猪瘟诊断方法的研究进展

猪瘟是由猪瘟病毒引起的一种急性、发热性、接触性传染病,可引起各种年龄猪发病。随着对猪瘟病毒研究的深入,猪瘟在一定程度上得到了有效控制。但是近年来,世界各国流行的猪瘟在流行病学、临床症状和病理变化等方面出现了一些新的变化,猪瘟的防控出现了许多新的情况。我国猪瘟的发病率亦呈上升趋势,严重威胁着我国养猪业的发展,给养猪业造成了极大的经济损失。因此,建立准确的实验室诊断方法,对于预防和控制猪瘟有重要意义。本文综述了猪瘟诊断技术方面的研究进展,为猪瘟的及时诊断提供参考。     

猪瘟疫苗研究进展

猪瘟是猪的一种高度接触性传染病 ,由于其造成巨大的经济损失 ,故而为清除本病作了很多工作。猪瘟疫苗的接种是控制猪瘟的重要手段。猪瘟疫苗包括灭活苗、弱毒苗及基因工程疫苗。猪瘟兔化弱毒苗因其优良的免疫原性是目前猪瘟防治应用最为广泛的疫苗之一。基因工程疫苗是目前猪瘟疫苗研究的热点领域 ,其包括亚单位疫苗、合成肽苗、活载体苗、核酸疫苗等。值得一提的是猪瘟病毒标记疫苗研究近年来发展迅速 ,目前已出现商品化的亚单位标记疫苗 ,可使猪瘟疫苗接种和自然感染区别更为简单、快捷。本文就猪瘟疫苗的发展及应用作了简要介绍     

非洲猪瘟对我国生猪养殖产业的影响与展望

非洲猪瘟病毒从2018年下旬入侵我国,对我国生猪养殖产业造成重创,导致生猪养殖的数量和规模锐减,经济损失严重,对我国畜牧养殖产业的科学发展以及我国经济的平稳运行均造成巨大威胁。目前非洲猪瘟还会导致我国生猪的出栏量显著下降,猪肉产品价格显著提高,通过分析了解现阶段非洲猪瘟导致的影响可加强应对非洲猪瘟的防控措施,改善目前生猪养殖产业发展的方向,恢复生猪养殖生产,保障我国猪肉市场的供应。该文对非洲猪瘟对我国生猪养殖产业的影响、应对措施及未来的展望进行论述。     

非洲猪瘟病毒的分子病原学及致病机理研究进展

非洲猪瘟（African swine fever,ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）引起的一种烈性传染病,具有急性、高热、高病死率等特征,主要暴发于非洲、东欧国家、俄罗斯及高加索地区。目前,该病缺乏有效的疫苗和治疗方法,给病情爆发地区的养猪业造成严重的影响。ASFV的主要靶细胞是网状内皮细胞和单核-巨噬细胞,造成细胞凋亡,影响宿主的免疫系统,进而表现出相应的疫病特征。ASFV具有基因组较大、基因型较多且易变异等特征。文章主要从分子病原学和致病机理方面对ASFV的研究情况进行综述,为ASF的防控提供理论依据。     

Research Progress on Molecular Etiology and Pathogenesis for African Swine Fever Virus

African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), characterized by acute feature, high fever, high mortality and other characteristics. ASF mainly outbreaks in African, Eastern Europe countries, Russia and Caucasus region. At present, there are no vaccine available and effective control strategies against ASFV spread, therefore, ASF has a serious impact on the pig industry in the affected countries. The major target cells of the virus are swine reticuloendothelial cells and monocyte-macrophage cells. ASFV can result in apoptosis and affect the host's immune system, and then show the characteristics of the corresponding disease. ASFV has the characteristics of large genome, more genotype and more variability. In this paper, the molecular etiology and pathogenesis of ASFV are reviewed, so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention and control of ASF.     

非洲猪瘟对我国养猪业的影响与防控建议

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒引起的一种高度接触传染性、广泛出血性猪病毒病,死亡率可高达100%,无商品化疫苗可用于其预防。自8月初我国爆发首例非洲猪瘟疫情以来,截至11月5日,短短三个月时间里,已有14个省累计爆发58起疫情,扑杀生猪近50万头,直接经济损失数十亿元,给我国养猪业造成了巨大冲击。面对前所未有的非洲猪瘟疫情,我国政府的应对是果断有力的,但也面临种种挑战。本文对我国非洲猪瘟疫情形势及其对相关行业的影响进行了分析,总结了非洲猪瘟防控的重点和难点,并针对目前的形势,提出了遏制非洲猪瘟疫情进一步蔓延的建议和对策。     

猪瘟病毒强弱毒株通用性RT-PCR检测方法研究进展

猪瘟是一种严重危害养猪业的重大传染病,为了更好的防治本病,及时诊断尤为重要。猪瘟的诊断方法包括病毒分离、RT-PCR技术等。文章主要对猪瘟病毒基因结构、用于猪瘟检测的普通RT-PCR、荧光定量RT-PCR技术以及它们的优缺点和采样注意事项等作了概述。普通RT-PCR方法比较便宜但费力,而荧光定量RT-PCR方法恰恰相反,比较昂贵但省力。猪瘟检测的趋势是自动化和快速并最好同时能够区分野毒和疫苗株。     

猪瘟免疫失败原因浅析

猪瘟是严重危害养猪业的重要疫病,国内目前在猪瘟防控上采取的是以疫苗免疫接种为主的策略,虽然猪瘟在我国大范围的流行得到了有效控制,但是慢性猪瘟和非典型猪瘟在各地仍时有发生,给养猪业造成的损失仍然很大.笔者参考有关文献并结合多年的调查分析,总结了导致猪瘟免疫失败的主要原因,并提出防止免疫失败发生的对策,供实际工作中参考.     

非洲猪瘟与典型猪瘟的诊断与防控

2018年8月,我国首例非洲猪瘟疫情在辽宁省沈阳市被确诊,该病的确诊以及原先存在的典型猪瘟必然会对我国养猪业健康发展造成冲击和影响。对非洲猪瘟和典型猪瘟的病原学、流行病学、诊断技术和防控4个方面进行了综述,以期为非洲猪瘟和典型猪瘟的有效综合防控提供参考。     

猪场生物安全系统要点

建立生物安全体系是猪场防控疾病的前提,也是最经济有效的疫病防治措施。2018年我国发生非洲猪瘟以来,疫情对我国生猪养殖业带来深刻影响,在未来很长一段时间内该病都将是我国猪场的常态化疾病。非洲猪瘟疫情发生后,我国养猪业创新性地提出了系列生物安全防控技术,建立了能够有效应对疫情常态威胁的生物安全技术体系,两年多来的防控实践证明了这些生物安全防控手段的有效性。文章总结了猪场生物安全体系建设和管理中的关键环节及注意事项,希望可以为猪场非洲猪瘟防控提供参考。     

非洲猪瘟的诊断与防控措施

非洲猪瘟是养猪业的第一杀手,自1921年东非国家肯尼亚首先出现非洲猪瘟疫情以来,这个病毒已经在非洲亚洲欧洲等区域传播了近百年,对世界养猪业造成了无可估量的损失。我国于2018年8月在辽宁省沈阳市首次发生非洲猪瘟疫情,并在极短的时间内传遍全国,对我国养猪行业的发展产生了巨大的影响,养猪业在近2年时间里发生了极大的变化。文章采用TaqMan探针实时荧光PCR技术,阐述一种快速、准确的非洲猪瘟病毒检测方法,并结合非洲猪瘟传播感染途径的特点,制定科学的诊断程序与防控措施来保证养猪业的生产安全。     

African swine fever in Mozambique: review, risk factors and considerations for control

African swine fever (ASF) is the most important disease that constrains pig production in Mozambique. Until 1994 it was apparently restricted to the central and northern provinces, but since 1994 outbreaks have been experienced throughout the country. ASF causes severe economic losses both in the small commercial sector and among the large numbers of small-scale producers in the family sector in rural and peri-urban areas. The history of ASF in Mozambique since its first confirmation in 1960 is briefly reviewed, recent outbreaks are reported, and the available information on the virus genotypes that have been responsible for some of the outbreaks is presented. Epidemiological factors that contribute to ASF outbreaks and strategies for limiting the negative effects of the disease in the different pig farming sectors in Mozambique, including raising farmer and community awareness, are discussed.     

非洲猪瘟流行传播特点及防控

根据我国非洲猪瘟爆发情况分析,该病症是一种由非洲猪瘟病毒导致的传染性疾病。猪在感染该病毒后会出现水肿、气喘、发热等症状,短时间内直接死亡,将会对养殖活动带来较大的经济损失。养殖人员在猪养殖活动中要对该病症引起重视,及时发现猪生长发育时的异常现象,采取针对性的措施进行防控。该文主要论述有关非洲猪瘟的流行传播特点及防控措施。     

生猪检疫中猪瘟鉴别诊断与无害化处理

猪瘟是由猪瘟病毒感染引发的一种病毒性传染性疾病,在生猪养殖中,该种疾病具有极强传染性,具有发病率高、死亡率高的特点。在疾病防控过程中,需要养殖户提高重视程度,掌握上述该种疾病的具体病理变化和临床表现,然后进行严格的实验室诊断,确定致病原,然后采取综合措施防控,避免病毒传播蔓延,造成严重经济损失。该文主要分析生猪检疫过程中猪瘟有效鉴别诊断和无害化处理措施。     

云南省彝良县生猪生产发展中疫病防控作用

近年,规模化生猪养殖产业发展迅猛,疾病发生越来越复杂,对生猪养殖业造成严重危害。在生猪养殖中,部分老的疫病如猪瘟、猪气喘病不断加重,新疫病如蓝耳病、圆环病毒病感染,再加上2018年以来,非洲猪瘟疫情肆意蔓延,对生猪养殖产业造成严重威胁。该文探讨疫病防控在生猪生产发展中的作用,分析彝良县生猪养殖现状的基础上,探讨疫病防控措施。     

Within-farm spread of classical swine fever virus--a blueprint for a stochastic simulation model

A stochastic simulation model to investigate the transmission of classical swine fever (CSF) virus within an infected farm is described. The model is structured according to the processes that occur within and between management groups (pig units or houses). It uses the individual pig as the unit of interest and estimates the number of animals in the states 'susceptible', 'infected', 'infectious', and 'removed' for each day of the disease incident. Probabilities are assigned to the transitions between states. The probability of a pig becoming infected is made dependent on the probability of contact between a susceptible and an infectious pig as well as the probability of transmission. The more pigs become infected in one unit, the more likely is subsequent spread to another management group on the farm. Ultimately, the probability that a shipment of pigs from the farm will include at least one infected pig can be estimated in order to identify high-risk movements during a CSF epidemic. The model results were compared with experimental data on CSF transmission within one pig unit (management group). It could be shown that the model was capable of reproducing the experimentally observed infection and mortality rates. To improve the input parameters and for further model validation, more experimental data and field data from CSF outbreaks are needed.     

中小规模养殖场及散养户非洲猪瘟防控措施

非洲猪瘟的致病原为非洲猪瘟病毒,该病具有较高的传染率和死亡率,一旦出现非洲猪瘟疫情,不仅严重损害养殖场、散养户的经济利益,还会在极大程度上影响地区养猪业的整体发展。因此,相关部门需加强指导工作,引导地区中小规模养殖场与散养户结合非洲猪瘟的传播特点,构建完善的防控体系,最大程度上降低非洲猪瘟的发生几率。     

The 1997-1998 epidemic of classical swine fever in the Netherlands

In 1997, the pig husbandry in the Netherlands was struck by a severe epidemic of classical swine fever (CSF). During this epidemic 429 CSF-infected herds were depopulated and approximately 1300 herds were slaughtered pre-emptively. In addition millions of pigs of herds not CSF-infected were killed for welfare reasons (over crowding or overweight). In this paper, we describe the course of the epidemic and the measures that were taken to control it.The first outbreak was detected on 4 February 1997 in the pig dense south-eastern part of the Netherlands. We estimate that CSF virus (CSFV) had already been present in the country by that time for 5-7 weeks and that the virus had been introduced into approximately 39 herds before the eradication campaign started. This campaign consisted of stamping-out infected herds, movement restrictions and efforts to diagnose infected herds as soon as possible. However, despite these measures the rate at which new outbreaks were detected continued to rise. The epidemic faded out only upon the implementation of additional measures such as rapid pre-emptive slaughter of herds in contact with or located near infected herds, increased hygienic measures, biweekly screening of all herds by veterinary practitioners, and reduction of the transportation movements for welfare reasons. The last infected herd was depopulated on 6 March 1998.     

Molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever in Italy

To gain an insight into the molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever (CSF) in Italy, virus isolates originating from outbreaks that occurred between 1985 and 2000 in wild boar or in domestic pigs in mainland Italy and in Sardinia were analysed by genetic typing. For this, a fragment (190 nucleotides) of the E2 glycoprotein gene was sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were performed, including older Italian isolates and isolates from recent outbreaks in Europe for comparison. The results show that in mainland Italy, several independent epidemiological events occurred in the last decade. In the north of the country, viruses of genotype 2.2 have persisted in wild boar, causing sporadic outbreaks in domestic pigs. In contrast, viruses of subgroups 2.1 and 2.3 appeared only intermittently in different regions of the mainland. In 1997, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolates belonging to the subgroup 2.1 and genetically and epidemiologically related to the Dutch isolate in Venhorst, affected domestic pigs exclusively. The isolates of subgroup 2.3, derived from wild boar as well as from domestic pigs were closely related to isolates from Germany and Poland. In Sardinia, CSF is an endemic in wild boar and affects domestic pigs also. Genetic typing showed that viruses of subgroups 1.1 and 2.3 have been present, the last ones being unrelated to the mainland viruses of the same subgroup. Due to the large quantities of pig and wild boar meat imported in some parts of Italy, it cannot be established if these viruses were always present in either the mainland or Sardinia, or if they represent recent introductions.     

Generation and efficacy evaluation of a recombinant adenovirus expressing the E2 protein of classical swine fever virus

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of classical swine fever (CSF), which causes significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. The E2 glycoprotein of CSFV is the main target for neutralizing antibodies. This study was aimed to develop a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 expressing the CSFV E2 gene (rAdV-E2) and evaluate its efficacy in rabbits and pigs. The results showed that the rabbits and the pigs immunized with the rAdV-E2 developed high-level CSFV-specific neutralizing antibodies. The rAdV-E2-immunized rabbits were protected from fever induced by infection with C-strain, which is pathogenic to the rabbit, and the rAdV-E2-immunized pigs were protected from lethal challenge with highly virulent Shimen strain. This indicates that the recombinant adenovirus can be an attractive candidate vaccine for preventing CSF.