陇中半干旱区旱地马铃薯品种比较试验

在陇中半干旱区旱地进行了10个马铃薯品种的比较试验,结果表明:L9901-10和L0032-19的产量高,薯块以中薯为主,而且平均穴薯数超过5个,穴薯重超过560 g,商品率较高,综合表现良好,适合在陇中半干旱区旱地大面积推广种植,但其他品种还有待于进一步试验。     

宁南山区马铃薯种薯不同栽培模式品种适应性研究

本试验针对宁夏南部山区西吉县黄土丘陵缓坡地旱作农业的特殊条件,开展了旱地马铃薯品种不同栽培模式品种适应性研究,试验以不同覆膜方式、不同品种为研究对象,分析其土壤含水量、产量和产值的变化特点。结果表明,宁夏南部山区马铃薯生产适宜选用全膜覆盖栽培模式,从产量和产值考虑,以全膜ב冀张薯8号’为主,全膜ב青薯9号’或半膜ב青薯9号’次之。     

丘陵旱地甘薯豫薯8号的生长分析

采用植物生长分析法，对丘陵旱地甘薯豫薯8号进行物质生产性能分析，结果表明：豫薯8号的叶面积系数（LAI），相对生长率（RGR）和净同化率（NAR）均显著高于徐薯18，在整个生长过程中，豫薯8号的NAR有两个高峰期，分别为栽后的50－70d和90－100d；第一个高峰期其NAR为6．24g/(m2./d)，比徐薯18提高20．2％，第二个高峰期NAR为6．56g/(m2.d)，比笔薯18提高13．5％，豫薯8号的叶面积比率（LAR）则略低于徐薯18，证明茅薯8号有良好的物质生产性能，可作为徐薯18的理想换代品种。     

天水市山旱地马铃薯新品种(系)引进及比较试验

天水市位于甘肃省东南部,自然条件非常适合种植马铃薯,是甘肃省马铃薯主产区之一。山旱地晚熟菜用及高淀粉型马铃薯生产是天水市马铃薯产业的优势,在农业经济中占有重要地位。但是天水市山旱地马铃薯生产中存在着品种单一、优质专用品种相对缺乏及产量水平相对低下等问题,这些因素制约着该区域马铃薯产业的发展。为筛选出适宜天水市山旱地优质马铃薯品种,提高产量和品质,以‘陇薯6号’(当地主栽品种)为对照,对引进的11个品种(系)植物学特性、生育期、经济性状等进行比较试验。结果表明,‘D862’、‘青薯10号’和‘定薯3号’折合产量分别为36 849,35 676和30 148 kg/hm~2,较对照分别增产100.64%、94.25%和64.15%,且商品薯率、抗病性等综合性状优良,因此这3个品种可在天水市进一步试验和示范。     

甘薯新品种在红壤旱地栽培产量对比试验初报

引进4个甘薯新品种进行对比试验,结果表明,有3个品种的鲜薯产量高于对照品种岩薯7-3。在增产的3个甘薯品种中,龙薯1号比对照增产达极显著水平,赣薯2号增产达显著水平,广薯95增产未达显著水平。初步表明龙薯1号、赣薯2号适宜在武平红壤旱地种植。     

甘蔗品种农艺性状的比较试验初报

经过对甘蔗品种农艺性状的比较试验,立足于贵州实情,不断选育出适应贵州各蔗区海拔800m以下的低热河谷地区的田坝地、丘陵台地、缓坡旱地种植的优良品种。     

丘陵红壤旱地棉花防旱试验简报

丘陵红壤旱地棉花防旱试验简报王肖鲸，胡丽华，夏绍南，伍琦（江西省棉花研究所３３２１０５）丘陵红壤旱地棉田缺水是制约棉花产量的主要因子，而兴修灌溉设施又非短期内能解决的事。为了提高丘陵红壤旱地棉花产量，缓解干旱的影响，防旱措施及防旱新技术的应用已成为迫...     

西吉县引进马铃薯新品种比较试验

引进马铃薯新品种‘青薯9号’与主栽品种‘青薯168’、‘庄薯3号’和‘陇薯3号’做品种比较试验,结果表明:‘青薯9号’生育期最长为128 d,比‘青薯168’延长5 d成熟,且生育前期生长弱,但中后期生长势强,结薯较晚,在盛花期才开始结薯。所以在栽培技术中‘青薯9号’要尽量早播种、可以比其他品种适当迟一点追肥培土以便提高肥料利用率、延长中后期生长时间才能多结薯、长大薯,增加商品薯率,提高产量;‘青薯9号’外观品质好,深红皮黄肉、芽眼少而浅、口感好,淀粉含量较高(19.76%),既可作为鲜薯外销品种种植,又可作为淀粉加工型品种种植;‘青薯9号’商品薯率最高达96%、产量最高,平均产量为2 888 kg/667m2,比‘青薯168’增产38.2%。因此,可以引进‘青薯9号’新品种,在旱地推广种植。     

丘陵旱地甘蔗高产栽培模式研究

丘陵旱地甘蔗高产栽培模式研究陈茂山，黄德发，郑亚宗（漳州市芗城区石亭镇农技站３６３００２）石亭镇地处漳州芗城北郊，全镇共有丘陵旱地三万多亩，年生产甘蔗占漳州糖厂蔗源总量的３０％左右．我们于１９９２—１９９４年连续三年进行丘陵旱地甘蔗亩产５００—６００...     

华薯和鄂薯系列马铃薯品种晚疫病抗病基因及水平抗性相关基因SNP位点检测

鄂薯和华薯系列马铃薯品种是由湖北恩施中国南方马铃薯研究中心和华中农业大学马铃薯团队选育而成的品种。鄂薯系列马铃薯品种大多为中晚熟品种,适合西南山区种植;华薯系列马铃薯品种多为早熟品种,适于华中低山丘陵和平原地区种植。研究对2个系列品种部分晚疫病抗病基因进行了分子标记检测,同时对几个水平抗性相关基因SNP位点进行了检测。研究表明,鄂薯、华恩和华薯系列部分马铃薯品种含有R3a、R3b基因,鄂薯和华恩系列含有R8基因。总体上R8标记与抗性存在正向关联。部分马铃薯品种中可以检测到一些已报道与田间抗性有关的SNP位点,但品种晚疫病抗性表现与SNP位点分布无明显关联。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.