Residues of Mecoprop in Post-emergence-Treated Wheat and Oat

The dissipation of mecoprop in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) was monitored over a growing season following post-emergence application of the dimethylamine salt of mecoprop to each crop at 1·1 kg ha^?1. Residues of mecoprop, as its methyl ester, were determined gas chromatographically using electrolytic conductivity detection. Initial residues in wheat (119 (±20) mg kg^?1) and oat (95·3 (± 10·0) mg kg^?1) on the day of application (four-leaf stage of wheat and four- to five-leaf stage of oat) decreased to 0·1 to 0·2 mg kg^?1, respectively, within six weeks. Residues were non-detectable in the mature seed of both crops. Recoveries of mecoprop were in the order of 90% from the green tissue and seed of both crops fortified at 0·05 mg kg^?1.     

黄土塬区土地利用方式对土壤主要理化性质的影响

通过对陕西长武4种典型土地利用方式下0~500 cm土层土壤主要理化性质分析,以明确土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：农田、果园土壤有机质、全氮含量显著高于荒地和刺槐林地,土壤粘粒含量与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系,与土壤饱和导水率呈显著正相关关系;农田0~100 cm土层土壤容重达1.44 g·cm^-3,显著高于同深度荒地（1.27 g·cm^-3）、果园（1.38 g·cm^-3）、刺槐林地（1.32 g·cm^-3）土层;400~500 cm土层土壤含水量为刺槐林地（86 g·kg^-1）<果园（113 g·kg^-1）<荒地（152 g·kg^-1）<农田（165 g·kg^-1）;果园和刺槐林地0~500 cm土层土壤平均饱和导水率分别为0.37、0.36 mm·min^-1,显著高于农田（0.25 mm·min^-1）和荒地（0.23 mm·min^-1）。退耕还林（草）导致土壤容重降低、饱和导水率增加,有助于降水入渗,但退耕后深层土壤有干燥化的倾向。     

Aerobic Metabolism of Flupropacil in Sandy Loam Soil

The aerobic soil metabolism of [¹⁴C]flupropacil (isopropyl 2-chloro-5-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-trifluoromethylpyrimidin-1-yl)benzoate) was determined in microbially active, sieved (2-mm) sandy loam soil with a soil moisture content of 75% at 1/3 bar. The soil was treated with [¹⁴C]flupropacil at 0·5 mg kg⁻¹ (twice the field use rate) and placed in incubation flasks connected to a series of traps (50 g litre⁻¹ NaOH, 0·5M H₂SO₄, ethylene glycol) and incubated at 25(±1)°C. Soil was sampled at 0, 3, 9, 20, 30, 48, 76, 120, 181 and 238 days of aerobic incubation. Volatiles were collected once every two weeks and on the day of soil sampling. Flupropacil metabolized with a half-life of 79 days under aerobic conditions. The major metabolite was flupropacil acid which accounted for up to 69·1% of the initially applied radioactivity at Day 238. Each of the two minor metabolites detected at the end of the study accounted for less than 0·5%. One of the minor metabolites was identified as C4242 acid (2-chloro-5-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4-trifluoromethylpyrimidin-1-yl)benzoic acid). Only a negligible portion (less than 0·3%) of the applied flupropacil was mineralized to [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide. Extractable radioactivity ranged from 78·9% to 95·5%, with bound residues accounting for 3·2%–23·4%. The material balance ranged from 91·6% to 104·4%.     

不同覆膜连作年限对玛纳斯县棉田土壤质量的影响

为研究不同覆膜连作年限对玛纳斯县棉田土壤质量的影响,以新疆玛纳斯县覆膜连作0、5、10、20、30 a的棉田为研究对象,分别采集0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层土壤,测定其土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物量碳、氮含量等指标,并对不同覆膜连作年限玛纳斯县棉田的土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）随覆膜连作年限的增加,土壤含水率和有机质含量逐渐增加,以覆膜连作30 a时最高,分别为11.52%和21.60 g·kg^-1,土壤速效磷呈先升高后降低趋势,在覆膜连作10 a时含量最高（49.60 mg·kg^-1）,土壤电导率、总盐、速效钾和碱解氮总体呈降低趋势,在覆膜连作年限30 a时含量最低,分别为0.50 mS·cm^-1、0.69 g·kg^-1、148.28 mg·kg^-1和25.27 mg·kg^-1;同一覆膜连作年限下,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水率、电导率和总盐逐渐增加,pH值、有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量逐渐降低。（2）在不同覆膜连作年限下,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性随覆膜连作年限的增加呈先升高后降低趋势,在覆膜连作10 a时活性最高,分别为10.57 mg·g^-1·d^-1、0.86 mg·g^-1·d^-1、0.40 mg·g^-1·d^-1,土壤过氧化氢酶活性随不同覆膜连作年限并无显著变化,为1.80~2.20 mL·g^-1;在同一覆膜连作年限下,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均表现为表层>深层,且差异显著。随覆膜连作年限的增加,土壤微生物量碳含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,最高为205.26 mg·kg^-1,微生物量氮含量逐渐降低,最低在覆膜连作30 a时为11.40 mg·kg^-1,且不同土层土壤微生物量碳、氮表现为表层>深层。（3）土壤速效磷与过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性和微生物量碳呈极显著正相关关系,与蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关关系,表明土壤速效磷是影响土壤酶活性和微生物量碳、氮的主要因素。土壤质量综合评价表明,以覆膜连作10 a的土壤质量最佳,0 a和30 a的土壤质量相对较低。     

Fate of chlorsulfuron in the environment. 1. Laboratory evaluations

The behaviour and fate of chlorsulfuron in aqueous and soil systems were examined in laboratory studies. Aqueous hydrolysis was pH-dependent and followed pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics at 25°C, with faster hydrolysis occurring at pH 5 (half-life 24 days) than at either pH 7 or 9 (half-lives >365 days). Degradation occurred primarily by cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge to form the major metabolites chlorobenzenesulfonamide (2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide) and triazine amine (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine). This route is a major degradation pathway in water and soil systems. Aqueous photolysis (corrected for hydrolysis) proceeded much more slowly (half-life 198 days) than aqueous hydrolysis and is not expected to contribute significantly to overall degradation. Hydrolysis in soil thin-layer plates exposed to light (half-life 80 days), however, progressed at a much faster rate than in dark controls (half life 130 days), which suggests that a mechanism other than direct photolysis may have been operative. An aerobic soil metabolism study (25°C) in a Keyport silt loam soil (pH 6·4, 2·8% OM) showed that degradation was rapid (half-life 20 days). Dissipation in an anaerobic sediment/water system (initial pH of water phase 6·7, final pH 7·4) progressed much more slowly (half-life >365 days) than in aerobic soil systems. Major degradation products in aerobic soil included the chlorobenzenesulfonamide and triazine amine as in the aqueous hydrolysis study. Neither of these degradation products exhibited phytotoxicity to a variety of crop and weed species in a glasshouse experiment, and both exhibited an acute toxicological profile similar to that of chlorsulfuron in a battery of standard tests. Demethylation of the 4-methoxy group on the triazine moiety and subsequent cleavage of the triazine ring is another pathway found in both aqueous solution and soils, though different bonds on the triazine amine appear to be cleaved in the two systems. Hydroxylation of the benzenesulfonamide moiety is a minor degradation pathway found in soils. Two soils amended with 0·1 and 1·0 mg kg^-1 chlorsulfuron showed slight stimulation of nitrification. The 1·0 mg kg^-1 concentration of chlorsulfuron resulted in minor stimulation and inhibition of ¹⁴C-cellulose and ¹⁴C-protein degradation, respectively, in the same soils. Batch equilibrium adsorption studies conducted on four soils showed that adsorption was low in this system (K_oc 13–54). Soil thin-layer chromatography of chlorsulfuron (R_f=0·55–0·86) and its major degradation products demonstrated that the chlorobenzenesulfonamide (R_f=0·34–0·68) had slightly less mobility and that the triazine amine (R_f=0·035–0·40) was much less mobile than chlorsulfuron. In an aged column leaching study, subsamples of a Fallsington sandy loam (pH_water 5·6, OM 1·4%) or a Flanagan silt loam (pH_water 6·4, OM 4·0%) were treated with chlorsulfuron, aged moist for 30 days in a glasshouse and then placed upon a prewet column of the same soil type prior to initiation of leaching. This treatment resulted in the retention of much more total radioactivity (including degradation products) than by a prewet column, where initiation of leaching began immediately after chlorsulfuron application, without aging (primarily chlorsulfuron parent). © 1998 SCI     

不同种植模式下苹果园土壤氮磷养分的分布特征

为研究不同苹果种植模式下土壤养分变化情况,在陕西省千阳县2种不同种植模式(矮化和乔化种植)的苹果园区采集土样,通过测定0~100 cm土层土壤中的全氮、全磷和有效磷含量,分析和比较其土壤氮磷养分含量差异及剖面分布特征。结果表明：在0~100 cm深度的土层中,除全磷外,矮化苹果园土壤各养分含量显著低于乔化苹果园(P<0.05),矮化富士、嘎啦苹果园和乔化富士苹果园全氮含量分别为0.60、0.63、0.76 g·kg^-1,全磷含量分别为0.58、0.56、0.63 g·kg^-1,有效磷含量分别为6.98、3.48、51.00 mg·kg^-1;矮化苹果园全氮、全磷以及有效磷含量主要在0~10 cm的表层土壤中聚集显著(P<0.05);土壤养分含量与土层深度相关性显著(P<0.05),矮化苹果园和乔化苹果园土壤养分含量与土层深度的变化过程分别符合幂函数和对数函数的变化趋势。     

Effect of the ecdysone agonists,RH-2485 and tebufenozide,on the southwestern corn borer,Diatraea grandiosella

The effect of the ecdysone agonists RH-2485 (proposed name methoxyfenozide) and tebufenozide (RH-5992), was examined on eggs and larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar. Both compounds exhibited a concentration-dependent ovicidal activity. More than 95% of eggs died when egg masses were dipped in solutions of 100 or 200 mg liter^-1 of either compound in acetone+distilled water (1+1 by volume). Although some eggs treated with 1 or 10 mg liter^-1 of the compounds hatched, the survival rate was low. Newly hatched larvae were fed for seven days on an artificial diet containing RH-2485 or tebufenozide. The LC₅₀ values were 0·049 mg kg^-1 for RH-2485 and 0·185 mg kg^-1 for tebufenozide, showing that RH-2485 was about four times more active than was tebufenozide. Although increasing the time of exposure to either compound decreased the LC₅₀ value significantly, the relative potency of RH-2485 versus tebufenozide was not changed. Newly ecdysed 4th-instar larvae fed with diets containing 0·125, 0·25 or 0·5 mg kg^-1 RH-2485 or tebufenozide ceased feeding approximately 8 h after exposure, indicating that larvae had prematurely entered a molting cycle. Larvae treated with RH-2485 ecdysed earlier and died more quickly than those treated with tebufenozide. Ingestion of sublethal concentrations of RH-2485 (0·005 and 0·01 mg kg^-1) or tebufenozide (0·03 and 0·06 mg kg^-1) retarded larval growth, and decreased pupal weight and adult emergence. Increasing exposure time to tebufenozide tended to increase the larval mortality, significantly retarded larval growth, and decreased the mean weights of male and female pupae and adult emergence. RH-2485 (0·125 and 0·25 mg kg^-1) and tebufenozide (0·25 and 0·5 mg kg^-1) were lethal to newly hatched larvae, even after diets containing these compounds were held for 20 days at 30°C under long days (16 h light: 8 h dark). Our results suggest that field trials to assess the potential of RH-2485 and tebufenozide to control D. grandiosella are warranted. © 1998 SCI     

Residues of the algicide endothal in water,soil and rice,after paddy field applications

In order to obtain residue data from the application of the algicide endothal in Italian rice paddy fields, two experiments were carried out using a 50 g kg^?1 granular formulation in a small pond and the same granular and two liquid formulations in actual paddy fields of the Italian rice growing area. Endothal decay in the pond water was very rapid, reaching residue levels of 0·01-1·02 mg litre^?1 in two days and 0·004-0·01 mg litre^?1 at the third day. The muddy soil of the pond was free from measurable endothal residues( <0·02 mg kg^?1). In the paddy-field waters, the endothal decay was slower, with an average half-life time of 3·3 days, independently of the type of formulation. The actual residues in water after 6 days ranged from 0·3 to 1·3 mg litre^?1 according to the initial amount of product applied, and, consequently, to the initial concentration in water. Rice samples collected at the normal harvest time from the two paddy fields, treated with three different formulations, showed no endothal residue at the minimum detectable level of 0·01 mg kg^?1.     

民勤退耕区不同年限退耕地土壤理化性质及酶活性

以民勤不同年限(1、2、4、8、13 a)退耕地为研究对象,以当年耕地作为对照,采用时空替代法及通径分析法研究不同年限退耕地土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性变化特征及二者的相关关系。结果表明:(1)随着退耕年限的增加土壤速效钾含量表现为缓慢上升趋势,在退耕13 a达到峰值(411 mg·kg~(-1));其余理化指标均在退耕13 a时降至最低,分别为砂粒含量59%、土壤容重1.285 g·cm~(-3)、土壤有机质含量7.9 g·kg~(-1)土壤全氮含量0.1 g·kg~(-1)、速效磷含量0.329 mg·kg~(-1)。土壤含水率、土壤容重均表现为深层(20～40 cm)土壤高于表层(0～20 cm)土壤,土壤砂粒含量、有机质、速效钾、全氮、速效磷均表现为表层高于深层。(2)4种土壤酶活性随退耕年限的增加表现为先升高再下降的波动趋势,除了过氧化氢酶活性整体表现为较高水平外,其余土壤酶活性均为表层土壤大于深层土壤,且差异性显著(P0.05),其中过氧化氢酶活性值最高达到了0.828 mL·g~(-1)·20 min~(-1),磷酸酶活性值最低为0.0036 mg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)。(3)退耕地磷酸酶、脲酶活性与速效钾含量相关系数分别达到-0.949、-0.966,呈极显著负相关。(4)经通径分析可知,表层(0～20 cm)土壤速效钾含量是影响磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶活性的直接主要因子,有机质含量间接影响4种土壤酶活性;深层(20～40 cm)土壤有机质含量为影响磷酸酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性直接主要因子,全氮含量间接影响4种土壤酶活性。     

The effect of initial concentration of carbofuran on the development and stability of its enhanced biodegradation in top‐soil and sub‐soil

Carbofuran was incubated in top‐soil and sub‐soil samples from a pesticide‐free site at a range of initial concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mg kg⁻¹. Amounts of the incubated soils were removed at intervals over the subsequent 12 months, and the rate of degradation of a second carbofuran dose at 10 mg kg⁻¹ was assessed. An applied concentration as low as 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ to top‐soil resulted in more rapid degradation of the fresh addition of carbofuran for at least 12 months. The degree of enhancement was generally more pronounced with the higher initial concentrations. When the same study was conducted in sub‐soil samples from the same site, an initial dose of carbofuran at 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ resulted in only small increases in rates of degradation of a second carbofuran dose. However, degradation rates in the sub‐soil samples were, in many instances, considerably greater than in the corresponding top‐soil samples, irrespective of pre‐treatment concentration or pre‐incubation period. Initial doses of 0.5 mg kg⁻¹ and higher applied to sub‐soil successfully activated the sub‐soil microflora. Application of the VARLEACH model to simulate carbofuran movement through the soil profile indicated that approximately 0.01 mg kg⁻¹ of carbofuran may reach a depth of 70 cm 400 days after a standard field application. The results therefore imply that adaptation of the sub‐soil microflora (c 1 m depth) by normal field rate applications of carbofuran is unlikely to occur. In experiments to investigate this in soils exposed to carbofuran in the field, there was no apparent relationship between top‐soil exposure and degradation rates in the corresponding sub‐soils. The results further confirmed that some sub‐soil samples have an inherent capacity for rapid biodegradation of carbofuran. The high levels of variability observed between replicates in some of the sub‐soil samples were attributed to the uneven distribution of a low population of carbofuran‐degrading micro‐organisms in sub‐surface soil. There was no apparent relationship between soil microbial biomass and degradation rates within or between top‐soil and sub‐soil samples. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

猕猴桃园和小麦—玉米轮作田两种土地利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响

为深入了解不同土地利用方式下土壤养分水平的差异及施肥和管理中存在的问题,选取陕西省周至县农耕区为研究区域,采用地统计分析和GIS相结合的方法,研究了猕猴桃园和小麦—玉米轮作田两种不同土地利用类型下土壤养分含量、养分相关性、空间变异特征及其分布格局。结果表明:猕猴桃园有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾4种养分含量分别为:(19.55±3.13)g·kg~(~(-1)),(80.58±14.69)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(23.37±6.09)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(102.79±12.74)mg·kg~(~(-1)),pH值为7.32±0.49;小麦—玉米农田有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾4种养分含量分别为:(19.43±2.63)g·kg~(~(-1)),(78.80±11.39)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(24.83±6.06)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(95.03±11.75)mg·kg~(~(-1)),pH值为7.41±0.58。猕猴桃园土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量均高于小麦—玉米农田,仅有效磷含量比小麦—玉米农田偏低。研究区主要养分要素的变异系数都处于10%~100%,属于中等空间变异性。在猕猴桃园中,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾两两之间均呈极显著或显著正相关;在小麦—玉米农田,pH值与有机质表现出显著负相关。研究区土壤有效磷含量较为丰富,碱解氮含量处于中等偏高水平,有机质含量处于中等偏低水平,而速效钾含量总体缺乏。整体上猕猴桃园比小麦—玉米农田养分水平高,这主要与不同的田间管理和施肥状况有关。因此,今后应采取维持氮肥、控制磷肥、增加钾肥的措施,并十分重视有机肥的使用。此外,针对不同土地利用类型和土壤肥力状况进行分区培肥管理,普及科学施肥,提高肥料利用效率也是提升土壤肥力水平的重要措施。     

Fate of metsulfuron-methyl in soils in relation to pedo-climatic conditions

The dependence of the behaviour of metsulfuron-methyl on soil pH was confirmed during incubations under controlled laboratory conditions with two French soils used for wheat cropping. The fate of [¹⁴C] residues from [triazine-¹⁴C]metsulfuron-methyl was studied by combining different experimen-tal conditions: soil pH (8·1 and 5·2), temperature (28 and 10°C), soil moisture (90 and 50% of soil water holding capacity) and microbial activity (sterile and non-sterile conditions). Metsulfuron-methyl degradation was mainly influenced by soil pH and temperature. The metsulfuron-methyl half-life varied from five days in the acidic soil to 69 days in the alkaline soil. Under sterile conditions, the half-life increased in alkaline soil to 139 days but was not changed in the acidic soil. Metsulfuron-methyl degradation mainly resulted in the formation of the amino-triazine. In the acidic soil, degradation was characterised by rapid hydrolysis giving two specific unidentified metabolites, not detected during incubations in the alkaline soil. Bound residues formation and metsulfuron-methyl mineralisation were highly correlated. The extent of bound residue formation increased when soil water content decreased and was maximal [48 (±4)% of the applied metsulfuron-methyl after 98 incubation days] in the acidic soil at 50% of the water holding capacity and 28°C. Otherwise, bound residues represented between 13 and 32% of the initial radioactivity. © 1998 SCI     

Degradation and adsorption of 14C-MCPA in soil—influence of concentration, temperature and moisture content on degradation

MCPA was weakly absorbed in soils with 2.4, 3.0 and 2.9% humus. K_d-values were 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0, respectively. In soil, not previously treated with MCPA, the degradation of 0.05 mg kg^?114C-MCPA followed first-order reaction kinetics whereas degradation of 5 mg kg^?1 was only first-order for 2 weeks; exponentially increasing degradation rates followed indicating enrichment of the soil with MCPA decomposers. Degradation was monitored by evolution of ¹⁴CO₂. The influence of temperature on degradation of MCPA (4 mg kg^?1) could initially be described by Q₁₀ values or by the Arrhenius equation. After 1 day of incubation in two field soils Q₁₀ values were 3.3 and 2.9, respectively, between 0°C and 29°C; the activation energies were 87 and 76 kj mol^?1. Exponentially increasing degradation rates followed with doubling times of about 4.0, 1.8, 1.2 and 0.6 days at 6,10, 15 and 21°C, respectively. After 51 days of incubation, at temperatures between 6°C and 29°C, about 60%¹⁴C was evolved in CO₂ and only traces of MCPA were left in the soil. At 0°C and at 40°C only 1% and 10%¹⁴C, respectively, were evolved as CO₂ after 51 days. ¹⁴C-MCPA (4 mg kg^?1) was incubated at moisture contents from that in air-dried soil to 2.3 times field capacity. Optimum for degradation was from 0.6 to 1.2. field capacity. Degradation was very slow where water contents were below the level of wilting point and was nil in air-dried soil. In wet soil degradation was delayed, but even in water-logged soil (2.3 times field capacity) MCPA was decomposed after 4 to 5 weeks at 10°C.     

Comparative purification methods for determination of triadimenol residues in plant material

Two procedures are described for the determination of residues of triadimenol and compared on cereal material. After extraction, purification is carried out by Florisil column chromatography in method I and by semi-preparative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in method II. Triadimenol residues are quantified by gas chromatography with a thermoionic detector. With method I, interference was observed but not with method II. This specific procedure has been tested on other plant materials. Recoveries in the range of 90–98% indicate that this procedure is suitable for residue analysis of this fungicide with detection limits of 0·008 mg kg^?1 in wheat grains, 0·03 mg kg^?1 in wheat straw and 0·004–0·008 mg kg^?1 in other plants. Maximum residue limits in France are: 0·1 mg kg^?1 in grain, 2·0 mg kg^?1 in straw and 1·0 mg kg^?1 in other vegetables and fruit.     

Persistence of Chlorpyrifos in Soils under Different Moisture Regimes

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide used to control insect pests in soil. The fate of chlorpyrifos in soils under different moisture regimes is of interest because application directions specify soil-surface treatments for a number of agricultural and urban pests. Chlorpyrifos was degraded rapidly in all air-dry soils and slightly more slowly in soils at field capacity and/or under submerged conditions. Degradation rates were influenced by clay-catalysed hydrolysis under air-dry conditions and neutral or alkaline hydrolysis under submerged conditions. Degradation was faster in Bellary soil (chromic haplustert) and slower in Chettalli soil (ustic palehumult) under all three moisture regimes. The calculated half-lives ranged from 1·6 to 10·0, 5·2 to 22·0 and 8·7 to 25·1 days under air-dry, field capacity and submergence respectively at an application rate of 10 mg kg^-1. © 1997 SCI.     

Mineralization of 2,4‐D,mecoprop, isoproturon and terbuthylazine in a chalk aquifer

The potential to mineralize 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), mecoprop, isoproturon and terbuthylazine was studied in soil and aquifer chalk sampled at an agricultural field near Aalborg, Denmark. Laboratory microcosms were incubated for 258 days under aerobic conditions at 10 °C with soil and chalk from 0.15–4.45 m below the surface. The [ring‐U‐¹⁴C]‐labeled herbicides were added to obtain a concentration of 6 µg kg^?1 and mineralization was measured as evolved [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide. The herbicides were readily mineralized in soil from the plough layer, except for terbuthylazine, which was mineralized only to a limited extent. In the chalk, lag periods of at least 40 days were observed, and a maximum of 51%, 33% and 6% of the added 2,4‐D, mecoprop and isoproturon, respectively, were recovered as [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide. Large variations in both rate and extent of mineralization were observed within replicates in chalk. No mineralization of terbuthylazine in chalk was observed. As a measure of the general metabolic activity towards aromatic compounds, [ring‐U‐¹⁴C]‐benzoic acid was included. It was readily mineralized at all depths. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

潮棕壤速效磷产量临界值和淋溶临界值的计算

确定合理磷肥用量对取得高产、提高经济收益和保护环境都有重要意义,而明确土壤速效磷产量临界值与淋溶临界值是界定施肥量适宜与否的必要前提。本文基于下辽河平原长期定位试验,使用直线-平台、双直线和米氏模型计算土壤速效磷产量临界值,通过土柱淋溶试验确定土壤速效磷淋溶临界值。结果表明：该地区玉米和大豆的速效磷产量临界值分别为12.0 mg·kg^-1和10.8 mg·kg^-1;三个模型中以米氏模型计算的值最高,以直线-平台模型计算的值最低;通过6次淋溶试验,计算的土壤速效磷淋溶临界值在74.6 mg·kg^-1到82.0 mg·kg^-1之间,均值为80.2 mg·kg^-1。在农业生产中应将土壤速效磷控制在12.0～80.2 mg·kg^-1之间,可据此指导施肥,达到保证作物生长所需养分,并减少施肥对环境影响的目标。     

Estimating benzimidazole residues in thatch and turfgrass by bioassay

Bioassays using pellets of agar, thatch-agar and turfgrass-agar were developed using benzimidazole-sensitive Penicillium expansum Link, to detect the fungicide methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate (MBC) which is the major fungitoxic degradation product of benomyl [methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate] in thatch and turfgrass clippings. These bioassays were used to estimate the amount of fungicide that was biologically available and hence, by subtraction from that applied, the amount that remained bound and biologically unavailable. The limit of quantitation was 0·5 mg kg⁻¹. From 19·9% to 93·2% of the applied fungicide was bound by thatch and 46·2% to 56·9% was bound to turfgrass clippings depending on the concentrations used. In-vitro degradation studies showed that MBC had a half life of approximately 2·5 weeks at 23°C in non-sterilized thatch.     

Enzyme immunoassay for atrazine analysis in water and soil

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been tested for the detection of atrazine in soil and water. EIA kits and atrazine-fortified samples were received from the International Atomic Energy Agency. Atrazine concentrations of about 0·01 μg litre^-1 could be detected and the central detection point was found at about 0·15 μg litre^-1 which is a reasonably sensitive region for atrazine. A validation study with spiked local water samples yielded acceptable results. No treatment was required for water samples. Extraction of atrazine from soil was done by simple shaking with methanol without any clean-up steps. Detection limits of 1×10^-2 μg litre^-1 for water and 5×10^-3 μg kg^-1 for soil were achieved. © 1998 SCI.     

Organophosphorus insecticide residues in virgin Greek olive oil, 1988–1990

Organophosphorus insecticide residues have been monitored for two years in virgin olive oil after dimethoate and fenthion treatments to control the olive fruit fly. No dimethoate residues were detected in any of the samples. For the first and second years, 50% and 21%, respectively, of the samples contained no detectable fenthion residues, while 4% and 6%, respectively had residue concentrations exceeding the Codex Alimentarious Maximum Residue Limit (1 mg kg^?1). The mean concentration was 0·236 mg kg^?1 oil and the estimated daily intake of fenthion 0·0002 mg kg^?1 body weight (Acceptable Daily Intake 0·001 mg kg^?1 body weight). The parent compound was the most important residue in fresh samples, while aged samples contained a higher amount of the metabolite fenthion sulfoxide. The contribution of the oxygen analogues (P= 0 metabolites) of fenthion to the total residue concentration was<5% in most cases.