Effects of Irrigation Water in Different Salinity on Yield and Quality Parameters of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Plant

Salinity affects many areas in our country and around the world, resulting in dramatic reductions in plant yields. In this study, the plant yield, some plant quality parameters, and soil salinity in the plant root area were investigated by irrigating tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) with different salinity irrigation waters. The experiment was carried out in pots in 4 replicates according to the randomized plot design. Six different salinity of irrigation water applications were applied in the experiment (S0?=?0.38 dS m^?1, S1?=?2 dS m^?1, S2?=?5 dS m^?1, S3?=?8 dS m^?1, S4?=?11 dS m^?1, S5?=?15 dS m^?1). According to the data obtained at the end of the research, as the salinity of irrigation water increased, plant length, leaf width, leaf length, leaf dry weight and leaf number decreased. It was determined that there was a certain increase in nicotine content in the face of the decrease of all examined physical parameters in irrigation water increase. In addition, the salinity values in the plant root zone soils and the salinity values in the outlet (drainage) water have also increased. Salinity threshold value of the tobacco plant was determined to be 2.04 dS m^?1. With an increase in salinity by one unit, there was a 7.1% decrease in leaf dry weight. It was determined that the tobacco plant is vulnerable to salinity based on the data collected.

     

间歇组合灌溉对中度盐化土壤水盐运移规律的影响研究

为了探究合理的微咸水农田灌溉模式,以中度盐化土壤为研究对象,在室内进行一维垂直积水入渗试验,研究不同咸淡水组合次序和间歇时间条件下土壤水盐运移规律,并对土壤盐分分布指标进行评价。结果表明:(1)间歇组合灌溉模式下各土层的土壤含水率均大于淡水直接灌溉,且与微咸水直接灌溉差异较小;先咸后淡土壤含水率变异系数介于9.24～16.62之间,相对于先淡后咸(11.54～20.88),土壤含水率分布更均匀。(2)在同一土层深度处,间歇组合灌溉模式下的土壤含盐量均小于微咸水直接灌溉,与淡水灌溉差异较小;在0～20 cm土层,先淡后咸土壤含盐量大于先咸后淡,而在20～55 cm土层,先咸后淡大于先淡后咸。(3)对土壤盐分评价指标进行分析表明,先咸后淡含盐量峰值大于先淡后咸;先淡后咸脱盐率平均值大于先咸后淡;在间歇组合灌溉模式下,脱盐区深度介于47.97～51.63 cm、达标脱盐区深度介于46.6～50.7之间,均超过了0～45 cm作物根系密度较大的土层;脱盐率平均值(0.36～0.543)、含盐量峰值(3.741～5.967)均高于微咸水直接灌溉,间歇组合灌溉更有利于为作物提供良好的生长环境。     

长期咸水滴灌对灰漠土理化性质及棉花生长的影响

为揭示长期咸水滴灌对灰漠土物理化学特性及棉花生长的影响,研究了咸水灌溉11 a后土壤盐分、容重、水力特性、棉花耐盐生理特征及产量。试验设置3个灌溉水盐度水平:0.35 dS·m~(-1)(淡水)、4.61 dS·m~(-1)(微咸水)和8.04 dS·m~(-1)(咸水)。研究表明:与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加土壤容重、盐分、pH值和土壤含水量,显著降低土壤孔隙度、全氮和有机质含量;土壤饱和导水率在微咸水和咸水灌溉处理下分别较淡水处理降低45%和60%,体积含水率随着灌溉水盐度的增加而增大;与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著降低棉花叶面积、叶水势、气孔导度、叶绿素含量和干鲜质量比,其中叶水势分别较淡水处理下降43.34%和63.46%;微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加棉花叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量,同时SOD、POD和CAT活性也显著增加,脯氨酸含量分别较淡水灌溉增加69.52%和212%;棉花总生物量在微咸水和咸水灌溉处理下分别较淡水灌溉处理降低14.15%和32.88%;籽棉产量分别较淡水灌溉降低12.6%和25.7%。综上所述,长期的微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加土壤盐分含量、降低土壤养分含量,土壤水分的可利用性也显著下降,导致棉花生物量和产量降低。     

咸淡混合水喷灌对土壤水盐运移及小麦、玉米产量的影响

探究不同矿化度咸淡水混合喷灌对冬小麦、夏玉米生长及产量的影响,并通过监测土壤水盐分布状况来选择适宜矿化度的咸淡水灌溉方式。在河北低平原地区开展大田灌溉试验,研究了淡水畦灌、淡水喷灌、2 g·L^-1和3 g·L^-1咸水与淡水混合喷灌对小麦、玉米生长及土壤水盐运移的影响。结果表明：与淡水喷灌相比,连续两年灌溉后,小麦收获时2 g·L^-1和3 g·L^-1矿化度咸淡混合水喷灌处理的根层（0~40 cm）土体含盐量平均分别增加了17.8%和42.7%,0~100 cm土体含盐量平均分别增加了32.9%和74.3%,玉米收获时根层土体含盐量平均分别增加了40.3%和86.9%,0~100 cm土体含盐量平均分别增加了39.0%和88.9%,且3 g·L^-1矿化度咸淡混合水喷灌处理的盐分累积已超出小麦和玉米生长的盐分阈值。2 g·L^-1矿化度处理的冬小麦产量较淡水喷灌处理降低了9.8%~11.4%（差异不显著）,但3 g·L^-1矿化度处理比淡水喷灌处理的产量显著降低了25.0%~25.9%（P<0.05）;2 g·L^-1矿化度处理的夏玉米单株穗粒质量和产量较淡水喷灌处理分别降低了5.1%~10.4%和6.6%~10.5%（差异不显著）,3 g·L^-1矿化度比淡水喷灌处理的百粒重、单株穗粒质量和产量分别降低了18.6%~22.4%、18.2%~25.9%和14.7%~15.3%（P<0.05）,3 g·L^-1矿化度对冬小麦和夏玉米的产量构成因素影响显著。因此,咸淡混合水矿化度不大于2 g·L^-1的喷灌模式用于该地区冬小麦-夏玉米田间灌溉是可行的。     

微咸水与生物炭协同作用对盐碱土入渗特征及水盐运移的影响

为研究添加生物炭条件下微咸水矿化度对盐碱土水盐运移的影响，采用一维垂直土柱入渗试验，研究了微咸水灌溉并施用生物炭对盐碱土水盐运移特征及其对Philip和一维代数入渗模型参数的影响，并对入渗模型的适用性进行了评价。本研究设置淡水对照CK(0 g·L^-1)及4种微咸水矿化度水平(2、3、4、5 g·L^-1)与施用玉米秸秆生物炭(5 t·hm^-2)组合试验方案。结果表明：使用微咸水灌溉或施用生物炭均会增加土壤水分入渗速率及土壤含水率，提高土壤保水能力，且微咸水和生物炭协同作用下效果更好。灌溉微咸水并施用生物炭降低了土壤含盐量，在0～30 cm深度内的平均含盐量比初始含盐量降低了34.75%～74.00%,具有良好的盐分淋洗效果。Philip入渗模型能够较好模拟微咸水和生物炭协同作用下的土壤水分入渗情况，灌溉微咸水或施用生物炭会使吸渗率S增加，且两者结合使用时S增幅更大；由代数模型计算而得的土壤各层理论含水率值与实测值之间的平均绝对误差与均方根误差均小于2.2%,表现出一维代数模型较好的适用性。综上所述，使用微咸水灌溉并配施生物...     

Growth and leaf chemistry of Atriplex species from Northern Mexico as affected by salt stress

Atriplex species are tolerant to salinity and water stress and thus they are suitable for restoration of many degraded ecosystems. In addition, many Atriplex species offer good value as forages. We compared growth and leaf chemistry of Atriplex canescens, a well-known halophyte, and A. acanthocarpa, a poorly-studied species, as affected by salinity in a greenhouse study. Seeds and soil were collected in northern Mexico, the native range of these species. Plants were grown in pots containing native soil and irrigated with NaCl solutions of 0, 50, and 100 mM. Shoot growth of A. canescens declined 37% as NaCl treatments increased from 0 to 100 mM while shoot growth of A acanthocarpa was not significantly affected by salinity. The high salt tolerance of A. acanthocarpa was linked to a high accumulation of leaf sodium (Na) (7- to 13-fold higher than A. canescens). A. acanthocarpa had also higher growth rate than A. canescenes, making the former species a good candidate for cultivation, especially under saline conditions. Tissue concentration of potassium (K) in both species was minimally affected by the salinity treatments. Leaf nitrogen (N) concentration increased as plants faced higher salinity treatments, especially in A. canescens. The high salt tolerance and higher Na accumulation of A. acanthocarpa make this species an attractive choice for reclamation of saline areas. We suggest A. acanthocarpa should be explored as viable forage for cultivation and for reclamation of degraded areas just as A. canescens has been throughout the world.     

不同基质下咸、淡水灌溉对番茄生长和品质的影响

设置草炭(P)、草炭+蚯蚓粪(PE)、草炭+生物炭(PB)3种栽培基质,以及微咸水灌溉(b)和淡水灌溉(f)两种灌溉水质,共6个处理,分析栽培基质和灌溉水质对番茄植株生长、光合荧光特性、果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明,各基质处理在淡水和微咸水灌溉下株高和茎体积相对生长率均无显著差异。与草炭处理相比,在淡水灌溉下PE_f显著增加果实可溶性糖11.17%以及可溶性固形物19.84%,PB_f处理显著增加总生物量32.01%和地上部干物质量32.21%;在微咸水灌溉下PE_b、PB_b均显著增加总生物量和地上部生物量,分别为49.41%、63.59%和54.04%、61.27%,且PE_b显著增加光合速率13.2%和气孔导度381.75%,PB_b显著增加光合速率、气孔导度、WUE、qP、ETR,分别为32.69%,71.94%,23.27%,58.87%、14.35%。在相同基质下,PE_b相对PE_f显著增加蒸腾速率49.29%、气孔导度222%和Fm 5.6%,PB_b相对PB_f增加果实Vc含量37.43%和可溶性糖6.25%。在微咸水灌溉下各基质处理产量低于淡水处理,但是相比草炭处理,草炭添加生物炭产量增加32.26%。综合分析表明,在相同基质下,P_b和PB_b相对于淡水灌溉显著降低了综合得分,提高了PE_b的综合得分,且微咸水灌溉下相对P_b处理,PE_b、PB_b均增加了综合得分。因此草炭添加生物炭和蚯蚓粪均有利于缓解微咸水胁迫,提高作物生物量,但根据隶属函数综合排名,在淡水和微咸水灌溉下,草炭添加生物炭处理对番茄生长效果均为最优。     

Effects of water salinity and N application rate on water- and N-use efficiency of cotton under drip irrigation

In arid and semi-arid regions, freshwater scarcity and high water salinity are serious and chronic problems for crop production and sustainable agriculture development. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity and nitrogen（N） application rate on soil salinity and cotton yield under drip irrigation during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The experimental design was a 3×4 factorial with three irrigation water salinity levels（0.35, 4.61 and 8.04 dS/m） and four N application rates（0, 240, 360 and 480 kg N/hm2）. Results showed that soil water content increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased, but decreased as the N application rate increased. Soil salinity increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased. Specifically, soil salinity measured in 1：5 soil：water extracts was 218% higher in the 4.61 dS/m treatment and 347% higher in the 8.04 dS/m treatment than in the 0.35 dS/m treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer application had relatively little effect on soil salinity, increasing salinity by only 3%–9% compared with the unfertilized treatment. Cotton biomass, cotton yield and evapotranspiration（ET） decreased significantly in both years as the salinity of irrigation water increased, and increased as the N application rate increased regardless of irrigation water salinity; however, the positive effects of N application were reduced when the salinity of the irrigation water was 8.04 dS/m. Water use efficiency（WUE） was significantly higher by 11% in the 0.35 dS/m treatment than in the 8.04 dS/m treatment. There was no significant difference in WUE between the 0.35 dS/m treatment and the 4.61 dS/m treatment. The WUE was also significantly affected by the N application rate. The WUE was highest in the 480 kg N/hm2 treatment, being 31% higher than that in the 0 kg N/hm2 treatment and 12% higher than that in the 240 kg N/hm2 treatment. There was no significant difference between the 360 and 480 kg N/hm2 treatments. The N use efficien     

微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄产量的影响

为探明微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄生长和产量的影响,通过大田小区试验,设置灌水矿化度和灌水定额两个因素,其中3个灌溉水矿化度水平分别为S1:1 g·L~(-1)、S2:3 g·L~(-1)和S3:5 g·L~(-1),3个灌水定额分别为W1:305 m~3·hm~(-2)、W2:458 m~3·hm~(-2)和W3:611 m~3·hm~(-2),来进一步寻求适宜本地区加工番茄生长的微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度。结果表明:覆膜微咸水滴灌条件下土壤含水量垂直方向的变化趋势表现为0～20 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐降低、20～100 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐增大、60～100 cm范围内土层剖面含水量最大的分布规律;土壤含盐量随着灌水矿化度的增大而增加,且随着灌水量的增加土壤盐分逐渐向水平距滴灌带35 cm处聚集。灌水矿化度超过3 g·L~(-1)时加工番茄株高、茎粗均受到一定程度的抑制作用,但对产量影响不大。本文通过试验得出:灌水定额为611 m~3·hm~(-2)、矿化度为1 g·L~(-1)处理为本地区最佳微咸水膜下滴灌处理,加工番茄生长健壮且产量最高,达到127 613.2 kg·hm~(-2);同时认为,在我国淡水资源比较缺乏的新疆地区可以考虑采用灌水定额458 m~3·hm~(-2)和灌水矿化度3～5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水对盐分中等敏感的加工番茄进行灌溉。     

Soil water and salt distribution under furrow irrigation of saline water with plastic mulch on ridge

Furrow irrigation when combined with plastic mulch on ridge is one of the current uppermost water-saving irrigation technologies for arid regions.The present paper studies the dynamics of soil water-salt transportation and its spatial distribution characteristics under irrigation with saline water in a maize field experiment.The mathematical relationships for soil salinity,irrigation amount and water salinity are also established to evaluate the contribution of the irrigation amount and the salinity of saline water to soil salt accumulation.The result showed that irrigation with water of high salinity could effectively increase soil water content,but the increment is limited comparing with the influence from irrigation amount.The soil water content in furrows was higher than that in ridges at the same soil layers,with increments of 12.87% and 13.70% for MMF9(the treatment with the highest water salinity and the largest amount of irrigation water) and MMF1(the treatment with the lowest water salinity and the least amount of irrigation water) on 27 June,respectively.The increment for MMF9 was gradually reduced while that for MMF1 increased along with growth stages,the values for 17 August being 2.40% and 19.92%,respectively.Soil water content in the ridge for MMF9 reduced gradually from the surface layer to deeper layers while the surface soil water content for MMF1 was smaller than the contents below 20 cm at the early growing stage.Soil salinities for the treatments with the same amount of irrigation water but different water salinity increased with the water salinity.When water salinity was 6.04 dS/m,the less water resulted in more salt accumulation in topsoil and less in deep layers.When water salinity was 2.89 dS/m,however,the less water resulted in less salt accumulation in topsoil and salinity remained basically stable in deep layers.The salt accumulation in the ridge surface was much smaller than that in the furrow bottom under this technology,which was quite different from traditional furrow irrigation.The soil salinities for MMF7,MMF8 and MMF9 in the ridge surface were 0.191,0.355 and 0.427 dS/m,respectively,whereas those in the furrow bottom were 0.316,0.521 and 0.631 dS/m,respectively.The result of correlation analysis indicated that compared with irrigation amount,the irrigation water salinity was still the main factor influencing soil salinity in furrow irrigation with plastic mulch on ridge.     

石羊河流域制种玉米咸淡水轮灌模式 的SWAP模型模拟

为了探究石羊河流域制种玉米的咸淡水轮灌模式,利用2014年田间试验观测资料对SWAP模型进行了参数率定和验证,模拟了不同咸淡水轮灌模式下的土壤水盐平衡,并筛选出了较优的咸淡水轮灌模式,预测了较长时期土壤盐分动态变化及制种玉米产量。结果表明：SWAP模型率定与验证过程中,土壤含水量的均方误差(RMSE)值在0.05 cm³·cm^-3以下,平均相对误差（MRE)值在15%以下;土壤含盐量的RMSE值在4.2 mg·cm^-3以下,MRE值在25%以下;制种玉米产量的RMSE值在380 kg·hm^-2以内,MRE值在10%以下,率定和验证后的SWAP模型可用于研究区咸水与淡水灌溉的模拟与预测。3.0 g·L^-1微咸水条件下采用2次淡水、1次咸水和1次淡水、2次咸水的轮灌方式以及6.0 g·L^-1咸水条件下采用2次淡水、1次咸水的轮灌方式为研究区制种玉米的较优轮灌模式,这3种较优咸淡水轮灌模式下的土壤盐分累积量较少,并且能够提高制种玉米的产量。3种较优轮灌模式模拟预测结果显示,在模拟期内土壤含盐量增幅不大,能够达到平稳,不会造成土壤盐渍化,制种玉米减产幅度较小,制种玉米产量能够保持平稳。     

西北旱区制种玉米灌浆期气孔导度与叶水势对水氮胁迫的响应

为了探究西北旱区制种玉米水氮胁迫条件下的生理节水机理,设置充分灌溉（FI）与亏缺灌溉（DI）处理,以及施氮（N150）与不施氮（N0）处理,分析了不同水氮模式下叶水势与气孔特征的变化规律。结果表明：充分灌溉条件下,施氮主要通过增加气孔开度和气孔数量提高气孔导度,与不施氮处理相比,气孔开度提高19.46%,气孔数量增加8.46%;亏缺灌溉条件下则通过增加单位面积开放气孔数量和降低气孔开度来应对水分消耗,提高抗旱能力,与充分灌溉相比,亏缺灌溉气孔开度平均降低21.38%,气孔数量平均增加14.08%;增加灌水量能极显著增大气孔开度（P＜0.05）和提高玉米叶片黎明和正午叶水势值,促进作物蒸腾作用;FIN150处理较DIN150处理黎明和正午叶水势均值分别上升了3.30%和2.00%,FIN0处理较DIN0处理黎明和正午叶水势均值分别上升了13.41%和14.29%;亏缺灌溉条件下,施氮处理黎明和正午叶水势均值分别上升了2.87%和0.17%。干旱导致气孔导度及正午叶水势的降低可以通过增施氮肥得到部分补偿。     

不同生育阶段咸水滴灌对红枣根区土壤有机碳垂直分布特性的影响

为探索咸水滴灌对红枣根区土壤有机碳含量的影响,采用大田咸水滴灌试验,在不同的灌水定额和咸水矿化度条件下,对红枣不同生育阶段根区土壤有机碳的影响进行分析。结果表明：不同矿化度的咸水滴灌处理后,不同生育阶段红枣根区土壤有机碳,随着土层深度的增加呈“S”形变化,影响土壤有机碳的咸水矿化度依次为：3 g/L＞4 g/L＞淡水对照＞2 g/L,表层10～30 cm的土壤有机碳含量较30～50 cm处高,而30～40 cm土层的有机碳含量相对最小。当矿化度一定时,影响红枣根区土壤有机碳含量的灌水定额依次为：30 L＞20 L＞10 L,说明在利用咸水灌溉时,适度增加灌水量是弱化盐分对土壤有机碳产生影响的有效途径。相对于其他处理,灌水定额为30 L,矿化度为2 g/L的咸水滴灌在促进枣树根系对土壤有机碳利用方面的影响最显著。     

咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄产量和品质的影响

为探明咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄植株生长、产量和品质的影响,本试验以南疆地区设施番茄为研究对象,设置4个灌溉水矿化度,分别为2 g·L^-1（T1）、4 g·L^-1（T2）、6 g·L^-1（T3）和8 g·L^-1（T4）,并以淡水灌溉为对照（CK）,开展同一灌水定额条件下设施番茄适宜灌水矿化度的研究。结果表明：不同生育期阶段土壤含水率基本表现为20～60 cm土层较高,表层及深层土壤含水率相对较低,土壤含水率随着灌水矿化度的增大逐渐增加;0～80 cm土层平均土壤含水率在生育期内逐渐降低,且深层土壤降幅显著;生育期初始阶段土壤含盐量主要积聚在0～40 cm土层,随着生育期的推进土壤盐分呈累积趋势且向深层土壤运移,生育期末主要积聚在0～60 cm土层;灌水矿化度小于4 g·L^-1时0～20 cm土层整体呈脱盐状态,其中CK处理平均脱盐率达27.79%,T1处理平均脱盐率达17.07%;灌水矿化度2～4 g·L^-1促进了番茄植株生长,株高和茎粗相较CK分别...     

Effect of electrical conductivity on survival of Phytophthora alni,P. kernoviae and P. ramorum in a simulated aquatic environment

This study investigated survival of the pathogens Phytophthora ramorum, P. alni and P. kernoviae as zoospores or sporangia in response to an important water quality parameter, electrical conductivity (EC), at its range in irrigation water reservoirs and irrigated cropping systems. Experiments with different strengths of Hoagland’s solution showed that all three pathogens survived at a broad range of EC levels for at least 3 days and were stimulated to grow and sporulate at ECs > 1·89 dS m^?1. Recovery of initial populations after a 14‐day exposure was over 20% for P. alni subsp. alni and P. kernoviae, and 61·3% and 130% for zoospores and sporangia of P. ramorum, respectively. Zoospore survival of these pathogens at ECs < 0·41 dS m^?1 was poor, barely beyond 3 days in pure water; only 0·3% (P. alni), 2·9% (P. kernoviae) and 15·1% (P. ramorum) of the initial population survived after 14 days at EC = 0·21 dS m^?1. The variation in rates of survival at different EC levels suggests that these pathogens survive better in cropping systems than in irrigation water. Containment of run‐off and reduction in EC levels may therefore be non‐chemical control options to reduce the risk of pathogen spread through natural waterways and irrigation systems.     

Rehabilitation of abandoned areas from a Mediterranean nature reserve by Salicornia crop: Influence of the salinity and shading

In Reserva Natural de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António (SE of Portugal), most of the salt marshes and saltpans are abandoned contributing to their degradation and, consequently, alteration of some ecological conditions. Rehabilitation of these areas by a Salicornia crop can contribute to their economic and environmental improvement by stimulation of biogeochemical processes and biomass commercialization. However, the development of agro-techniques adjusted to species and variable environmental conditions from Mediterranean are needed in order to improve the Salicornia crop. This study aimed to evaluate: i) potential use of seedlings from greenhouse in the field cultivation; and ii) survival, growth and yield of Salicornia under shading and different salinity conditions of the soils and irrigation waters. Autochthonous Salicornia species (S. ramosissima and S. patula) were tested. Germination tests under controlled conditions and in situ mesocosm assays were carried out. Assays were realized with a low density of seedlings from natural conditions and greenhouse, and soils and waters from estuary both with different salinities. Intermediate and high salinities (25–45?dS/m) affected only S. patula germination. In general, Salicornia growing in soils with low salinity had great fresh biomass accumulation independently of seedling source (from natural conditions and greenhouse) and/or growing season. The shading seems to improve the fresh biomass accumulation and yield. Under Mediterranean conditions, the transplantation of Salicornia from greenhouse to the field was a promising technique, independently of the salinity conditions. This study demonstrated that the abandoned and saline areas can be rehabilitated by a sustainable crop of Salicornia.     

不同矿化度的微咸水滴灌对红枣根区土壤碱解氮的影响

采用高矿化度的咸水与淡水按一定比例进行混合灌溉,分析不同矿化度的微咸水滴灌对枣树根区土壤碱解氮的影响模型。结果表明：当枣树根区土壤碱解氮的运移转化时间相同时,随着灌溉水矿化度的增加,土壤碱解氮的含量也随之增加,变化量越低,转化率越小。当矿化度相同时,土壤碱解氮平均值随运移转化时间先增大后减小,碱解氮的变化量呈递增趋势,而碱解氮变化率却呈现递减趋势。在分析不同矿化度的微咸水对土壤碱解氮影响的基础上,建立了微咸水的矿化度、碱解氮的运移转化时间与土壤碱解氮平均含量、变化量以及变化率之间的相互定量关系,并得到了相应的回归方程。     

Effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on spring wheat growth and yield in arid Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to study the effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on spring wheat growth and yield in an arid region of Northwest China. Nine treatments included three salinity levels s1, s2 and s3 (0.65, 3.2, and 6.1 dS/m) in combination with three water levels w1, w2 and w3 (375, 300, and 225 mm). In 2008, for most treatments, deficit irrigation showed adverse effects on wheat growth; meanwhile, the effect of saline irrigation was not apparent. In 2009, growth parameters of w1 treatments were not always optimal under saline irrigation. At 3.2 and 6.1 dS/m in 2008, the highest yield was obtained by w1 treatments, however, in 2009, the weight of 1,000 grains and wheat yield both followed the order w2 > w1 > w3. In this study, spring wheat was sensitive to water deficit, especially at the booting to grain-filling stages, but was not significantly affected by saline irrigation and the combination of the two factors. The results demonstrated that 300-mm irrigation water with a salinity of less than 3.2 dS/m is suitable for wheat fields in the study area.     

不同磁化水处理下盐渍化土壤脱盐效果研究

为了探究不同磁化强度的磁化水处理对土壤的脱盐效果及最佳磁感应强度,通过田间小区试验,设置了1 000mT（T₁）、2 000 mT（T₂）、3 000 mT（T₃）、3 600 mT（T₄）、对照（CK）等5组处理。各处理下盐渍土壤的脱盐效果表明：与灌前未磁化相比较,磁化水滴灌下各土层平均盐分含量均明显下降,其中,土壤含盐量、Cl^-、SO^2-₄含量分别降低了32.83%、54.35%和31.82%,表明磁化水滴灌能够有效增强对土壤盐分的淋洗作用。不同磁化强度处理下0~60 cm土壤盐分变化特征不一：T₂处理下土壤含盐量和Cl_-含量在10~20 cm和0~10 cm处变化最为明显,分别降低了71.68%和84.76%;T₄处理下SO^2-₄含量在20~40 cm降幅最大,下降76.47%;不同磁化处理下土壤脱盐效果均高于对照处理,且磁化强度与土壤脱盐效果不成比例;T₁处理下土壤含盐量的脱盐率达到了57.47%,较CK提高了46.1%,明显高于其他处理。因此,在本试验条件下1 000 mT磁化效果较佳。综上所述,磁化水滴灌能明显降低土壤中的盐分含量,提高土壤脱盐率,对改良新疆地区中、轻度盐渍化土壤是一种行之有效的方法。     

Spatial Variation of Soil Urease Activity Around Irrigated Date Palms

The inhibition of soil urease activity by the accumulation of soluble salts in a coastal region of the Sultanate of Oman susceptible to salinization was investigated . Soil transects around six individual date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) growing on commercially managed farms were intensively sampled and assayed for soil urease activity . Activities ranged from 0 . 10 to 39 . 85 mu g NH + 4 released g 1 soil h 1 at 37 C . Soil collected from within 70 cm of the palms h ad a higher urease activity than soil from a distance 1 . 5 m . Multiple regression analysis showed that more than 75 % of the variance in soil urease activity was accounted for by soil physi cochemical properties , except in sandy soils low in organic carbon ( C ). The soil properties most closely associated with urease activity were soil organic C , salinity , and texture . A scattergram of urease activity against salinity showed high variabil ity in activity at low salinities ( 0 . 5 dS m 1 in 1 :5 soil to water extracts ) and severe inhibition at salinity values 12 dS m 1. In nonsaline soils , variation in urease activity was closely associated with variations in organic C and clay con tents , whereas at saline conditions , only soil salinity was significantly associated with urease activity .