中蜂来源的微孢子虫对意蜂工蜂的侵染性研究

为探讨中蜂来源的微孢子虫对意蜂的侵染性,本试验将纯化自中蜂的微孢子虫,以每只蜂1×105个和5×105个孢子的接种量,分别给2日、5日、8日、11日龄无微孢子虫感染的意蜂成年工蜂接种,在30℃±0.5℃,65%～80%RH,黑暗中隔离饲养10日后,各日龄工蜂的平均感染率达86.3%～100%,每只蜂中肠的平均产孢量为5.60×105～3.39×106个。在两接种量下,2日、5日龄意蜂工蜂的产孢量均显著(P<0.05)高于8日、11日龄的产孢量。试验首次证实了中蜂来源的微孢子虫对意蜂成年工蜂具较强的侵染性。     

打开箱盖对中华蜜蜂巢温的影响

在19－26℃气温条件下，打开箱盖后30min内，蜂巢内各点的温度变化有所不同。打开箱盖后蜂路上部巢温下降，蜂路上部各测定点巢温4－14min后开始回升，然后巢温波动变化。边蜂路上部巢温波动幅度比中蜂路大。与打开箱盖前比较，边蜂路上部巢温最多下降1.0-4.5℃，中蜂路上部下降0.1-2.9℃。平均巢温边蜂路上部为26.4-34.2℃，中蜂路上部为27.1-34.9℃。蜂路中部各点巢温打开箱盖后也下降，但比上部的巢温下降的程度较小，仅为0.1-1.8℃。中部平均巢温边蜂路为28.5-34.3℃；中蜂路为32.1-35.5℃。蜂路下部巢温，边蜂路下降0.3-1.7℃，中蜂路相对稳定，仅下降0.1-0.6℃。蜂路下部平均巢温，边蜂路为29．5－34.9℃，中蜂路为33.2-36.3℃。     

Vertical transmission of American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) in honey bees (Apis mellifera)

The mode of transmission between hosts (horizontal versus vertical) of disease agents is important for determination of the evolution of virulence in pathogens. For disease management, it is imperative that the epidemiology of the disease is understood and pathogen transmission rates between hosts is a key factor for this understanding. Surprisingly little is known about transmission rates in honey bee pathology. We have studied the rate of vertical transmission of Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB) in honey bee colonies, as colonies reproduce by colony fission (swarming), by culturing for the spores from repetitive samples of adult bees. The results demonstrate vertical pathogen transmission to daughter swarms. The spore density declines over time in both mother colonies and daughter swarms if mother colonies do not exhibit clinical disease symptoms. Occasional positive samples more than a year post swarming, also in daughter swarms, indicate production of infectious spores from diseased larvae, without clinical disease observable by beekeepers, and/or maintenance of infective spores in the hive environment, allowing both horizontal and vertical transmission to be maintained. The results suggest that the virulence of AFB, being lethal at colony level in contrast to other bee diseases shaped by evolution, could be dependent on apicultural practices and that the pathogen probably would be maintained without causing frequent colony mortality in a natural system.     

德钦中蜂百花蜜的理化指标及挥发性成分分析

国内外关于单花蜜的研究报道很多,然而对于百花蜜的研究报道并不多见。本研究以德钦中蜂百花蜜为主要研究对象,参照国家相关标准的方法测定理化指标,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法对其挥发性成分的种类和含量进行分析。结果表明:5个中蜂百花蜜样的10个理化指标检测值均符合我国蜂蜜标准GB18796-2005的要求;通过对5个蜜样的离子图谱进行检索分析,共确定130种化合物,5个蜜样虽为同一时段同一地区采集,但其挥发性成分存在较大差异;并发现异辛酸在德钦百花蜜中为主要挥发性成分,间乙酰氨基苯酚可能为德钦百花蜜的特有挥发成分。本研究旨在评价德钦中蜂百花蜂蜜的质量和营养价值以及为百花蜂蜜的研究提供真实的科学依据,为当地蜂产品的开发提供一定的帮助。     

Efficacy of silver ions against Sacbrood virus infection in the Eastern honey bee Apis cerana

Although silver is known to be a broad-spectrum biocidal agent, the effects of this metal against Sacbrood virus have not yet been investigated. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of silver ions against natural Korean sacbrood virus (KSBV) infection of Apis (A.) cerana. Ten KSBV-infected colonies containing A. cerana with similar strength and activity were selected from an apiary located in Bosung-gun (Korea). Among these, five colonies were randomly assigned to the treatment group that was fed sugar syrup containing 0.2 mg/L silver ions. The other colonies were assigned to the untreated control group in which bees were given syrup without the silver ions. To assess the efficacy of the silver ions, colony strength, colony activity, and the number of dead larvae per hive were measured. During the experimental period, the test group maintained its strength and activity until day 32 while those of bees in the control group decreased sharply after day 8 to 16. Survival duration of the test group was significantly longer (40 days) than that of the control group (21 days). These results strongly indicated that silver ions are effective against KSBV infection in A. cerana.     

中蜂与意蜂营养杂交对意蜂微卫星遗传多态性的影响

通过人工添加中华蜜蜂王浆技术来培育江山2号与法国意蜂的杂交蜂王,并测定江山2号、法国意蜂、中华蜜蜂、营养杂交子1代和子4代工蜂的微卫星遗传多态性。结果表明,经过营养杂交,亲本蜜蜂与营养杂交子代的遗传距离发生明显的变化,中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂的特有DNA条带发生了转移。说明通过蜂种之间的营养杂交可以改变其微卫星多态性。     

利用微卫星标记分析长白山中华蜜蜂遗传多样性

利用21对微卫星标记对吉林长白山中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性进行分析,共检测到39个等位基因,等位基因数目从1~5不等。平均等位基因数为1.8571;所有位点的平均期望杂合度(He)和平均多态信息含量(PIC)值分别为0.2068和0.1679。表明长白山中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性较低。     

中蜂与意蜂营养杂交对意蜂工蜂初生重及春季繁殖率的影响

本文通过人工添加中华蜜蜂王浆技术来培育江山2号与法国意蜂的杂交蜂王，并测定江山2号、中华蜜蜂、营养杂交子一代和子四代工蜂的初生重及春季繁殖率。结果表明：营养杂交F4代工蜂初生重与法国意蜂差异不显著，与其他两组蜜蜂差异显著；营养杂交F1和F4代蜂群春季繁殖率均显著高于亲本江山2号与中华蜜蜂，且F4代显著高于F1代蜂群。     

皖南中蜂形态特征与地方品种优势种的筛选

通过测定皖南山区5个不同采样点的15群中华蜜蜂,每群15只工蜂,每只蜜蜂样共8个形态特征,结合测定的性状特征数据进行差异显著性检验,发现形态特征存在差异,其中喙长、右前翅长、第三节背板宽、第三节背板颜色、第四节背板宽、第四节背板颜色差异显著;皖南中蜂种群内遗传变异丰富,种群中许多形态性状特征表现出较明显的地理变异性.皖南山区中华蜜蜂的前翅长与宽均较大,说明皖南中蜂飞翔能力强,采集能力强.第3 4背板长也较大,而背板长可以反映出蜜囊的的大小,蜜囊越大,贮存花蜜越多,蜂群进蜜就越快.从形态上说明皖南中蜂是较理想的蜜蜂品种.     

青海东方蜜蜂贵德种群的遗传分化地位

对青海东方蜜蜂贵德种群(QHGD)进行全基因组测序,并结合现有其他地区东方蜜蜂的分子序列信息,分析QHGD种群的遗传分化地位。测序、组装和比对后得到Cytb、tRNAIle~ND2、16S rRNA、EF1-α、COI~COII序列对应的比对文件。单倍型分析显示,QHGD种群的Cytb、EF1-α、COI~COII序列与国内其他种群有重叠,但tRNAIle~ND2、16S rRNA序列则形成特有的单倍型。基于tRNAIle~ND2、16S rRNA、EF1-α合并序列的Network分析显示,QHGD种群与四川九寨(SCJZ)、四川马尔康(SCMEK)等地方种群成辐射状与一个median vector节点(mv1)连接。本研究的结果表明,青海贵德种群是较为独特的一个进化分支单元,需要在未来的保护和开发利用过程中予以关注。     

中蜂分巢复酿生产成熟蜜技术的研究

蜂蜜来源于蜜源植物的花内蜜腺或花外蜜腺分泌物,是经蜜蜂采集并充分酿造后贮存在蜂巢内的天然甜物质,是蜜蜂生存必需的主要食物,也是蜜蜂奉献给人类的主要产品之一。蜂蜜的成分复杂,主要有糖类、蛋白质、矿物质、氨基酸、有机酸、酶类、芳香物质等[1-2],具有很高的营养价值,是目前人们公认的一种健康的天然食品。花蜜(未成熟蜜)与蜂蜜(成熟蜜)之间存在很大差异,无论在营养成分、功能因子,还是保健价值方面,都有本质的区别。目前,我国的蜂蜜生产主要还停留在取未成熟蜜后工厂浓缩的阶段,其产品质量差,远未能体现蜂蜜应当具备的色、香、味和药用、保健价值。     

Genetic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates recovered from persistently infected water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Genetic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolates, serotype O, recovered serially over a 1-year period from persistently infected buffalos was assessed. The persistent state was established experimentally with plaque-purified FMDV, strain O(1)Campos, in five buffalos (Bubalus bubalis). Viral isolates collected from esophageal-pharyngeal (EP) fluids for up to 71 weeks after infection were analyzed at different times by nucleotide sequencing and T(1) RNase oligonucleotide fingerprinting to assess variability in the VP1-coding region and in the complete genome, respectively. Genetic variation increased, although irregularly, with time after infection. The highest values observed for the VP1-coding region and for the whole genome were 2.5% and 1.8%, respectively. High rates of fixation of mutations were observed using both methodologies, reaching values of 0.65 substitutions per nucleotide per year (s/nt/y) and 0.44s/nt/y for nucleotide sequencing and oligonucleotide fingerprinting, respectively, when selected samples recovered at close time periods were analyzed. The data herein indicate that complex mixtures of genotypes may arise during FMDV type O persistent infection in water buffalos, which can act as viral reservoirs and also represent a potential source of viral variants. These results fit within the quasi-species dynamics described for FMDV, in which viral populations are constituted by related, non-identical genomes that evolve independently from each other, and may predominate at a given time.     

中、意蜂老巢脾清除自由基的研究

本文通过Fenton反应和邻苯三酚自氧化反应,比较了中、意蜂老巢脾水提液对羟自由基(·OH-)和超氧阴离子自由基(·O2-)的清除作用,结果显示:相同固形物浓度下,两者对(·OH-)的清除率分别为41.00%和54.16%,对(·O2-)的清除率分别为15.14%和39.43%,差异均极显著(P0.01)。     

冕宁中蜂苦槠蜜品质质量分析

苦槠蜜是冕宁县的一种具有苦涩味道的特色蜂蜜,但目前未见该种蜂蜜的相关报道,本研究对其理化指标、抗氧化活性及孢粉学进行了分析,并将其与野坝子蜜、山花蜜、美国蜂蜜和野藿香蜜进行了比较,以了解苦槠蜜的品质质量。研究结果表明:冕宁苦槠蜜所检理化指标均符合国家行业标准,抗氧化能力强,苦槠花粉含量占比87.34%。冕宁苦槠蜜品质符合国家行业标准,是具有较强抗氧化能力且纯度较高的单花蜜,是品质良好、具有一定开发利用价值的蜂蜜。     

长白山区中华蜜蜂与西方蜜蜂寄生瓦螨比较分析

采用形态测定和RAPD-PCR相结合的方法对寄生于长白山区的中华蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂的瓦螨进行比较分析.结果表明,中、西蜂寄生瓦螨无论在形态水平还是分子水平上都是具有差别的.在选定的8个形态指标中,寄生于中华蜜蜂的瓦螨个体的指标有7个大于寄生于西蜂的瓦螨,其中有6个指标的均数差异达到显著(0.01相似文献   

东、西方蜜蜂的基因组生物信息学数据分析——第44届国际养蜂大会蜜蜂科学论坛综述

东、西方蜜蜂是蜜蜂属生物的两个代表性物种,本文从东、西方蜜蜂基因组序列,东、西方蜜蜂免疫相关基因,以及东、西方蜜蜂分子进化论三个方面进行综述,旨在从基因组水平认识这两个蜜蜂属物种。     

中华蜜蜂促分裂原活化蛋白激酶ERK-A基因的克隆与低温表达分析

昆虫属变温生物,冷胁迫是其最常见的环境刺激。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路与细胞应对外界刺激密切相关,为了解MAPK信号通路中ERK基因在中华蜜蜂耐寒机制中的作用,从NCBI上面查找意大利蜜蜂的ERK-A的序列,设计引物,以中华蜜蜂为模板,扩增cDNA;利用多种生物信息学软件预测分析其编码蛋白的理化特性和结构特征;采用MEGA 5.2软件中的邻接法(neighbor-joining,NJ)构建ERK-A与不同物种之间的进化树;通过实时定量PCR分析蜜蜂在4℃环境下ERK-A基因的表达情况。生物信息学分析表明,ERK-A全长1098 bp,编码365个氨基酸。ERK-A的理论分子量是42 kDa,含有ERK-A激酶所共有的磷酸化位点,属于MAPK超家族。实时定量PCR检测ERK-A基因在低温下的表达谱发现,4℃处理1 h后,ERK-A基因的表达上调与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),2 h时达到高峰,为对照组的4倍。研究结果表明ERK-A基因是冷响应的,可能在中华蜜蜂应对低温环境时发挥信号转导作用。     

人工饲养中华蜜蜂幼虫及其成蜂形态特征分析

蜜蜂因所具有的独特特点而被广泛应用于众多科学研究领域,蜜蜂基因组测序的完成更加速了其作为模式生物的进程。实验室人工饲养蜜蜂幼虫技术体系的建立,是蜜蜂作为模式生物研究的基础和保证。目前,有关蜜蜂幼虫人工饲养的研究多见于西方蜜蜂,东方蜜蜂生活环境和营养需求与西方蜜蜂有所不同,实验室人工饲养东方蜜蜂幼虫的难度较大,不同实验室的研究结果存在着很大差异。对人工饲养幼虫培育出的东方蜜蜂成蜂形态特征的分析目前尚未见报道。本研究的开展,不仅可以建立东方蜜蜂幼虫的人工饲养技术体系,且对进行东方蜜蜂幼虫营养需要、生长发育、形态特征形成等方面的研究也具有重要意义。本文以中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)1~2日龄幼虫为实验材料,在室内人工气候箱中用人工饲料进行饲养,直至化蛹羽化,对羽化后的蜜蜂进行体重及形态特征测定,并将其与自然羽化的蜜蜂进行比较分析。结果显示:在人工饲养条件下,中华蜜蜂幼虫可以正常发育、羽化为成蜂,其存活率和羽化率分别是55.56%和40.63%;主成分分析、区辨分析、聚类分析表明,人工饲养与自然羽化的工蜂形态特征无显著差异,但人工饲养的中蜂幼虫羽化后的工蜂体重显著低于自然羽化的工蜂。本文阐明了人工饲养中华蜜蜂幼虫的基本条件,为东方蜜蜂幼虫人工饲养技术体系的建立奠定了坚实基础。