模拟降雨条件下金银花对片麻岩坡地土壤侵蚀的影响

通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,研究不同树龄金银花对片麻岩坡地土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:种植金银花能明显减缓雨水对片麻岩坡地的土壤侵蚀。金银花能延迟初始产流时间,降低径流模数和输沙模数,且随树龄的增加效果明显增加。相比裸地,种植1,3,6年树龄金银花分别延迟产流时间0.71%,23.33%和39.20%;6年金银花降低径流模数和径流深分别达75%和51%,降低输沙模数为23.42%～57.60%。金银花能提高土壤抗侵蚀能力,相比裸地,种植1,3,6年树龄金银花坡面WAS_0.25分别提高11.52%,19.37%和24.35%。在近根区,相比1年树龄金银花根系生物量,种植3,6年金银花依次增加82.67%和191.26%。根系生物量与金银花坡面的总减流率和总减沙率呈极显著正相关,其相关系数(R^2)分别为0.801和0.911。总体上,金银花能够控制片麻岩坡地土壤侵蚀,并在一定程度上提高土壤抗侵蚀能力。     

黄丘区野外坡面产流产沙过程对不同植被覆盖结构的响应

植被覆盖结构是影响坡面侵蚀过程的重要因素,通过在黄丘区罗玉沟流域开展自然植被覆盖坡面野外模拟降雨试验,分析了90 mm/h雨强条件下地下根系、地下根系+地表结皮层和地下根系+地表结皮层+植被冠层3种不同覆盖结构对坡面产流产沙过程影响。结果表明:植被根系层次对增强土壤入渗起主导作用,使土壤入渗量增加67%,稳定入渗率增加39.7%;3种植被覆盖结构中,地表结皮层对产流和产沙具有最好的调控作用,减流贡献率和减沙贡献率分别为43%和67%;根系小区和裸地小区累积产流量与累积产沙量之间呈幂函数关系,随着植被覆盖结构的叠加,累积产流量与累积产沙量之间呈线性函数的关系;多层次植被覆盖结构能够延长坡面侵蚀过程的发育期,缩短活跃期。研究结果对定量评价植被措施的减水减沙作用具有重要意义。     

Runoff and Sediment Attenuation by Undisturbed and Lightly Disturbed Forest Buffers

A runoff plot experiment found that ten metre undisturbed forest buffers removed80–90% of runoff and over 95% of sediment produced by logging skid tracks. The study was carried out on 21^º slopes in a native forest in eastern New South Wales, Australia. The experiment included three replicates of four treatments including undisturbed control, skid track, skid track + undisturbed buffer and skid track + disturbed buffer. Skid track and control plots were 20 m long by 5 m wide. Buffer plots consisted of a 20 m by 5 m skid track directing runoff to a 10 m by 5 m naturally vegetated buffer that was either undisturbed or lightly disturbed. Runoff and sediment yields from plots were monitored over two successive summers. Undisturbed buffers greatly reduced overland flow and decreased sediment yields from around 100 Mg ha¹ to less than 0.5 Mg ha^-1. Differences in both runoff and sediment yield between undisturbed buffer and control treatments were minimal and not statistically significant. Disturbed buffers achieved similarly large reductions in runoff and sediment yield in two out of three replicates. The third replicate yielded as much or more runoff and sediment than the skid track plots suggesting that disturbance increased the risk of buffer failure. The peak rate of outflow from buffer plots was generally not related to peak buffer inflow until a threshold inflow of 1.6 L s^-1 was reached, after which peak outflow and peak inflow were linearly related.     

小麦秸秆长度、覆盖量对坡面产流产沙的影响

为定量研究小麦秸秆覆盖对坡面产沙产流过程及减水减沙效益的影响,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究在降雨强度为90 mm/h时,不同秸秆长度和秸秆覆盖量下的坡面产流产沙特征和产流产沙过程规律,结果表明:(1)在相同秸秆长度下,随秸秆覆盖量增加,产流量产沙量极显著减少(p0.01)。相同覆盖量水平下随秸秆长度增加,产流量显著增加(p0.05),在4.5 t/hm~2覆盖量下产沙量极显著增加(p0.01)。(2)秸秆覆盖坡面的初始产流时间较裸露坡面延迟6.23倍,产流量平均下降19.5%,产沙量下降31.6%。覆盖措施通过保护土壤的结构有效抑制了细沟侵蚀过程向切沟侵蚀发展。产流产沙过程受秸秆长度和覆盖量的交互作用影响,交互效应对产流过程的影响更突出。(3)随覆盖量增加,减水减沙效益极显著增加(p0.01);随长度增加,减水减沙效益分别减少为17.26%,27.97%。不同覆盖条件下的坡面产流量、产沙量和减水、减沙效益均与秸秆长度、秸秆覆盖量呈二元线性关系。(4)在当前试验条件下,当秸秆长度为3～5 cm,覆盖量为4.5 t/hm~2时达到最优减水减沙效益。     

The effects of ryegrass roots and shoots on loess erosion under simulated rainfall

Numerous studies have demonstrated that vegetation coverage is very important to control soil erosion by water. However, the combined impacts of plant roots and shoots on soil erosion by water and the relative contributions of the roots and shoots are not clearly understood. Four rainfall simulation experiments with the rainfall intensity at 1.5 mm min^− 1 were conducted at an interval of 5 weeks to investigate the effects of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) shoots and roots on soil erosion and runoff reductions. Ten ryegrass planted pans and four fallow pans were prepared for the experiments. The first rainfall simulation experiment was conducted after ryegrass had been planted for 12 weeks. It showed that compared with the runoffs in the fallow pans, the runoff in the planted pans decreased 25% and 70% in the 12th week and the 27th week, respectively; and the sediment decrements amounted up to 95% in the 27th week. The results also indicated that the shoot effect on runoff reduction, accounting for over 50% except in the 27th week when the shoot affect also accounted for 44%, was relatively greater than the root effect. However, the roots contributed more to soil loss reduction than the shoots, and in particular accounted for 90% of soil loss reduction at the 27th week. Both the soil erosion rate and average infiltration rate were linearly correlated with root surface area density in cm² root surface area per unit soil volume. Ryegrass planting could improve soil physical properties, especially soil aggregate stability, which increased from 33.1% in the 12th week to 38.5% in the 27th week. The study results are probably useful in evaluating the effects of plant shoots and roots on soil erosion control.     

不同雨型下反坡台阶减少红壤坡耕地氮磷流失的效果

为研究自然降雨条件下反坡台阶对坡耕地氮、磷流失的影响,该文基于滇中红壤坡耕地标准径流小区45场典型降雨观测资料,根据降雨量、最大30 min雨强和降雨侵蚀力,综合采用快速聚类和判别聚类,划分确定出A(高雨量、大雨强、高侵蚀力)、B(低雨量、小雨强、低侵蚀力)、C(中低雨量、中小雨强、中低侵蚀力)、D(中高雨量、中雨强、中高侵蚀力)4种降雨类型。研究发现,反坡台阶减流率和减沙率达到52.11%和71.30%,减沙率显著大于减流率(P0.01);不同降雨类型下反坡台阶的减流率表现为:C雨型B雨型D雨型A雨型,减沙率表现为:D雨型A雨型C雨型B雨型,C雨型和B雨型下反坡台阶减流率显著高于D雨型和A雨型(P0.05),减沙率则显著低于D雨型和A雨型(P0.05)。反坡台阶对径流中总氮(WTN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)削减率分别达到68.10%、69.81%、50.14%,对径流中总磷(WTP)、溶解无机磷(DIP,dissolved inorganic phosphate)的削减率分别达到71.52%和72.77%,不同自然降雨类型下反坡台阶对径流中WTN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、WTP、DIP的削减率均呈现出随着雨量和雨强增大而降低的趋势。反坡台阶对泥沙中全氮(STN)、水解性氮(HN,hydrolyzable nitrogen)的削减率分别达到57.32%和54.22%,对泥沙中全磷(STP)、速效磷(AP)的削减率分别为67.38%和63.69%,不同自然降雨类型下反坡台阶对泥沙中STN、HN、STP、AP的削减率呈现出削减率随着雨量和雨强增大而提高的趋势。该研究可以深入地揭示反坡台阶控制坡耕地面源污染的机理,以及对于控制坡耕地氮磷流失的效果,为源头控制山区水土流失和农业面源污染提供理论支撑。     

Quantitative analysis of the initial transport of fixed nitrogen in nodulated soybean plants using 15N as a tracer

The quantitative analysis of the initial transport of fixed isotope 15-nitrogen (¹⁵N) in intact nodulated soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. Williams) was investigated at the vegetative stage (36 days after planting, DAP) and pod-filling stage (91 DAP) by the ¹⁵N pulse-chase experiment. The nodulated roots were exposed to N₂ gas labeled with a stable isotope ¹⁵N for 1 h, followed by 0, 1, 3 and 7 h of exposure with normal air. Plant roots and shoots were separated into three sections (basal, middle and distal parts) with the same length of the main stem or primary root. Approximately 80 and 92% of fixed N was distributed in the basal part of the nodulated roots at the vegetative and pod-filling stages by the end of 1 h of ¹⁵N₂ exposure, respectively. In addition, about 90% of fixed ¹⁵N was retained in the nodules and 10% was exported to root and shoot after 1 h of ¹⁵N₂ exposure at 91 DAP. The percentage distribution of ¹⁵N in the nodules at the pod-filling stage decreased from 90% to 7% during the 7 h of the chase period, and increased in the roots (14%), stems (54%), leaves (12%), pods (10%) and seeds (4%). The ¹⁵N distribution was negligible in the distal root segment, suggesting that N fixation activity was negligible and recycling fixed N from the shoot to the roots was very low in the initially short time of the experiment.     

黔中喀斯特山区坡耕地产流产沙对无籽刺梨种植的响应

产流产沙是坡耕地土壤侵蚀的主要形式,为探讨无籽刺梨对黔中喀斯特山区坡耕地土壤侵蚀治理效应,采用径流小区野外定位观测法和相关性分析法,分析了坡度15°和25°坡耕地共6个自然坡面径流小区2016年6—9月15次野外实测侵蚀性降雨产流产沙数据。结果表明:(1)在同坡度同降雨量同I₃₀下,无籽刺梨地较自然恢复地有显著保水保沙能力,无籽刺梨+自然荒草地模式优于无籽刺梨单种模式。(2)无籽刺梨种植模式减流减沙效果坡度25°优于15°,减沙效果优于减流效果。其中无籽刺梨+自然荒草地减流减沙效果最优,在小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨4种雨型下,坡度15°度时较自然恢复地分别平均减流59.08%,65.23%,56.96%,54.87%,分别平均减沙87.32%,71.64%,51.10%,74.69%;坡度25°度时分别平均减流53.11%,76.09%,76.72%,46.12%,分别平均减沙85.40%,86.87%,71.55%,73.99%。(3)研究区产流产沙量与降雨参数(P、I₃₀)高度相关且在0.01水平上显著,在不同雨型下无籽刺梨减流减沙均有明显效果,小雨、中雨时减流减沙效果最佳。研究证实了研究区无籽刺梨种植能抵御不同雨型的降雨侵蚀,可作为贵州省喀斯特山区生态修复的极优经济选种。     

干旱矿区排土场不同边坡生态修复模式下减流减沙效益

为探究不同生态修复模式对露天矿区排土场边坡产流产沙规律的影响，采用野外径流小区试验方法，对矿区排土场边坡不同生态修复模式的产流产沙进行了1个雨季的连续观测。结果表明：（1）研究区降雨年内分配不均，主要集中在汛期7—9月，该时期降雨量占到年均降雨量的77.03%，是年内径流泥沙损失最多的时期。（2）不同生态修复模式与对照（只撒播灌草种子）相比均具有减流减沙效果，但是不同生态修复模式的减流减沙效益有显著差异，减流效果从大到小依次为沙柳网格模式（64.35%）>生态棒模式（56.56%）>生态袋模式（52.74%）>铁丝石笼模式（48.70%）>植物篱模式（45.51%）>土壤改良模式（35.89%）>无纺布覆盖模式（33.97%）>砾石压盖模式（8.19%）；减沙效果依次为沙柳网格模式（69.41%）>生态棒模式（61.28%）>生态袋模式（55.09%）>铁丝石笼模式（52.43%）>植物篱模式（48.72%）>土壤改良模式（42.09%）>无纺布覆盖模式（38.31%）>砾石压盖模式（19.34%）。（3）不同生态修复模式产沙量对产流量响应特征均呈极显著正相关（P<0.05，r>0），沙柳网格模式产沙量对产流量响应程度较小，生态棒模式次之，对照产沙量对产流量响应程度最大。     

林火前后坡面覆盖类型对产流产沙影响的模拟试验

通过室内模拟降雨试验,设置3种降雨强度(30,60,90 mm/h)和3种地表覆盖类型(裸土坡面、1 cm马尾松枯落物覆盖、1 cm马尾松灰烬覆盖),研究林火发生前后不同地表覆盖下的坡面产流产沙过程,明确枯落物和植物灰烬覆盖的减流减沙效益。结果表明:(1)相比裸坡,枯落物和灰烬覆盖下的坡面初始产流时间分别延长33%~80%和51%~200%,灰烬覆盖对延缓产流的效果更为明显;(2)相比裸坡,枯落物覆盖的减流效果稳定在12%~36%,而灰烬覆盖在中小雨强的减流效果高于70%,在90 mm/h雨强时减流效果降低至7%;(3)裸土坡面产流呈现先快速升高后稳定的趋势,而枯落物和灰烬覆盖坡面产流效果呈现"阶梯"形上升趋势;(4)枯落物覆盖能够减小径流携沙量和总产沙量,在3种雨强下减沙效益均高于85%,且高于同雨强下灰烬覆盖的减沙效益。枯落物覆盖的减流减沙效果在不同雨强下表现较为稳定,而灰烬覆盖的减流减沙效果受降雨强度的影响显著,且枯落物覆盖的减沙效益在3种雨强下均优于灰烬覆盖,说明在林火发生后地表覆盖改变是引起土壤侵蚀增加的重要因素之一。     

工程堆积体产流产沙及水沙效益对植被近地表特征的响应

针对陡坡工程堆积体水土流失严重的问题,通过野外模拟降雨试验开展植被不同近地表特征对堆积体产流产沙和蓄水减沙效益特征影响的定量研究。选择土石混合堆积体（10%砾石质量分数,坡度30°）作为工程侵蚀下垫面的典型代表,并以裸坡（bare slope, BS）为对照,定量分析了植被在3种近地表特征条件下（完整植株（intact grass,IG）,不含叶（not leaf,NL）,只含根系（only root,OR））对堆积体产流产沙特征和蓄水减沙效益影响。结果表明：1）植被在IG条件下延缓坡面径流发生使其较BS滞后,效益达50.74%～188.98%,但不完整植被（NL、OR）会加速径流发生使其较BS提前2.19%～70.12%;2）植被在NL和OR下的瞬时径流率比IG增大0.20%～185.58%,在降雨强度1.8 mm/min的瞬时径流率甚至比BS高1.20%～169.10%;植被在IG和NL条件下瞬时侵蚀速率比BS减少0.91%～98.71%,但在降雨强度达到1.8 mm/min时OR条件下甚至增大侵蚀使其比BS高6.76%～75.63%;3）随降雨强度增大,植被在NL和OR条件下的减沙效益由95.18%和68.31%分别递减至46.58%和-68.13%,但对IG下的减沙效益影响小（效益差异＜2%）,平均蓄水效益随降雨强度增大而减小。不同堆积体水沙呈显著线性相关（R²在0.40～0.88）,且径流率达到4 L/min会显著改变植被对堆积体坡面防护效益。提出开展堆积体生态修复时选择冠层丰富的植被,同时要避免外部因素对植被造成损害。研究结果对于揭示植被防护扰动边坡侵蚀机制具有重要意义,可为堆积体植被修复提供实践指导。     

典型水土保持措施对红壤坡地柑橘园水土保持效益的影响

为研究红壤坡地果园不同水土保持措施的水土保持综合效益,该研究采用野外标准径流小区试验方法,通过对江西水土保持生态科技园柑橘园小区长期定位观测,分析了植物措施、耕作措施、工程+植物措施和工程措施等4种不同水土保持措施的径流、泥沙、养分流失情况以及对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:1)各项水土保持措施的年均减流效益依次为,工程措施耕作措施工程+植物措施植物措施;减沙效益依次为,工程措施耕作措施植物措施工程+植物措施。植物措施减流效益最佳,为71.43%;工程+植物措施减沙效益表现最优,为95.88%。减氮效益为工程措施工程+植物措施耕作措施植物措施。减磷效益趋势与减沙效益一致。植物措施减氮效益最佳,为19.84%;工程+植物措施减磷效益最佳为68.94%。2)各项水土保持措施土壤理化指标,田间持水量依次为:工程措施工程+植物措施植物措施耕作措施。其中耕作措施田间持水量提高幅度最大,为14.60%;植物措施其次,提高7.19%。土壤含水率依次为,耕作措施工程+植物措施工程措施植物措施。其中植物措施土壤含水率提高幅度最大,为18.94%。土壤≥0.5mm水稳性团聚体(WSA,water-stable aggregates)质量分数值依次为,工程措施工程+植物措施耕作措施植物措施。其中植物措施WSA值提高幅度最大,为4.42%。土壤养分综合趋势与WSA值一致。土壤养分以植物措施中的百喜草全园覆盖提高最大,有机质、全氮和全磷分别增加34.53%,78.26%,12.24%。由此可知,植物措施稳定后,在减流减沙、减少养分流失及土壤改良等水土保持综合效益方面表现最优。该研究可为南方红壤丘陵区果园开发选择适合的水土保持治理措施,以及提高果园土壤质量、解决水土流失与环境问题提供参考。     

不同尺度下冻融作用对东北黑土区产流产沙的影响

通过对东北黑土区坡面8年和小流域7年的降雨产流产沙过程观测,对比每年受冻融作用影响的降雨和其余不受冻融作用影响的降雨产流产沙的特征,研究冻融作用在坡面和小流域尺度上对东北黑土区产流产沙的影响,为东北黑土区在冻融作用下多尺度土壤侵蚀定量评价及其转换模型的建立提供科学依据。结果表明:冻融作用减小了坡面和小流域的产流,径流系数分别减小0.07和0.03,坡面产流延迟71.7%,而小流域无明显延迟。坡面和小流域土壤流失量、土壤可蚀性K值及含沙量均显著增加,更易在较小降雨侵蚀力下产生较大流失量;与不受冻融的降雨事件相比,受冻融影响的降雨事件因径流减弱,在相同降雨量下的侵蚀量低,而在相同径流深下的侵蚀量高。冻融作用在径流较小时对坡面细沟的发育及产沙影响明显,在径流较大时对小流域切沟中松散堆积物的搬运及产沙影响明显。     

基于WEPP的砒砂岩坡面复合侵蚀治理生态水文效应评价

基于2014—2016年二老虎沟小流域坡面径流小区的7场野外降雨下径流泥沙监测数据,在砒砂岩区表土(0—20cm)条件下,通过累积误差法率定模型土壤参数;同时采用模型有效性系数(ME)和决定系数(R2)对模型有效性进行验证,并利用WEPP模型对不同侵蚀治理措施坡面径流泥沙情况进行了模拟预测,对其减流减沙生态水文效应进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)当模型有效水力传导系数为4.73mm/h、临界剪切力为1Pa和细沟土壤可蚀性为0.01s/m时,模型模拟效果最佳。(2)WEPP模型模拟无措施(裸地)小区径流量和侵蚀量的R2分别为0.7223和0.7025,ME分别为0.6160和0.6167,WEPP模型模拟措施(草地)小区径流量和侵蚀量的R2分别为0.7116和0.8447,ME分别为0.6741和0.6903;措施小区的模型效果比无措施小区的模拟效果好。(3)不同降雨类型下,情景a(阳坡低盖度草本)、情景b(阳坡低盖度灌丛)、情景c(阳坡中盖度灌丛)、情景d(阴坡灌木林)、情景e(阴坡高盖度灌丛)、情景f(阴坡低盖度灌丛)的植物措施减流效应为13.04%~91.28%,减沙效应为44.46%~99.98%。总体来看,不同情景的减流减沙效应为情景d>情景e>情景c>情景f>情景b>情景a。     

Laboratory Studies on the Influence of Rainfall Pattern on Rill Erosion and Its Runoff and Sediment Characteristics

Rill is a major type of erosion on upland slopes. Continuous rainfall is commonly used in laboratory studies on rill erosion despite the fact the rainfall was often discontinuous in the field; this is particularly true in the Chinese Loess Plateau. This study compares rill erosion under continuous and intermittent rainfalls by using laboratory experiments. The experiments include two rainfall‐intensity treatments (90 and 120 mm h⁻¹) and two rainfall‐pattern treatments (continuous and intermittent). The results indicate that rill formation had a significant effect on runoff and sediment concentration. For continuous and intermittent rainfall at the rainfall intensity of 90 mm h⁻¹, the mean sediment concentrations were 1·91 and 1·73 times after rill initiation than those before rill initiation, respectively, and the rill erosion accounted for 75·5% and 77·7% of runoff duration, respectively. For continuous and intermittent rainfall at the rainfall intensity of 120 mm h⁻¹, the mean sediment concentrations after rill initiation were 1·38 and 1·32 times that those before rill initiation, respectively, and the rill erosion represented 88·7% and 78·8% of the total runoff duration, respectively. We observed sediment sorting under all treatments; however, the low rainfall intensity boosted but the high rainfall intensity lowered the clay fraction; in contrast, the sorting remained roughly the same between the rainfall‐pattern treatments. The runoff velocity also affected the sediment sorting. Our empirical results indicated the important significance of the rainfall intermittence in predicting rill erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effectiveness of Grass Filters in Reducing Phosphorus and Sediment Runoff

Surface water contamination can often be reduced by passing runoff water through perennial grass filters. Research was conducted in 2006 to 2008 to evaluate the size of cool season grass filters consisting primarily of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) with some orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) relative to drainage area size in reducing runoff sediment and phosphorus (P). The soil was Pohocco silt loam Typic Eutrochrepts with a median slope of 5.5?%. The grass filters occupying 1.1 and 4.3?% of the plot area were compared with no filter with four replications. The filters were planted in the V-shaped plot outlets which were 3.7?×?11.0?m in size. The filter effect on sediment and P concentration was determined from four natural runoff events when nearly all plots had runoff. Filter effect on runoff volume and contaminant load was determined using total runoff and composites of samples collected from 12 runoff events. Sediment concentration was reduced by 25?% with filters compared with no filter (from 1.10 to 1.47?g?L^?1), but P concentration was not affected. The 1.1 and 4.3?% filters, respectively, compared with having no grass filter, reduced: runoff volume by 54 and 79?%; sediment load by 67 and 84?% (357 to 58?kg?ha^?1); total P load by 68 and 76?% (0.58 to 0.14?kg?ha^?1); particulate P (PP) load by 66 and 82?% (0.39 to 0.07?kg?ha^?1); and dissolved reactive P (DRP) load by 73 and 66?% (0.2 to 0.07?kg?ha^?1), respectfully. A snowmelt runoff event had 56?% greater DRP concentration compared with rainfall-induced runoff events. Grass filters reduced sediment and P load largely by reducing runoff volume rather than reducing concentration. Well-designed and well-placed grass filters that occupy 1.0 to 1.5?% of the drainage area and intercept a uniform flow of runoff from a drainage area can reduce sediment and nutrient loss in runoff by greater than 50?%.     

官厅水库上游水土保持措施的减水减沙效益

采用北京延庆上辛庄径流试验站的裸地鱼鳞坑、侧柏鱼鳞坑、裸地水平条、板栗水平条、板栗树盘和休闲地坡面径流试验小区2001—2006年58次降雨的径流泥沙资料,分析北京山区官厅水库上游常用水土保持措施的减水减沙效益和水土保持措施因子值。研究结果表明：裸地鱼鳞坑、侧柏鱼鳞坑、裸地水平条、板栗水平条、板栗树盘的多年平均减水效益超过60％,减沙效益超过90％;鱼鳞坑、水平条和树盘的多年平均工程措施因子值分别为0．08、0．09和0．10,侧柏和板栗的多年平均生物措施因子值分别为0．41和0．48,且降雨量对水土保持措施的减水减沙效益以及水土保持措施因子值都存在明显影响。研究结果可为官厅水库上游地区．土壤侵蚀防治效益定量评价和水土资源管理提供重要参考。     

等高耕作对不同坡度坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

等高耕作是一种典型的农业耕作措施,通过影响坡面填洼、入渗等进而影响坡耕地坡面土壤侵蚀过程。通过人工模拟降雨试验,设计降雨强度(90 mm/h)、5个地表坡度(3°,5°,10°,15°,20°)以及2种坡面处理(等高耕作和平整坡面),对径流强度、侵蚀率、径流含沙量、减流减沙效益等指标进行综合对比分析,与平整坡面进行比较,探究了黄土高原坡耕地等高耕作措施对坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明：(1)与平整坡面相比,等高耕作明显延缓坡面初始产流时间,使初始产流时间延迟11.58～31.91 min,随着坡度增大,等高耕作初始产流时间延长效应逐渐减弱。(2)等高耕作具有削弱径流强度和侵蚀率的作用,与平整坡面相比,等高耕作的坡面径流强度、侵蚀率和径流含沙量分别减少11.77%～94.92%,20.69%～99.27%和2.46%～88.40%。但等高耕作减少产流产沙能力有限,若坡面发生断垄,等高耕作坡面的径流强度、侵蚀率、径流含沙量都可能接近或大于平整坡面。(3)在降雨过程中,累计产沙量与累计径流量之间满足线性正相关关系,等高耕作累计产沙量随累计径流量的增大幅度始终小于平整坡面。(4)等高耕作在不...     

不同时间尺度孤山川流域水沙关系变化及驱动因素

以黄土高原孤山川流域为研究区,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和Pettitt突变检验分析年际尺度水沙变化趋势和突变年份。结果表明:孤山川径流量和输沙量于1965—2014年呈现极显著减少趋势(p<0.01),突变年份为1979年和1996年,据此将研究时段划分为基准期(1965—1979年)、过渡期(1980—1996年)和效益期(1997—2014年)。同基准期相比,过渡期年均径流深和输沙模数分别减少34.11 mm和401.48t/km^2,效益期减少65.05mm和213.09t/km^2。径流深低于10mm时,水沙关系较为离散;高于该值时,水沙关系变化相对稳定。过渡期人类活动的减水减沙贡献率分别为79.12%和86.45%,效益期人类活动减水减沙贡献率分别为86.45%和87.45%。     

Soil management effects on runoff and soil loss from field rainfall simulation

Soil erosion from agricultural lands is a serious problem on the Chinese Loess Plateau. In total, 28 field rainfall simulations were carried on loamy soils under different management practices, namely conventional tillage (CT), no till with mulch (NTM), reduced tillage (RT), subsoiling with mulch (SSM), subsoiling without mulch (SS), and two crops per year (TC), to investigate (i) the effects of different soil management practices on runoff sediment and (ii) the temporal change of runoff discharge rate and sediment concentration under different initial soil moisture conditions (i.e. initially dry soil surface, and wet surface) and rainfall intensity (85 and 170 mm h^− 1) in the Chinese Loess Plateau. NTM was the best alternative in terms of soil erosion control. SSM reduced soil loss by more than 85% in 2002 compared to CT, and its effects on runoff reduction became more pronounced after 4 years consecutive implementation. SS also reduced considerably the runoff and soil loss, but not as pronounced as SSM. TC resulted in a significant runoff reduction (more than 92%) compared to CT in the initial ‘dry’ soil, but this effect was strongly reduced in the initial ‘wet’ soil. Temporal change of runoff discharge rate and sediment concentration showed a large variation between the different treatments. In conclusion, NTM is the most favorable tillage practices in terms of soil and water conservation in the Chinese Loess Plateau. SSM can be regarded as a promising measure to improve soil and water conservation considering its beneficial effect on winter wheat yield.