红壤性水稻土可溶态稀土分布特征及与酸度调控的关系

测定了具有代表性的4种母质发育、3种水育型的红壤性水稻土及起源土壤的可溶性稀土(REEs)和稀土总丰度(∑REE),分析了REEs的分布特征及与∑REE的相关,研究了经酸碱调节后土壤REEs与pH值的关系,结果表明:(1)不同母质发育的供试土壤REEs平均值依石英闪长岩母质土壤系列、凝灰岩母质土壤系列、黑云母花岗岩母质土壤系列、玄武岩母质土壤系列顺序递减。(2)供试土壤REEs与∑REE的相关不显著。(3)起源土壤剖面中REEs具有明显自上而下增大的趋势,而不同水育型水稻土剖面的REEs分布各有特征,但总的趋势是自上而下减少。(4)经酸度调节后供试土壤的REEs随着土壤pH值的提高而下降,呈显著的幂函数相关。     

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物在酸性土上的农用研究

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物是工业发电的燃煤脱硫过程产生的一种固体废弃物,本文研究了它的农业利用价值,并进行了酸性土壤上施用的肥效试验和作物的重金属含量检测。结果显示:燃煤烟气脱硫副产物富含南方酸性土壤中普遍缺乏的Ca、S、Si、B、Mo等元素,具极好的农业利用价值;在3种不同类型的赤红壤上,供试作物适量施用脱硫副产物均可获得不同程度的增产和提高品质的效果,若与活化剂配合施用效果更佳;并能有效改善土壤的理化性能;供试物中的重金属含量均没有超过国家的限量标准,故适量施用后,当造作物植株中检出的重金属含量均低于国家限量标准。     

不同状态土壤水的采取及化学组成特性研究

利用离心分离法,对土壤中不同状态水采取所需时间及化学组成进行试验研究,明确了利用离心分离法可以取得不同状态(不同PF段)土壤水所需时间,并分析了不同状态土壤水中主要离子的溶存量及组成特性,对研究作物的生长发育、土壤-作物生态系统中的养分循环、地力培肥等方面都具有重要的指导作用。     

接种蚯蚓对加入不同植物残体土壤微生物特性的影响

通过室内试验,研究不同类型土壤和植物残体施用下接种蚯蚓对土壤微生物群落组成及活性的影响,为将蚯蚓引入农田及水土流失区提供理论依据。供试土壤为黏粒含量较低的灰潮土和黏粒含量较高的典型红壤,供试植物残体为高碳氮比的玉米秸秆和低碳氮比的三叶草,供试蚯蚓为体型较大的威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)。结果表明:接种蚯蚓对微生物量碳(MBC)无显著影响;不同土壤无论是否施用植物残体,接种蚯蚓均使土壤基础呼吸(BR)显著增大,尤其是不施用植物残体时;两种土壤中不施用植物残体和施用三叶草时,接种蚯蚓均使代谢熵(qCO2)增大,而施用玉米秸秆接种蚯蚓使qCO2有下降趋势。Biolog孔平均颜色变化(AWCD)在接种蚯蚓时均增大,基质利用丰富度(S)和多样性指数(H)也增大,且未施用秸秆时的变化较为明显;主成分分析(PCA)表明接种蚯蚓后土壤微生物群落组成与结构发生了明显变化。土壤微生物群落特性变化受蚯蚓、土壤及植物残体间交互作用的影响。     

丛枝菌根真菌菌丝对土壤微生物群落结构及 多氯联苯降解的影响

以摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)为供试菌种,在光照培养箱内利用分室根箱研究丛枝菌根真菌菌丝对多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)污染土壤的修复效应及其机理。试验设置接种丛枝菌根真菌的处理以及不接种的对照,选用美国南瓜(Cucurbita pepo L.)为供试植物,在南瓜生长40天后将接种菌根真菌处理的菌丝室土壤从尼龙网向外水平分为4层取样,测定PCBs及磷脂脂肪酸含量。结果表明:菌丝可以穿越尼龙网影响菌丝室土壤,且距离尼龙网越远菌丝量越低;菌丝显著促进了土壤微生物量(P0.05),并改变了不同土层土壤微生物群落结构;接种菌根真菌处理各土层PCBs降解率为35.67%~57.39%,均显著高于对照的17.31%,相关分析结果表明土壤三氯、四氯联苯以及PCBs总量与菌丝量呈极显著负相关(P0.01);菌丝际土壤微生物量,特别是细菌生物量与土壤三氯联苯含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。可见,菌丝通过影响菌丝际土壤微生物群落结构及生物量,促进三氯及四氯联苯降解,从而提高土壤PCBs修复效率。     

黄土丘陵区退耕还林(草)土壤环境效应

通过采样与分析,研究了上黄试区不同土地利用类型、不同坡地植被恢复措施及不同植被恢复年限的土壤养分状况,结果表明：坡耕地土壤存在不同程度的退化现象,土壤养分,有机质含量较低;坡耕地与不同恢复措施的林地草地相比,速效K、速效N及有机质含量低,pH值则偏高;坡耕地退耕还林还草年限越长土壤改良效益越明显。     

不同状态土壤水的采取及化学组成特性研究

利用离心分离法，对土壤中不同状态水采取所需时间及化学组成进行试验研究，明确了利用离心分离法可以取得不同状态（不同ＰＦ段）土壤水所需时间，并分析了不同状态土壤水中主要离子的溶存量及组成特性，对研究作物的生长发育、土壤－作物生态系统中的养分循环、地力培肥等方面都具有重要的指导作用。     

山西省几种典型土壤供钾能力评价

从山西省主要农田土壤中选取有代表性的耕层土壤样品 19个 ,应用生物耗竭法并结合化学方法对该省主要土壤的供钾能力进行综合评价。研究表明 ,供试的 19个土壤中无论不同形态钾含量还是耗竭后土壤钾素 (速效钾、缓效钾 )最低水平值的大小和出现前耗竭的茬数、作物吸钾量均存在较大差异 ,并因土壤类型、取土地区不同而异。最低水平值和作物吸钾量是土壤供钾的重要特征参数。供试山西土壤的长期供钾能力按取土地区有从南至北逐渐下降的趋势 ,在不同土壤类型上有红粘土、潮土 黄绵土、褐土 栗褐土、栗钙土的趋势。     

我国几种地带性土壤无机胶体的表面电荷特性

研究了用返滴定法测定我国七个不同地带土壤无机胶体的表面电荷特性。结果表明 :( 1 )返滴定法测定的供试土壤无机胶体可变电荷量随纬度升高而逐渐上升。这主要与供试土壤粘土矿物、铁铝氧化物组成及含量有关。一般来说 ,土壤层状硅酸盐粘土含量越多 ,永久负电荷量和其可变负电荷量越大 ;铁铝氧化物含量越高 ,可变负电荷量越低。( 2 )七个地带性土壤无机胶体的Qv pH曲线上在pH5左右有一峰值 ,这可能与供试土壤胶体中铁铝氧化物的ZPC及供试土样层状硅酸盐的边面Si OH基吸附H 及Al OH基离解H 有关     

苏南某市农田土壤有毒有害元素分布状况及影响因素

本研究选择工业化与城市化水平较高,且工农业经济发展水平相对较平衡,具有蔬菜种植较长历史的苏南某市为试点区,重点探讨农田土壤重金属污染状况与分布规律,以及土壤利用方式、轮作方式、作物品种及种植年限对土壤重金属污染状况及分布规律的影响。研究结果表明供试区土壤中各种重金属含量离散较大,Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu含量范围分别为0.05~2.35、4.28~42.90、22.50~106.50、49.80~101.70、0.09~2.16和15.00~125.40mg/kg。试区土壤有毒有害元素Cd、Pb、Cu及Zn比杭州近郊土壤中的含量低,Ni含量较高;除Cu外,试区土壤有毒有害元素含量(均值)As、Cd、Pb和Zn含量均低于香港菜园土;轮作方式和不同作物的种植对土壤中部分有毒有害元素的积累有一定的影响,但影响并不突出;蔬菜种植年限对土壤中有毒有害元素的积累有明显的影响作用,轻度熟化菜园土中有毒有害元素的含量明显高于中等熟化菜园土。     

喀斯特山地不同土地利用方式土壤养分特征研究

不同的土地利用方式影响着土壤的养分特征及土壤质量。对重庆市南川区灌草丛、人工林、果园、旱地、水田、撂荒地6种不同土地利用方式下土壤养分的研究表明:不同土地利用方式间土壤养分存在一定的差异,变化规律也不一致。6种土地利用方式下的土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾都呈现表聚现象,且有机质、全氮、速效氮都随深度的增加而递减,但全磷和全钾含量并无明显的变化规律。6种土地利用方式各土壤养分指标含量排序各异,退耕后土壤部分养分含量仍较低,初步认为该区土壤养分受人为影响较严重,退耕后土壤恢复能力还较差。     

Influence of drying vs. freezing of archived soil samples on soil organic matter fractions

Archived soil samples are a valuable tool for any long‐term soil research. We analysed total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content and soil organic matter fractions in 38 archived soil samples that were stored for up to 21 years and compared air‐dried storage to frozen storage conditions. Samples include top‐ and upper subsoils, different soil texture and land use with C contents between 4.3 and 174 mg g^?1. The results from this study reveal no changes in total C and N contents with storage time up to 21 years or type of storage (freezing vs. air drying). The analyses of soil physical fractions also revealed no significant differences between air‐dried stored and frozen stored samples for most samples. However, we found indications, that freezing of soil material might lead to changes in the mineral fractions for soils containing high amounts of water. Therefore, and as archiving soils in a frozen state is more expensive than storing air‐dried samples, we recommend the use of air‐dried samples for C quality analyses of archived soil samples.     

东北地区县域耕地利用系统安全驱动力因子及其空间分异

[目的]确定耕地利用系统安全变化的驱动力空间差异,为保护耕地和保障粮食安全服务。[方法]以东北区典型区域巴彦县为研究区,运用"3S"技术,采用相关分析和Logistic回归模型,对影响耕地利用系统安全的驱动力因子进行识别和分析;采用单因子评价法和Kriging插值法分析驱动因子影响程度及其空间分布,揭示空间分异规律。[结果](1)地貌类型、土壤类型、土壤质地、速效磷、排涝能力和政策法规对系统安全具有促进作用,高程、比值植被指数、人口密度和水土流失对系统安全具有抑制作用。(2)各驱动力因子在空间上打破了原来的耕地利用分区,呈现出以地理空间为基础的空间分异特征。[结论](1)各驱动因子对研究区耕地利用系统安全均有不同程度的影响。(2)各驱动因子对耕地利用系统安全的影响程度在地域空间上有明显的分异规律。     

开垦对农牧交错带地带性和非地带性草地土壤性质的影响

该文以农牧交错带由地带性和非地带性草地开垦的农田及其相应的草地类型为研究对象,采用野外取样与实验室分析相结合的方法研究了开垦对农牧交错带草地土壤理化性质的影响,以期为农牧交错带土地的合理利用提供参考。结果表明,草地开垦后,其土壤特性出现颗粒组成粗化,体积质量增加,土壤毛管持水力降低,土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳全氮、有效磷、有效钾和土壤有效态微量元素质量分数降低的现象;开垦导致了地带性草地土壤中有效铁、有效锰质量分数不能够满足农作物生长发育之需要。基于对地带性和非地带性两类草地开垦后土壤性质变化的分析及对比,提出了在农牧交错带秋季收获时应该对作物进行高留茬处理并适当延后春季翻耕时间,以减少风蚀作用的负面影响;应该通过秸秆还田和增施有机肥等方法来改善土壤性质,建议研究区应严格贯彻执行禁止对地带性草地的开垦,对已开垦的地带性草地应尽快实施国家提出的退耕还草政策;对于非地带性草地开垦的农田,应注重科学管理,合理利用。     

Incidence of soil surface crust types in semi-arid Niger

Soil water availability is most essential in the Sahelian agriculture but is hampered by several factors. Surface crusts or crust-like surfaces, which are characteristic of most Sahelian soils, have been shown to decrease water infiltrability and increase runoff. Their type and structure are influenced by soil texture, vegetation cover, erosion and deposition effects of wind and water. A soil and terrain survey in semi-arid SW-Niger was carried out to explain the patterns of soil surface crusts and the deterioration of the land. The soil surface crusts were shown to depend also on specific terrain factors including land use type and intensity, and terrain type and position. Chemical and physical soil factors such as organic carbon, soil colour and texture occurring with specific crusts indicate soil degradation, especially in sloping terrain, which increases runoff and soil erosion. For sandy soils, surface tillage is required to break up the crusts. Higher surface organic matter is recommended to enhance water infiltration in soils.     

Impact of land‐use changes on soil hydraulic properties of Calcaric Regosols on the Loess Plateau,NW China

Vegetation restoration efforts (planting trees and grass) have been effective in controlling soil erosion on the Loess Plateau (NW China). Shifts in land cover result in modifications of soil properties. Yet, whether the hydraulic properties have also been improved by vegetation restoration is still not clear. The objective of this paper was to understand how vegetation restoration alters soil structure and related soil hydraulic properties such as permeability and soil water storage capacity. Three adjacent sites with similar soil texture, soil type, and topography, but different land cover (black locust forest, grassland, and cropland) were selected in a typical small catchment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River (Loess Plateau). Seasonal variation of soil hydraulic properties in topsoil and subsoil were examined. Our study revealed that land‐use type had a significant impact on field‐saturated, near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil water characteristics. Specifically, conversion from cropland to grass or forests promotes infiltration capacity as a result of increased saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and macroporosity. Moreover, conversion from cropland to forest tends to promote the creation of mesopores, which increase soil water‐storage capacity. Tillage of cropland created temporarily well‐structured topsoil but compacted subsoil as indicated by low subsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and plant‐available water capacity. No impact of land cover conversion on unsaturated hydraulic conductivities at suction > 300 cm was found indicating that changes in land cover do not affect functional meso‐ and microporosity. Our work demonstrates that changes in soil hydraulic properties resulting from soil conservation efforts need to be considered when soil conservation measures shall be implemented in water‐limited regions. For ensuring the sustainability of such measures, the impact of soil conversion on water resources and hydrological processes needs to be further investigated.     

Subsoil water available in suction and poor in amount under continuous grassland use

Soil water storage in grassland is critical to regulate herbage yield while it may be threatened by continuous land use without plowing because of the progress of soil compaction associated with worsening soil hydraulic properties. This study aimed at contrasting the quantity and the availability of soil water in a meadow which had not been renovated for 13 years. We monitored matric potentials and mass soil water contents to 100 cm depth from autumn to winter in which plant transpiration was dormant. Soil water capacities were determined with soil water characteristics. The measurements were made in both a harvesting area in which agricultural vehicles had been operated, and a tree cover area which had experienced almost no vehicle loads. The soil layer in the tree cover area had a larger capacity for readily available moisture than that in the harvesting area. The matric potentials in the tree cover area varied in time between 0 and -1000 cm regardless of depth while those in the harvesting area were rather steady. These suggested better pore water continuity in the tree cover area. In the subsoil layers in both the harvesting and the tree cover areas, the soil water contents in terms of actually stored water did not reach as high a level as those expected from the soil moisture characteristics of the matric potential of -1000 cm. On the other hand, the measured matric potentials were consistently readily available for plants during the entire period of measurement. The apparent discrepancy between the matric potentials in readily available vs. actually stored water implied that the subsoil layers had become drier than observed during the study period, and that soil water hysteresis had prevented the full recovery of the water storage.     

东北典型黑土区坡耕地涝渍地土壤持水性和导水性研究

中国东北典型黑土区是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,对我国粮食安全和国民经济的稳定起到举足轻重的作用。作为土壤退化的一种特殊形式,涝渍地严重影响着垦区的农业生产。在东北典型黑土区坡面涝渍地及其周围正常耕地中布设采样点,测定了土壤剖面质地分布情况及土壤水分特征曲线,以揭示东北黑土区坡面涝渍地土壤水分过大的根本原因。结果表明,涝渍地土壤剖面中细质地土壤类型所占比例为90%,质地较粘重。涝渍地土壤具有较高的进气值,水吸力较大,保持在中小孔隙中的水分只有在较大吸力范围内才能缓慢释出,这造成涝渍地土壤具有极强的持水能力,不容易失水,再加上极弱的导水能力,水分饱和但不会被释放。以上这些土壤特性导致了涝渍地土壤长期处于湿度过大的状态。本研究结果可为涝渍地治理提供依据。     

薪炭林地土壤物理特性及养分状况研究

通过对黄土高原薪炭林地土壤的对比分析表明:试区土壤为黄绵土土体构型,质地为轻壤土或中壤土质;随着林木生长年限的增加,薪炭林地土壤水稳性团粒结构含量比农地对照提高了7.5%;土壤有机质也有明显地改善和提高;土壤水解氮的含量,以豆科柠条、刺槐、紫穗槐等树种林地含量高于山杏、沙柳等其它树种林地的含量;还对林地有效水的含量及利用状况、土壤的渗透特征进行了探讨。     

Impact of land use changes on the hydrological properties of volcanic ash soils in South Ecuador

Abstract. The effect of land use on the water retention capacity of Umbric Andosols in south Ecuador was studied. The objective was to acquire a better insight into the hydrological processes of the ecosystem and the role of the soil, in order to assess the impact of changing soil properties due to land use change on the hydrology of the high Andes region. Field data on the water retention capacity at wilting point of Umbric Andosols were collected for both cultivated field conditions and original bush vegetation. The pH in water and in NaF, texture, organic matter content and dry bulk density were measured to show which physicochemical soil characteristics are responsible for the water retention of the Umbric Andosols and for the irreversible loss in water retention due to air drying. Organic matter content appears to be very important and certainly more important than allophane clay content. Water retention of the organic litter layer was calculated to be 16 mm, this would be lost when vegetation was cleared and the land cultivated.