Microbial biomass and mineralizable nitrogen distributions in no-tillage and plowed soils

Summary Distribution of soil microbial biomass and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) in long-term tillage comparisons at seven sites in the United States varied with tillage management and depth in soil. Microbial biomass and PMN levels of no-tillage soils averaged 54% and 37% higher, respectively, than those in the surface layer of plowed soil. Biomass and PMN levels were greatest in the surface 0 to 7.5-cm layer of no-tillage soil and decreased with depth in soil to 30 cm. Biomass and PMN levels of plowed soil, however, were generally greatest at the 7.5 –15 cm depth. Microbial biomass levels were closely associated with soil distributions of total C and N, water content, and water-soluble C as influenced by tillage management. Potentially mineralizable N levels in soil were primarily associated with distributions of microbial biomass and total N. Absolute levels of PMN and microbial biomass and the relative differences with tillage management were dependent on climatic, cropping, and soil conditions across locations. The additional N contained in soil biomass and PMN in the surface 0–7.5 cm of no-tillage compared with plowed soils ranged from 13 to 45 and 12 to 122 kg N/ha, respectively, for 6 of 7 locations. Fertilizer placement below the biologically rich surface soil layer and/or rotational tillage may improve short-term nitrogen use efficiency and crop growth on reduced-tillage soils.Contribution from USDA-ARS in cooperation with the Nebraska Agricultural Experimental Station, published as paper no. 8086, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experimental Station     

稻田控释氮肥的施用效果与合理施用技术

选用新型控释氮肥(LP)5个类型,采用其不同用量和组合,在南方典型双季稻区第四纪红壤发育的水稻土上进行早稻和晚稻的一次性基肥试验。结果表明,施用不同控释氮肥,稻田表层土和表面水的NH4+-N含量极显著地低于常规氮肥(尿素);控释肥的氮素释放过程与水稻吸氮过程基本一致。控释氮肥用量以N75kg/hm2较适宜,其用量比尿素N150kg/hm2相比仍可维持高产;早稻施用控释氮肥,可成功地实现施肥、播种、抛秧的一次性技术配套与结合,减轻劳动强度,适当提高种植密度有利于高产;晚稻采用条施的方法可显著地提高产量。与尿素N150kg/hm2比较,早稻选用控释氮肥LPS40或LPS60较好;晚稻选用LP70和LPS80并按LP70(50%)+LPS80(50%)的比例搭配,有利于水稻生长发育和维持高产。控释氮肥具有缓释作用,其供应氮素持久;LPS40和LPS60用量N150kg/hm2且高密度栽培时有一定的后效,可分别提高再生稻产量10%和16%。     

Soil Phosphorus Pools as Affected by Application of Poultry Litter Ash in Combination with Catch Crop Cultivation

Biomass ashes from energy production are a source of phosphorus (P), and their reutilization in agriculture could help to close nutrient cycles and save natural P resources. To analyze the P fertilizing effect of biomass ashes, a pot experiment with a loamy sand, originated from a long-term field experiment without any P supply, was carried out. As P source, poultry litter ash was compared with high soluble mineral P (potassium phosphate; KH₂PO₄). Four catch crops, in particular phacelia, buckwheat, ryegrass, and oil radish, were cultivated. The soil P-fractionation method was used to follow the transformation process of ash P in the soil. Oxalate-soluble P, iron (Fe), and aluminium (Al) were determined to assess the effect of ash on P sorption parameters. In general, a high P-fertilizing effect of biomass ashes was found. Ash application resulted in an increase of plant P uptake and the most bioavailable resin P fraction and was even comparable to a high soluble mineral P source. No enrichment of ash P in hardly plant-available P fractions could be detected. Crops mainly influenced the readily available P fractions. Buckwheat and oil radish exhausted the resin P and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) P fractions most. Phacelia cultivation led to an increase of the highly available resin P content, which is probably due to mobilization processes from the hardly available residual P fraction. The obtained results indicate that ashes may have a high P availability to plants and may provide an adequate substitute for commercial P fertilizers.     

Utilization of MSW Compost and other Organic Mulches on Commercial Vegetable Crops

Increased availability of commercially derived composts and problems with disposal of polyethylene mulch are factors which precipitated an investigation of the long term effects of organic and polyethylene film mulches on soils, plant growth, and yields. Three experiments were performed comparing polyethylene film mulch (PM) with mulches of commercial municipal solid waste compost (MW), dried sewage sludge (SS) and wood chips (WC). In 1990, bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants on PM yielded 8.9 t'ha“1, which was significantly higher than the 1.9,4.6, and 7.2 t?ha^?1 produced at MW compost rates of 13, 40 and 121 t?ha^?1, respectively. Yields increased linearly with increasing rates of compost mulch. In spring, 1992, each organic material was applied at 224 and 336 t?ha^?1 and winter (spaghetti) squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) was seeded. Soil moisture was higher under organic mulches than under PM. Soil temperatures in the mornings were not significantly different among mulches, but in the afternoons: SS>PM>MW>WC. Plants grown on PM had larger shoots and roots and produced more fruit per plant, but, because of plant losses to disease, had lower total yields than plants grown in MW and WC. Higher soil Na content occurred in MW plots and high electrical conductivity (EC) occurred in soils of SS plots. In fall, 1992, bell peppers transplanted into the same plots produced 4.7, 4.5, 3.3, and 2.7 t?ha^?1 from PM, MW, WC, and SS, respectively. Soil tests detected higher NO₃-N in WC plots, higher K in PM, higher Zn in MW, and lower Mn and higher Mg in SS plots, than in other treatments. Vegetables grown on PM produced higher fruit yields than those on organic mulches, however, plant losses to disease were also highest in PM plots. Environmental and economic considerations and governmental regulations may encourage organic mulch utilization by commercial vegetable growers.     

Influence of Cocoa Pod Husk-Based Compost on Nutrient Uptake of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) MOENCH) and soil properties on an Alfisol

This experiment evaluated the potentials of cocoa pod husk (CPH)-based compost on okra and soil chemical properties. Three CPH-based compost: CPH+ Neem leaf (CPH+ NL), CPH+ Poultry manure (CPH+ PM) and CPH+ PM+ NL were prepared. The treatments; 25, 50, 75, 100 kg N/ha of each compost and NPK mineral fertilizer at 40, 50, 60 kg N/ha and control, were applied to 5 kg soil each and arranged in a completely randomized design in three replicates. Two varieties of okra (NH47-4 and LD88) were grown for six weeks and residual effect evaluated. The Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium uptake of okra were determined. Pre- and post-cropping soil analyses were done. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test at α_0.05. The results showed that the nutrient uptake of okra consistently increased with CPH-based compost compared to control in both main and residual cropping. Nitrogen uptake ranged from 53.6 (60 kg N/ha NPK) to 106.7 (50 kg N/ha CPH+ PM) and 16.10 (50 kg N/ha NPK) to 55.06 (25 kg N/ha CPH+ PM+ NL); Phosphorus uptake ranged from 6.9 (25 kg N/ha CPH+ NL) to 24.1 (60 kg N/ha NPK) and 3.70 (25 kg N/ha CPH+ NL) to 9.98 (50 kg N/ha CPH+ PM+ NL), while potassium uptake ranged from 166.4 (25 kg N/ha CPH+ NL) to 244.48 (25 kg N/ha CPH+ PM+ NL) and 64.06 (40 kg N/ha NPK) to 122.29 (75 kg N/ha CPH+ NL) mg/plant in main and residual cropping, respectively. Organic carbon, pH, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) were also significantly increased by the CPH-based compost. It could, therefore, be concluded that CPH-based compost could be a good fertilizer for okra production.     

氮肥运筹对麦后直播棉产量与氮素利用的影响

研究氮肥运筹对麦后直播棉产量和氮素利用效率的影响,以期制定适宜的氮肥运筹策略。以早熟棉品种‘中棉所50’为试验材料,采用裂区设计,研究施氮量[0 kg(N)·hm-2、75 kg(N)·hm-2、150 kg(N)·hm-2、225 kg(N)·hm-2和300 kg(N)·hm-2]和施用次数(1次和2次)对麦后直播棉生物量、产量及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:施氮量为0~150 kg(N)·hm-2时,皮棉产量随施氮量增加而显著增加;施氮量150 kg(N)·hm-2以上时,皮棉产量增加不显著;两次施肥皮棉产量显著高于一次施肥。施氮量与施用次数互作显著,施氮量150 kg(N)·hm-2、分两次施用时,皮棉产量达到较高水平。生物量、氮素累积量随施氮量、施用次数增加呈增加趋势,但生殖器官氮素分配系数呈相反变化。氮素表观利用率(NARE)、氮素农学利用率(NAE)及氮素生产效率(NPE)在施氮量75 kg(N)·hm-2以上时随施氮量增加而降低;NARE和NAE随施用次数增加而增加,NPE则反之。施氮量和施氮次数互作分析显示,NARE和NAE以氮肥2次施用而NPE以1次施用、施氮量为75~150 kg(N)·hm-2时较高。相关性分析表明,生物量、皮棉产量与氮素累积量呈显著正相关,与氮素分配系数相关性不显著;皮棉产量与氮素利用率相关性均不显著。综上,本试验条件下,麦后直播棉施氮量为150 kg(N)·hm-2且分两次施用,可以获得较高的产量并有利于提高氮素利用率。     

施氮量与栽插密度对超级早稻中早22产量的影响

以超级早稻中早22为材料,采用裂区设计,研究了不同施氮量与栽插密度组合对其产量的影响.结果表明,施氮量和栽插密度及其互作对产量的影响均达显著水平.在中、低施氮水平下,不同密度间产量差异很小,而在高氮水平下,适当降低密度有利高产.在0～195 kg/hm<'2>施氮范围内,有效穗数、生物产量、产量、氮素积累总量、最高茎蘖...     

施氮量对土壤无机氮分布和微生物量氮含量及小麦产量的影响

在高肥力土壤条件下,研究了施氮量对土壤无机氮分布和微生物量氮含量及小麦产量的影响。结果表明,小麦生长期间,施氮处理0100.cm土层硝态氮积累量显著大于不施氮处理;当施氮量大于150.kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,0100.cm土层硝态氮积累量显著增加;随小麦生育进程推进,施氮处理上层土壤硝态氮下移趋势明显,至小麦成熟时,施氮1952～85.kg/hm2处理60100.cm土层硝态氮含量显著大于其它处理。小麦生长期间,0100.cm土层铵态氮积累量较为稳定,施氮处理间亦无显著差异。与不施氮肥相比,施氮提高小麦生长期间040.cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量;当施氮量小于240.kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,土壤微生物量氮含量增加。小麦的氮肥利用率随施氮量增加而降低;施氮1051～95.kg/hm2,收获时小麦植株吸氮量、生物产量、子粒产量和子粒蛋白质含量提高;而施氮量大于240.kg/hm2时,小麦生育后期的氮素积累量降低,收获时植株吸氮量、生物产量和子粒蛋白质含量降低。说明本试验条件下,施氮1051～50.kg/hm2可满足当季小麦氮素吸收利用,获得较高的子粒产量和蛋白质含量。继续增加施氮量,土壤微生物量氮含量增加,但土壤中残留大量硝态氮,易淋溶损失。     

Seedbed tilth and nitrogen response of wheat

The effects of seedbed tilth (coarse and fine) and different levels of nitrogen application (0–150 kg/ha N) on wheat response were studied in loam and sandy loam alluvial soils (Typic Camborthids) at three sites under irrigated conditions. The percentage of dry aggregates > 4 mm was 36.7 and 50.8 at site 2 and > 10 mm was 44.3 and 70.2 at site 3 under fine- and coarse-tilth treatments, respectively. The variations in soil tilth were obtained either by use of different types of tillage implements, their combinations and sequence, or by variation in soil moisture content at the time of cultivation. Crop growth was better and grain yields under coarse-tilth were from 0.3 (0 N) to 1.2 t/ha (150 N) higher than under fine-tilth. Total mineral nitrogen (NO₃-N and NH₄-N) content was larger in coarse-tilth treatments than in fine-tilth treatments.     

减氮控磷稳钾施肥对水稻产量及养分积累的影响

氮、 磷用量偏大,钾肥用量不足不仅影响水稻的正常生长发育,而且导致养分利用率偏低。本文通过田间试验,研究减量施用氮、 磷肥,稳定钾肥投入对水稻产量、 养分积累量和肥料利用率的影响。试验设14个处理,每个处理重复2次。结果表明,氮钾、 磷钾、 氮磷钾配施处理的水稻秸秆生物量和籽粒产量均显著高于不施肥处理（P0.05）; 减氮控磷稳钾处理（N 225 kg/hm2、 P2O5 60 kg/hm2、 K2O 90 kg/hm2）与常规施肥处理相比（N 300 kg/hm2、 P2O5 150 kg/hm2、 K2O 60 kg/hm2）能显著增加水稻秸秆生物量（P0.05）,明显提高千粒重和籽粒产量; 试验还得出,减氮控磷稳钾处理分蘖期地上部氮、 钾含量和秸秆氮、 钾含量显著高于常规施肥处理（P0.05）; 收获期地上部氮、 钾的积累量和氮、 磷的表观利用率显著大于常规施肥处理（P0.05）。适当减少氮、 磷用量, 增加钾肥用量能改善氮、 钾营养状况,促进地上部干物质的积累,提高籽粒产量和氮、 磷表观利用率。N 196.2 kg/hm2、 P2O5 46.5 kg/hm2、 K2O 90 kg/hm2的配施方案具有实际推广应用价值。     

田林老山中山杉木人工林生产力及营养元素循环的研究

广西田林县老山林场中山区气候冷凉潮湿,土壤肥力较高,能满足杉木速生要求。17年生杉木人工林乔木层的生物量达138.46t/ha,平均净生产量为8.15t/ha·a,与杉木中心产区相当。乔木层对N,P,K,Ca,Mg5种营养元素的吸收量为224.04kg/ha·a,其中42.3％存留在林木层,42.5％通过凋落物,15.2％通过降雨淋洗归还土壤。通过凋落物归还是N,P,Ca,Mg归还的主要途径,K的归还主要通过降雨淋洗;K,Ca,Mg的循环系数较大,分别达到0.58,0.68和0.60;N,P相对较小,分别为0.48和0.33。林木正处于生长旺盛阶段,杉木对5种营养元素的吸收量、存留量和归还量以及循环系数都有较高水平,生物量积累也较大。     

秸秆与地膜覆盖条件下旱作玉米田土壤氮组分生长季动态

研究不同覆盖措施下农田土壤全氮及其活性和半活性组分在作物生长季的动态变化,有助于深入理解农田土壤氮循环过程。基于黄土高原8年春玉米覆盖定位试验,系统分析了土壤全氮、矿质氮、微生物量氮、潜在可矿化氮以及颗粒有机氮在玉米不同生育期的动态特征。试验包括全生育期9 000kg/hm2秸秆覆盖、全生育期地膜覆盖和不覆盖对照3个处理。结果表明:(1)除硝态氮和铵态氮在苗期上升外,秸秆和地膜覆盖下土壤全氮及其组分含量在春玉米生育期基本呈苗期下降、拔节期上升、大喇叭口—抽雄期下降、灌浆和收获期回升的变化趋势;(2)与对照相比,秸秆覆盖提高了大多数生育时期0—40cm土层全氮和硝态氮含量及0—20cm土层铵态氮含量,提高各生育时期0—40cm土层微生物量氮、潜在可矿化氮以及颗粒有机氮含量;(3)地膜覆盖较对照提高大多数生育时期0—40cm土层硝态氮和0—20cm土层铵态氮含量,降低作物生育后期0—20cm土层全氮和0—40cm土层颗粒有机氮含量,降低大多数时期0—40cm土层微生物量氮和10—20cm土层潜在可矿化氮含量;(4)除了地膜覆盖下20—40cm土层颗粒有机氮相对含量在作物不同生育期差异不显著外,秸秆和地膜覆盖下0—40cm土层微生物量氮、潜在可矿化氮、颗粒有机氮对土壤全氮的动态均有重要贡献。总之,黄土高原的春玉米田秸秆覆盖具有明显的提升土壤全氮及其组分含量的作用,有助于培肥地力和土壤固氮;地膜覆盖则降低了作物生育后期土壤全氮及其组分含量,同时显著提高了土壤硝态氮水平,导致农田土壤氮素淋溶风险提高。     

免耕或深松结合秸秆覆盖提升土壤碳氮水含量和马铃薯产量的协同效应

【目的】研究不同耕作方式结合秸秆覆盖措施对土壤有机碳、全氮、水含量及马铃薯产量的影响,以探明耕作结合秸秆覆盖措施的增产机理,为宁南旱作节水农业发展提供技术和理论参考。【方法】于2014—2016年开展田间定位试验,设置6个处理：免耕+秸秆覆盖(NS)、免耕+不覆盖(NN)、深松+秸秆覆盖(SS)、深松+不覆盖(SN)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖(CS)、传统耕作+不覆盖(CN)。在2016年马铃薯收获期取样测定了0—40cm土层土壤有机碳与全氮含量,播种、现蕾、块茎形成和块茎膨大期测定了0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量,苗期、现蕾、块茎形成、块茎膨大以及收获期测定了地上部生物量,成熟期调查了产量。【结果】同一耕作措施下,覆盖秸秆较不覆盖能显著提高0—40 cm土层土壤碳、氮含量,提高马铃薯播种期、现蕾期、块茎形成期和块茎膨大期0—200 cm土层土壤蓄水量。以CN处理为对照,0—20 cm土层土壤碳、氮含量的提高幅度以SS处理最高,增幅分别为29.9%和24.7%,20—40 cm土层则以NS处理最高,增幅分别为52.4%和27.4%(P<0.05);播种期土壤蓄水量2014年(干旱年)以...     

过量施氮对旱地土壤碳、氮及供氮能力的影响

【目的】过量施氮会影响土壤有机碳、氮的组成与数量,进而改变土壤供氮能力,但关于西北旱地长期过量施用氮肥后土壤有机碳、氮及土壤供氮能力变化的研究尚缺乏。本文在长期定位试验的基础上,通过分析不同氮肥水平特别是过量施氮条件下土壤硝态氮,有机碳、氮和微生物量碳、氮的变化,探讨长期过量施氮对土壤有机碳、氮及供氮能力的影响。【方法】长期定位试验位于陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学农作一站。在施磷(P2O5)100kg/hm2的基础上,设5个氮水平,施氮量分别为N 0、80、160、240、320 kg/hm2。重复4次,小区面积40 m2,完全随机区组排列。种植冬小麦品种为小堰22。本文选取其中3处理,以不施氮为对照(N0)、施氮量N 160 kg/hm2为正常施氮(N160),施氮量N 320 kg/hm2为过量施氮(N320),分别于2012年6月小麦收获后和10月下季小麦播前采集土壤样品,进行测定分析。【结果】过量施氮导致下季小麦播前0—300 cm各土层硝态氮含量显著增加,平均由对照的2.8 mg/kg增加到15.5 mg/kg;同时,0—60 cm和0—300 cm土层的硝态氮累积量分别由对照的47.2和108.9 kg/hm2增加到76.5和727.7 kg/hm2。过量施氮也增加了夏闲期间0—300 cm土层土壤有机氮矿化量,由对照的72.4 kg/hm2增加到130.7 kg/hm2。但过量施氮未显著增加土壤的有机碳含量,却显著增加了土壤有机氮含量,过量施氮0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤有机碳分别为9.24和5.39 g/kg,有机氮分别为1.05和0.71 g/kg,较对照增加52.2%和54.3%。同样,过量施氮未显著影响0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量,其平均含量分别为253和205 mg/kg,却显著提高了0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量,由对照的24.1和7.5 mg/kg提高到43.6和16.1 mg/kg。【结论】过量施氮可以显著增加旱地土壤剖面中的硝态氮累积量、夏闲期氮素矿化量、小麦播前土壤氮素供应量和土壤微生物量氮含量,但对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳没有显著性影响,同时过量施氮增加了土壤硝态氮淋溶风险,故在有机质含量低的黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦种植中不宜施用高量氮肥,以减少土壤氮素残留和农业投入,达到保护环境和培肥土壤的目的。     

Soil properties and N application effects on microbial activities in two winter wheat cropping systems

The application of mineral N fertilizers may influence biologically mediated processes that are important in nutrient transformations and availability. This study was conducted to assess the effect of N application on microbial activities in irrigated and non-irrigated winter wheat systems. Carbon decomposition and microbial biomass C in soils with three N application rates (0, 150, and 300 kg N ha^–1 as urea) were measured over 40 days in a laboratory incubation experiment. Carbon, N, and P contents in the soil under the irrigated wheat were higher than those in the soil under the non-irrigated wheat. The reverse trend was observed for soil pH and Ca and Mg contents. However, soils from the two systems had similar C/N ratios. Carbon decomposition and microbial biomass C in the soil under the irrigated wheat increased significantly (p <0.05). Increasing rates of N fertilizer resulted in higher C decomposition and microbial biomass C levels in both soil systems. Results indicate that different wheat cropping systems affect soil properties that will then have an impact on C turnover in the soil. Moreover, the irrigated wheat system favors soil conditions required for a faster C turnover. In conclusion, it is likely that due to positive effects on microbial activity, N fertilization will increase nutrient cycling and, subsequently, crop productivity will improve in N-poor soils.     

Untersuchungen zur Anpassung des Stickstoff-Angebots aus unterschiedlichen N-Quellen an den Verlauf der N-Aufnahme von Maisbeständen

Investigations on the adjustment of nitrogen supply from different N sources to the N uptake of maize A two years field experiment was conducted to study the effects of the nitrogen fertilizers: wheat swill, BASAMMON (NH₄ + nitrification inhibitor DCD) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) applied at N rates of 0.60.120 or 180 kg N/ha on yield, N uptake and soil mineral N residues of maize for silage or grain production. CAN was either broadcast or placed in the maize rows, with or without the addition of an Azospirillum-biopreparation (AZOGREEN). Due to initially high soil mineral N contents (50–70 kg N/ha) and a high mineralization from the soil (unfertilized: 100–170 kg N/ha), neither effects of fertilizer type, nor interactions between fertilizer type and N rate on biomass production and N uptake of maize were observed. The economically optimum total dry matter production and grain yield were obtained with a fertilization of 60–120 kg N/ha. In contrast to the biomass production the soil mineral N was considerably influenced by fertilizer type and N rate. The nitrate content of the soil increased during the early developmental stages of maize after an early application of swill or BASAMMON, and also during the ripening period after a late high dose of CAN. Though the placement of CAN was reflected in the soil, the soil nitrogen content per unit area could not be much reduced by row fertilization. The effects of AZOGREEN were only small. The results were greatly influenced by the high mineralization potential at the experimental site.     

稻田系统管理措施对微生物生物量C、N、P的长期影响

A 12-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods and fertil-ization systems on microbial biomass C,N and P of a gray fluvo-aguic soil in rice-based cropping system .Five fertilization treatments were designed under conventional tillae(CT) or on tillage(NT) system:no fertilizer(CK) ; chemical fertilizer only(CF) ; combining chemical fertilizer with pig manure(PM); combining chemical fertilizer with crop straw (CS) and fallow (F). The results showed that biomass C,N and P were enriched in the surface layer of no-tilled soil,whereas they distributed relatively evenly in the tilled soil,which might result from enrichment of crop resdue,organic manure and mineral fertilzer,and surficial developent of root systems under NT.Under the cultivation system NT had slightly greater biomass C,N and P at 0-5 cm depth ,significantly less biomass C,N and P at 5-15 cm depth ,less microbial biomass C,N and equivalent biomass P at 15-30 cm depth as compared to CT,indicating hat tillage was beneficial for the multiplication of organims in the plowed layer of soil.Under the fallow system,biomass C,N and P in the surface layer were significantly greater for NT than CT while their differences between the two tillage methods were neligible in the deeper layers.In the surface layer,biomass C,N and P in the soils amended with oranic manure combined with mineral fertilizers were significantly greater than those of the treatments only with mineral fertilizers and the control.Soils without fertilzer had the least biomass nutrient contents among the five fertilization treatments.Obviously,the long-term application of organic manure could maintain the higher activity of microorganisms in soils.The amounts of biomass C,N and P in the fallowed soils varied with the tillage methods;they were much greater under NT than under CT,especially in the surface layer,suggesting that the frequent plowing could decrease the content of organic matter in the surface layer of the fallowed soil.     

Evaluating soil microbial biomass carbon as an indicator of long-term environmental change

The aim is to assess whether soil microbial biomass carbon (biomass C) could be used as an indicator of environmental change in natural and semi-natural ecosystems. Biomass C was measured by fumigation-extraction in soils from two sites at Rothamsted. One was a plot from the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, given inorganic fertiliser and chalk, which has been in continuous cultivation for more than 150 yr. The other was a similar sized area, from Geescroft Wilderness, which has been left to revert to woodland since 1885, after being an arable field. Other soil properties (pH, soil organic C and exchangeable cations) were also measured to compare with biomass C. The coefficients of variation (cvs) of the properties measured were calculated for comparison, little difference was found between the cvs for biomass C from each site: cv=26% for Broadbalk and 23% for Geescroft. The cvs for the other, chemical properties, were mostly <10% for Broadbalk and generally >25% for Geescroft, as expected, given the different cultivation histories. Statistical analysis of the variation in biomass C concentration revealed that such measurements would not be valid indicators of environmental change, without processing impossibly large numbers of samples. To decrease the least significant percentage change to less than 5% after three samplings, 320 samples would have to be taken each time. This would be also be true of the other chemical properties in Geescroft Wilderness, where the measured background variation would mask any subtle environmental change. This indicates that, for some properties at least, statistically significant changes will only be detected in the longer term with regular sampling, e.g. 30-40 yr.     

Seasonal fluctuations of active fungal biomass in horizons of a podzolized pine-forest soil in central Sweden

Metabolically-active fungal biomass, as determined with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining, was studied during a 27-month period (21 samplings) in three horizons of a podzolized pine-forest soil. Recurrent definite biomass peaks were registered in autumn and early spring. Biomass increase was also noted during the winter with soil temperatures below 0°C. Only a minor fraction (2.4–4.3%) of the total fungal biomass was found to be active. The FDA-active biomass m^?2 was equally distributed between the organic (5 cm) and mineral (15 cm) soil horizons, and varied between 0.5 and 2.4 g d.w. m^?2. The amount of FDA-active biomass was correlated with soil moisture content.     

施氮量对四川盆地机播稻茬麦生长发育及氮素利用的影响

2010~2012年,在四川省广汉市开展了施氮量对机播稻茬小麦生长发育和氮素利用效率影响的研究,试验设置0、 105、 150、 195 kg/hm2 4个施氮水平。结果表明,施氮量增加有利于稻茬麦分蘖力、 有效穗数的提高以及单穗小穗数、 穗粒数的增加,但对籽粒灌浆充实不利。不同年份和土壤质地,单产均以施氮量为150 kg/hm2 时达到最高水平,继续增加氮素用量产量增幅变小进而下降。氮素供应量增加,植株氮素含量和积累量均有不同程度升高,但氮素农学利用率、 氮素生产效率、 氮素吸收效率、 氮素利用效率等参数呈下降趋势,氮素收获指数、 氮素表观回收率在各施氮处理间变幅相对较小。在四川盆地目前生产水平下,施氮150 kg/hm2 可以获得较高的产量和经济效益。