated from the drought-prone regions characterized by smaller plant size (r = 0.93), and more pods and seeds per plant (r ≥ 0.90) regardless of seed size, while lines with higher SI (more sensitive) were those which mainly exhibited higher yield under favourable conditions accompanied by a greater biomass. In a greenhouse experiment under mild drought (−0.15 MPa soil water potential), comparisons between relatively drought-sensitive (Adriewaalse) and drought-resistant (L7) inbred lines showed that Adriewaalse used 38 % more water than L7 and also produced 40 % more biomass. There was a stress-induced decrease in osmotic potential (ψ_s) in both lines (by 0.72 and 0.50 MPa for Adriewaalse and L7, respectively) accompanied by decreased turgor in Adriewaalse and increased turgor in L7. The difference in drought-induced solute accumulation between lines was diminished when solute accumulation due to water loss and growth inhibition was considered, which indicates that solute accumulation was the result of a concentration effect. Similarly, lower SI in the field was not the result of osmotic adjustment, as the relationship between SI and drought-induced decrease in ψ_s was negative. The water use efficiency of both inbred lines increased markedly with increasing water deficit, though there was no difference between the lines. It was concluded that differences in drought resistance between these inbred faba bean lines were manifested through plant size-induced water demand (avoidance) but were not associated with osmotic adjustment (tolerance).     

生根剂GGR-6对紫羊茅和草地早熟禾响应干旱胁迫的影响

为了明确生根剂GGR-6对植物生长与抗旱性的生理作用,以2种优质草坪草-紫羊茅'梦神'(Festuca rubra 'Rubra')、草地早熟禾'优异'(Poa pratensis' Merit')为供试材料,通过控水的处理方法,分别在播种后不同时期,用不同浓度的GGR-6对2种草坪草进行浇灌.结果 表明:随着干旱胁迫...