奶牛高(全)青贮日粮的设计与实践

奶牛是草食动物,粗饲料在促进其生长发育,维持其瘤胃健康以及最大化其生产性能方面发挥着必不可少且至关重要的作用。在我国大型牧场,苜蓿干草、燕麦干草以及玉米青贮是奶牛主要的优质粗饲料来源。但是近些年在大型牧场,一些短纤维饲料(既有一定反刍功能,又具有部分精饲料功能)也越来越受欢迎。但综合成本考虑,青贮饲料是牧场节本增效的最佳粗饲料来源。因此,本文从大型牧场粗饲料的应用情况、高(全)青贮日粮配方制作的关键技术和高(全)青贮日粮的评估技术三个方面探讨了高(全)青贮日粮的使用,以为我国奶牛高(全)青贮日粮的应用提供参考。     

苜蓿青贮饲用价值及经济效益分析

为规模化牧场苜蓿青贮的应用和推广提供科学依据。日粮中以苜蓿青贮替代部分苜蓿干草、玉米青贮及羊草,进行饲喂效果及饲喂成本对比,探讨苜蓿青贮对产奶量、乳品质及饲喂成本的影响。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加苜蓿青贮,试验组奶牛日均产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和干物质含量均高于对照组,但两组差异不显著(P0.05)。试验组日粮成本降低4.96元/头,明显提高养殖经济效益。     

北京地区规模化牛场玉米青贮和TMR颗粒度评价及常规营养成分研究

针对我国粗饲料资源较差以及广泛存在的青贮铡切较长等现实问题,本研究旨在为制定适合于中国饲料资源条件的青贮以及不同生长和泌乳阶段奶牛的TMR分级标准提供基础数据。本试验对北京地区规模化奶牛场的玉米青贮和TMR样品进行颗粒度筛分和常规营养成分测定,并与美国宾州颗粒度分级筛（PSPS）的TMR颗粒度和日粮NDF推荐值进行比较。通过比对发现我国玉米青贮的饲料颗粒度普遍偏大,第一层筛网上的饲料比例远超过宾州筛3%～5%的推荐值。新产牛和高产牛TMR样品位于第一层筛网上的饲料比例绝大多数超过了8%,第二层筛网上的饲料比例比美国推荐值要低15%～25%,这可能是由于粗饲料（青贮和干草）颗粒度过长造成的。高产牛和新产牛日粮NDF含量处于35%～42%,基本上在美国宾州筛推荐的中低产奶牛日粮的NDF范围,这与我国的粗饲料资源有限、质量不高、粗饲料铡切长度有关。因而,我国牧场不能照搬美国宾州筛的TMR分级标准,而应根据我国粗饲料的国情,制订适合于中国饲料资源条件的青贮与不同生长和泌乳阶段奶牛的TMR分级标准。     

日粮中不同粗饲料对科尔沁细毛羊营养物质消化率和血液生化指标的影响

为了研究日粮中不同粗饲料对科尔沁细毛羊营养物质消化率和血液指标的影响,试验选择6月龄的科尔沁细毛羊8只,按4×4完全拉丁方设计分4期分别饲喂稻草、玉米秸秆、苜蓿草和青贮玉米4种粗饲料日粮。结果表明:苜蓿草的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)和有机物质(OM)消化率最高,稻草的CP消化率最低;NDF、ADF消化率以玉米青贮最高,玉米秸秆较低;NFC消化率以苜蓿草最低,稻草最高;尿素氮以玉米青贮较低,玉米秸秆中丙氨酸氨基转移酶和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶较高,而苜蓿草中三酰甘油、白蛋白和葡萄糖含量较高。说明苜蓿草和青贮玉米对科尔沁细毛羊营养价值较高,稻草的营养价值较低。     

粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响

本试验旨在研究粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响。试验采用单因素随机区组设计,将 １６头体重、年龄、胎次相近的,处于干奶期的健康荷斯坦奶牛分为 ４组,每组 ４头。以常用的粗饲料设计 Ａ（玉米青贮 ＋玉米秸秆）、Ｂ（玉米青贮 ＋羊草）、Ｃ（玉米青贮 ＋玉米秸秆 ＋羊草）、Ｄ（玉米青贮 ＋苜蓿草 ＋羊草）４种粗饲料组合的饲粮。结果表明：饲粮Ｄ干物质、有机物和中性洗涤纤维的消化率最高,显著高于其他各饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其次为饲粮Ｂ和饲粮 Ｃ,饲粮 Ａ最低,显著低于其他各饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）,各饲粮的酸性洗涤纤维消化率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。粗饲料组合显著影响饲粮摄入总能、能量消化率和能量代谢率（Ｐ＜０．０５）,饲粮 Ｄ甲烷能占摄入总能比显著低于其他 ３种饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）。各饲粮的粪氮、尿氮占摄入总氮比差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,饲粮 Ｄ的氮消化率显著高于饲粮 Ｂ与饲粮 Ｃ（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且饲粮 Ｂ显著高于饲粮 Ａ（Ｐ＜０．０５）;饲粮 Ｂ、饲粮 Ｄ的氮利用率显著高于饲粮 Ａ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此可见,玉米青贮 ＋苜蓿草 ＋羊草型饲粮的养分消化率、能量和氮的利用均优于其他各饲粮,羊草与玉米秸秆之间存在正组合效应,两者搭配使用可提高玉米秸秆的消化率,优化能量和氮的利用。     

Effects of Forage Combinations on Nutrient Digestibility, Utilization of Energy and Nitrogen of Diets for Dairy Cows

本试验旨在研究粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响.试验采用单因素随机区组设计,将16头体重、年龄、胎次相近的,处于干奶期的健康荷斯坦奶牛分为4组,每组4头.以常用的粗饲料设计A(玉米青贮+玉米秸秆)、B(玉米青贮+羊草)、C(玉米青贮+玉米秸秆+羊草)、D(玉米青贮+苜蓿草+羊草)4种粗饲料组合的饲粮.结果表明:饲粮D干物质、有机物和中性洗涤纤维的消化率最高,显著高于其他各饲粮(P＜0.05),其次为饲粮B和饲粮C,饲粮A最低,显著低于其他各饲粮(P＜0.05),各饲粮的酸性洗涤纤维消化率差异不显著(P＞0.05).粗饲料组合显著影响饲粮摄入总能、能量消化率和能量代谢率(P＜0.05),饲粮D甲烷能占摄入总能比显著低于其他3种饲粮(P＜0.05).各饲粮的粪氮、尿氮占摄入总氮比差异不显著(P＞0.05),饲粮D的氮消化率显著高于饲粮B与饲粮C(P ＜0.05),且饲粮B显著高于饲粮A(P ＜0.05);饲粮B、饲粮D的氮利用率显著高于饲粮A(P ＜0.05).由此可见,玉米青贮+苜蓿草+羊草型饲粮的养分消化率、能量和氮的利用均优于其他各饲粮,羊草与玉米秸秆之间存在正组合效应,两者搭配使用可提高玉米秸秆的消化率,优化能量和氮的利用.     

浅谈奶牛场粗饲料检测样品的采集

正当前粗饲料资源特别是优质粗饲料资源的缺乏与不足,日益成为制约中国奶业发展的瓶颈问题之一,特别是中国南方地区对优质粗饲料的需求更大。中国南方地区粗饲料资源中包括青贮玉米、苜蓿草、羊草、燕麦草以及部分稻麦秸秆等,这些粗饲料资源中除了进口的苜蓿草质量相对较好以外,其他的粗饲料质量不容乐观,目前部分经济效益高、生产性能好的牧场有能力进口苜蓿草。随着近几     

北方常用粗饲料的能氮代谢及甲烷排放量规律研究

奶牛日粮中粗饲料的不合理利用会造成奶牛瘤胃能氮不平衡,氮的排放量增加并产生大量甲烷气体,不仅提高饲养成本,还造成环境污染。因此奶牛日粮搭配时不仅考虑粗饲料本身的营养价值外,还需要考虑不同粗饲料对日粮能氮平衡的影响。试验采用东北地区相同加工的不同粗饲料,通过消化代谢试验及呼吸面罩试验,评价东北地区的苜蓿、玉米青贮、羊草和玉米秸秆及北方各地区的粗饲料的能氮代谢和甲烷排放量,为东北地区奶牛合理调制饲料配方,提高饲料的利用率和减少环境污染提供参考依据。试验结果显示:苜蓿、玉米青贮、羊草和玉米秸秆净能分别为5.55、5.08、5.10和4.71 MJ/kg,产生甲烷体积分别为32.45、41.91、43.29和57.20 L/kg。苜蓿、玉米青贮、羊草和玉米秸秆的氮代谢率差异均不显著(P0.05)。苜蓿的甲烷排放量最小,秸秆的甲烷排放量最大,且利用氮的效率是相同的。     

饲喂不同比例全株玉米青贮对架子牛肥育性能的影响

为探索饲喂不同比例全株玉米青贮对肉牛犊牛肥育性能及养殖效益的影响,选择36头体重和月龄相近的架子牛,分别饲喂全株玉米青贮添加比例(占粗饲料比例,以干物质计)为30%、50%、61%、70%、90%、100%的全价日粮,观察其对架子牛的肥育性能、健康情况及经济效益的影响。结果显示:日粮粗饲料中全株玉米青贮适宜添加比例为30%~70%;添加比例为70%时试验牛日增重最高,添加比例为30%时试验牛的料重比和增重成本最低,日效益最高。     

农户奶牛粗饲料结构优化及供应模式研究

该研究经调查研究和线性规划筛选奶牛饲料配方,量化了北方城郊农户规模饲养成年母牛的适度范围,明确了不同产奶阶段以玉米秸秆为唯一粗饲料资源时的粗饲料最大添加量,同时量化了北方城郊每头奶牛年需要耕地种值面积及玉米、青贮玉米、苜蓿草的种植结构,并形成了全年奶牛粗饲料供应模式.     

探索种养结合模式 发展生态循环农业

近年来,南阳市立足当地资源优势,不断探索出肉牛+甜玉米种植,北繁南育+农牧结合,奶牛饲养+苜蓿种植+生态观赏,奶山羊养殖+猕猴桃种植+产业扶贫等种养结合模式,同时不断探索出二季全株青贮+一季大麦三熟种植模式,实现了规模化种植业助力现代化养殖业、养殖业带动种殖业的发展新路子,对提升耕地质量,改善农业农村环境,发展生态循环农业具有重要的现实意义。     

中美贸易战对中国奶业的影响研究

中美贸易战从2018年1月打响,影响较为深远。本文从中美贸易战对我国上游奶牛养殖业、下游乳制品加工业带来的影响进行了详细分析,并提出相关建议,如大力发展国内优质苜蓿干草与苜蓿青贮;积极寻找大豆替代品,构建多元化进口大豆供应体系;加强粮改饲政策扶持力度,促进饲料的本土化发展;建立公平协调机制,把奶牛养殖场与乳品企业合同公平化;拓宽乳制品进口渠道,扩大乳制品出口量;鼓励和引导相关企业扩大奶粉和乳清生产,加大对乳制品产业的投入力度等等。     

乳酸菌发酵青贮玉米饲料对奶牛机体健康和生产性能的影响

乳酸菌作为一种应用广泛的微生物制剂,有着改善奶牛机体胃肠道健康、增加产奶量、提高免疫力和改善乳品质的作用,可直接与奶牛饲料搭配进食或用于青贮玉米饲料的制备。玉米作为青贮饲料的优质原料之一,可全株发酵,营养价值丰富,适于奶牛饲喂。本文总结了乳酸菌制剂的作用原理和应用、青贮玉米饲料的制备要点以及青贮玉米饲料添加乳酸菌后对奶牛生产性能、机体健康的影响,旨在为奶牛优质饲料的制备及应用提供参考,促进奶牛养殖业的发展。     

紫花苜蓿青贮为主的混合发酵饲料研究

以分别晾晒4h、8h、12h和24h后调制的紫花苜蓿青贮为主要原料,添加8％豆粕和22％玉米粉后进行二次青贮,室温贮藏45d后取样分析.结果表明：添加豆粕和玉米粉能显著改善晾晒4h、8h后青贮的紫花苜蓿青贮饲料再次青贮的发酵品质（P＜0.05）,而对于晾晒12h、24h后青贮的紫花苜蓿青贮饲料,添加组的发酵品质普遍较差;第二次青贮后,氨态氮占总氮的百分含量随着晾晒时间增加而显著降低（P＜0.05）.晾晒4h、8h后青贮的紫花苜蓿青贮饲料再添加玉米粉和豆粕调制混合发酵饲料是可行的,其中以晾晒4h后青贮的紫花苜蓿青贮饲料为原料效果最佳.     

Ammonia and urea in corn silage-based complete mixed diets for dairy cows

Source of supplemental N was evaluated in three corn silage-based complete mixed diets (CMD) fed to lactating dairy cows. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and contained 60% corn silage and 40% concentrate on a dry matter basis. Diets were: CMD-A, ammoniated corn silage (ammonia provided 16% of total N) plus concentrate; CMD-U, untreated corn silage and concentrate (16% of total N from urea) and CMD-S, untreated corn silage plus concentrate with soybean meal. Ammoniation at 1.0% of dry weight increased crude protein content of silage from 8.5 to 12.7%. Daily means for cows fed CMD-A, CMD-U and CMD-S were: 24.2, 24.3 and 24.5 kg of fat-corrected milk; 3.17, 3.10 and 3.15% milk protein; 3.41, 3.67 and 3.63% milk fat and 3.02, 2.99 and 3.02 kg intake of total dry matter/100 kg body weight. Differences were not significant except for reduced milk fat percentage for cows fed the ammoniated corn silage diet. Both anhydrous ammonia and urea at 16% of total dietary N were found to be practical and economical substitutes for part of the supplemental soy protein. When compared to CMD with all soybean protein, greater savings in feed costs resulted from inclusion of ammoniated corn silage than with inclusion of urea.     

Milk production,nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in lactating cows fed total mixed ration silages containing steam‐flaked brown rice as substitute for steam‐flaked corn,and wet food by‐products

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting brown rice grain for corn grain in total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing food by‐products on the milk production, whole‐tract nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in dairy cows. Six multiparous Holstein cows were used in a crossover design with two dietary treatments: a diet containing 30.9% steam‐flaked corn (corn TMR) or 30.9% steam‐flaked brown rice (rice TMR) with wet soybean curd residue and wet soy sauce cake. Dietary treatment did not affect the dry matter intake, milk yield and compositions in dairy cows. The dry matter and starch digestibility were higher, and the neutral detergent fiber digestibility was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR. The urinary nitrogen (N) excretion as a proportion of the N intake was lower for rice TMR than for corn TMR with no dietary effect on N secretion in milk and fecal N excretion. These results indicated that the replacement of corn with brown rice in TMR silage relatively reduced urinary N loss without adverse effects on feed intake and milk production, when food by‐products such as soybean curd residue were included in the TMR silage as dietary crude protein sources.     

6种饲料原料瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质的小肠消化率

本试验旨在研究新疆地区玉米青贮、棉籽壳、苜蓿草粉、苜蓿干草、葡萄籽粕、蕃茄酱渣6种奶牛饲料原料的瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)的小肠消化率(Idg)。选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法和改进三步体外法测定饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性以及RUP的Idg和小肠可消化粗蛋白质(IDCP)含量。结果表明:1)苜蓿草粉和玉米青贮的DM有效降解率最高,显著高于次之的苜蓿干草、番茄酱渣(P0.05),葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳最低,显著低于其他原料(P0.05);CP有效降解率为番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉玉米青贮苜蓿干草棉籽壳葡萄籽粕,各原料间差异显著(P0.05);NDF有效降解率为玉米青贮苜蓿草粉棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05);ADF有效降解率为玉米青贮棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05)。2)苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg和IDCP含量最高,Idg显著高于依次降低的苜蓿干草、玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05),IDCP含量与苜蓿干草差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于依次降低的玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05)。综上所述,不同饲料原料具有不同的瘤胃降解特性,进入小肠IDCP的含量也不同。玉米青贮的DM、NDF和ADF在瘤胃的有效降解率较高,苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg较高,苜蓿草粉和苜蓿干草的IDCP含量较高。     

不同粗饲料对奶牛能量代谢的影响

本试验选择16头处于干奶期的健康荷斯坦奶牛,各试验牛体重、年龄、胎次相近,随机分成4组,每组4头。试验分为两期,一期饲喂基础日粮,二期以苜蓿、羊草、全株玉米青贮和干玉米秸秆各粗饲料替代30%基础日粮。考察不同粗饲料对奶牛能量代谢的影响。试验结果表明苜蓿的饲草相对饲用价值(RFV)值最高,一定程度上说明了苜蓿的营养价值最高,玉米青贮较玉米秸秆饲草相对饲用价值(RFV)值高,说明青贮改善了玉米秸秆的品质,提高其营养价值。     

Effects of forage and protein source on feedlot performance and carcass traits of Holstein and crossbred beef steers.

Fifty-eight Holstein and 58 crossbred beef steers were individually fed one of four isonitrogenous diets to evaluate the effects of forage source (corn silage and alfalfa haylage) and protein source (soybean meal and fish meal) on feedlot performance. Phase 1 diets (up to 354 kg of BW) were 40% forage and 60% concentrates and were fed for 70 to 136 d (depending on diet and breed group). Phase 2 diets (354 kg of BW until slaughter) were 20% forage and 80% concentrates and were fed for 127 to 150 d (depending on diet and breed group). Slaughter end points were .6 cm of 12th rib fat for Holsteins and 1.0 cm of rib fat for crossbreds using real-time ultrasonic estimates. The steers were fed for a maximum of 330 d each year. Forage source was a significant component of variation for most growth, efficiency, and carcass traits. Holstein and crossbred steers fed alfalfa haylage had significantly lower average daily gain, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, and empty body fat and required more days on feed to reach slaughter end points, but had higher total feed energy intake available for production. Steers fed corn silage diets had significantly greater energetic efficiency (P less than .05) than those fed alfalfa haylage, due to increased use of ME to produce fat in the carcass. Protein type did not influence gain, feed or energetic efficiency, energy intake, or most carcass traits. A significant protein system x forage source interaction among the four diets was detected for crossbred steers fed corn silage and fish meal, for which there was significantly greater feed conversion with lower energy intake above maintenance, possibly due to better fiber digestion and(or) amino acid flow to the lower tract. Alfalfa haylage plus soybean meal diets decreased (P less than .05) the percentage of Holsteins grading USDA Choice or higher. These results indicate that corn silage, because of greater energy concentration, was a more desirable forage in feedlot diets composed of less than or equal to 40% forage and that protein type (soybean meal and fish meal) in growing diets is not an important factor in feedlot performance or carcass traits of Holstein or crossbred steers that are fed these diets.     

奶牛场饲料霉菌毒素感染现状的调查与分析

随机抽取3家不同规模奶牛场饲料原料及自配料32份,采用进口ELISA试剂盒检测黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素和呕吐毒素等4种常见霉菌毒素含量。结果表明：所检测的4种霉菌毒素在所有样品中的检出率为100％,并同时含有2～3种霉菌毒素。其中,除豆粕、苜蓿干草、稻草、豆腐渣外,几乎在所有的饲料样本中玉米赤霉稀酮含量都超标,青贮玉米最高,超标4倍,TMR饲料中玉米赤霉酮含量超出了2倍以上;玉米副产品GGDS中赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉酮含量超标严重,呕吐霉素存在微量或少量超标;黄曲霉毒素在青贮玉米、稻草、豆腐渣中有超标,占总样品的15．63％。